CENTER FOR SOCIAL SERVICES RESEARCH School of Social Welfare, UC Berkeley
Child Welfare in California:1. A Quick Tour of the Data
2. A Racial Equity Lens
Barbara Needell, MSW, PhDCenter for Social Services ResearchUniversity of California at Berkeley
The California Child Welfare Performance Indicators Project is a collaboration between the University of California and the California Department of Social Services
and is supported by the California Department of Social Services and the Stuart Foundation
Presentation developed by Emily Putnam-Hornstein, MSW
CENTER FOR SOCIAL SERVICES RESEARCH School of Social Welfare, UC Berkeley
Tracking Child Welfare OutcomesTracking Child Welfare Outcomes
CounterbalancedCounterbalancedIndicators ofIndicators of
SystemSystemPerformancePerformance
PermanencyPermanencyThroughThrough
Reunification,Reunification,Adoption, orAdoption, orGuardianshipGuardianship
LengthLengthof Stayof Stay
StabilityStabilityof Careof Care
Rate of Referrals/Rate of Referrals/Substantiated ReferralsSubstantiated Referrals
Home-BasedHome-BasedServices vs.Services vs.Out of HomeOut of Home
CareCare
Positive Positive AttachmentsAttachments
to Family,to Family,Friends, andFriends, andNeighborsNeighbors
Use of LeastUse of LeastRestrictiveRestrictive
Form of CareForm of Care
Source: Usher, C.L., Wildfire, J.B., Gogan, H.C. & Brown, E.L. (2002). Measuring Outcomes in Child Welfare. Chapel Hill: Jordan Institute for Families,
Reentry to CareReentry to Care
CENTER FOR SOCIAL SERVICES RESEARCH School of Social Welfare, UC Berkeley
10.6%10.5%
24.5%34.8%
6.2%16.6%
15.6%1.5%
9.7%4.6%
4B: PI T Placement (Group/Shelter) (- )
4B: PI T Placement (Relative) (+)4B: Entries First Placement (Group/Shelter) (- )
4B: Entries First Placement (Relative) (+)
4A: Siblings (Some or All) (+)4A: Siblings (All) (+)
PR: I n Care Rate (- )PR: Entry Rate (- )
PR: Substantiation Rate (- )PR: Referral Rate (- )
January 2004-April 2008
California CWS Outcomes System:AB636 Measures, % IMPROVEMENT
(+) or (–) indicates direction of desired change
Decline in Performance Improvement in Performance
CENTER FOR SOCIAL SERVICES RESEARCH School of Social Welfare, UC Berkeley
3.0%
- 14.5%5.1%
0.3%
3.7%- 0.7%
- 3.3%0.5%
7.4%35.0%
21.4%17.1%
33.1%29.5%
- 12.8%5.1%
11.2%15.1%
5.6%
- 0.3%2.8%
C4.3: Placement Stability (24m+ In Care) (+)C4.2: Placement Stability (12- 24m I n Care) (+)C4.1: Placement Stability (8d- 12m In Care) (+)
**PLACEMENT STABILI TY COMPOSI TE (+)
C3.3: I n Care 3+ Yrs (Emancipated/ Age 18) (- )C3.2: Exits to Permanency (Legally Free) (+)
C3.1: Exits to Permanency (24m I n Care) (+)**LONG TERM CARE COMPOSI TE (+)
C2.5: Adoption w/ in 12m (Legally Free) (+)C2.4: Legally Free w/ in 6m (17m I n Care) (+)
C2.3: Adoption w/ in 12m (17m I n Care) (+)C2.2: Median Time to Adoption (- )
C2.1: Adoption w/ in 24m (+)**ADOPTI ON COMPOSI TE (+)
C1.4: Reentry Following Reunification (- )C1.3: Reunification w/ in 12m (Entry Cohort) (+)
C1.2: Median Time to Reunification (- )C1.1: Reunification w/ in 12m (Exit Cohort) (+)
**REUNI FICATION COMPOSI TE (+)
S2.1: No Maltreatment in Foster Care (+)S1.1: No Recurrence of Maltreatment (+)
January 2004-April 2008
California CWS Outcomes System:Federal Measures, % IMPROVEMENT
(+) or (–) indicates direction of desired change
Decline in Performance Improvement in Performance
CENTER FOR SOCIAL SERVICES RESEARCH School of Social Welfare, UC Berkeley
C4.3: Placement Stability (24m+ In Care)C4.2: Placement Stability (12- 24m In Care)C4.1: Placement Stability (8d- 12m In Care)
**PLACEMENT STABILITY COMPOSITE
C3.3: I n Care 3+ Yrs (Emancipated/ Age 18)C3.2: Exits to Permanency (Legally Free)
C3.1: Exits to Permanency (24m In Care)**LONG TERM CARE COMPOSITE
C2.5: Adoption w/ in 12m (Legally Free)C2.4: Legally Free w/ in 6m (17m In Care)
C2.3: Adoption w/ in 12m (17m In Care)C2.2: Median Time to Adoption
C2.1: Adoption w/ in 24m**ADOPTION COMPOSITE
C1.4: Reentry Following ReunificationC1.3: Reunification w/ in 12m (Entry Cohort)
C1.2: Median Time to ReunificationC1.1: Reunification w/ in 12m (Exit Cohort)
**REUNIFICATION COMPOSITE
S2.1: No Maltreatment in Foster CareS1.1: No Recurrence of Maltreatment
April 2008
California CWS Outcomes System:Performance Relative to Federal Standard/Goal
Federal Standard/Goal
100%
100%
CENTER FOR SOCIAL SERVICES RESEARCH School of Social Welfare, UC Berkeley
2002-2006
California:Referrals, Substantiations & Entry Rates
(per 1,000 Children)
50.7 50.3 49.6 48.3 48.3
12.0 11.4 11.2 11.0 10.8
4.1 4.0 3.9 4.1 4.0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Referral Rates
Substantiation Rates
Entry Rates
CENTER FOR SOCIAL SERVICES RESEARCH School of Social Welfare, UC Berkeley
1998 to 2007
California:First Entries by First Placement Type
(children in care for 8 or more days)
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
Entry Year
Plac
emen
t Fre
quen
cy
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
TO
TA
L Frequency
1998 1999 2004 20052001 2002 20032000
Group/Shelter
Kinship
FFA
Foster
TOTAL
2006 2007
CENTER FOR SOCIAL SERVICES RESEARCH School of Social Welfare, UC Berkeley
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
Point in Time
Plac
emen
t Fre
quen
cy
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
TO
TA
L Frequency
1998 to 2007
California:Foster Care Caseload by Placement Type
1998 1999 2004 20052001 2002 20032000
Group/Shelter
Kinship
FFA
Foster
TOTAL
2006 2007
CENTER FOR SOCIAL SERVICES RESEARCH School of Social Welfare, UC Berkeley
2000 July-December First Entries
California: Percent Exited to Permanency 72 Months From
Entry
N=11,699
9
20
56
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
3 6 12 18 24 36 48 60 72
In Care Other Emancipated Guardianship Adopted Reunified
85%
CENTER FOR SOCIAL SERVICES RESEARCH School of Social Welfare, UC Berkeley
What’s Race Got To Do With It?
• Disproportionality: when a group makes up a proportion of those experiencing some event that is higher or lower than that group’s proportion of the population
• Disparity: a comparison of one group (e.g, regarding disproportionality, services, outcomes) to another group
CENTER FOR SOCIAL SERVICES RESEARCH School of Social Welfare, UC Berkeley
2006
California: Ethnicity and Path through the Child Welfare System
(Missing Values & Other Race Excluded from % Calculations)
6.315.4 14.9 19.0
27.7
33.1
29.6 28.327.8
25.9
49.951.7
10.1
48.550.342.8
3.34.03.9 2.3 1.41.41.10.90.5
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Population
(9,988,199)
Ref errals
(482,741)
Substantiations
(108,331)
Entries
(40,332)
I n Care
(74,508)
NativeAmerican
Asian/ PI
Hispanic
White
Black
CENTER FOR SOCIAL SERVICES RESEARCH School of Social Welfare, UC Berkeley
1998 to 2007
California:First Entries by Race/Ethnicity
(children in care for 8 or more days)
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
Entry Year
Plac
emen
t Fre
quen
cy
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
TO
TA
L Frequency
1998 1999 2004 20052001 2002 20032000
Black
White
Native American
Hispanic
TOTAL
2006 2007
Asian/PI
CENTER FOR SOCIAL SERVICES RESEARCH School of Social Welfare, UC Berkeley
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
Point in Time
Plac
emen
t Fre
quen
cy
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
TO
TA
L Frequency
1998 to 2007
California:Foster Care Caseload by Race/Ethnicity
1998 1999 2004 20052001 2002 20032000
Asian/PI
Black
White
Hispanic
TOTAL
2006 2007
Native American
CENTER FOR SOCIAL SERVICES RESEARCH School of Social Welfare, UC Berkeley
6.3
27.7
33.1
25.9
49.9
10.1
42.8
2.3 1.40.5
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Population
(9,988,199)
I n Care
(74,508)
NativeAmerican
Asian/ PI
Hispanic
White
Black
Black Disproportionality27.7%6.3%
= 4.40
2006
California: Disparity Index
White Disproportionality25.9%33.1%= 0.78
Disparity Index
4.40 0.78
= 5.64
CENTER FOR SOCIAL SERVICES RESEARCH School of Social Welfare, UC Berkeley
<1 yr 1-2 yrs
3-5 yrs 6-10 yrs
11-15 yrs16-17 yrs
Black
(111.8*) ALL
(48.3*) White
(41.1*) Hispanic
(46.4*) Asian/PI
(17.5*)
167
128126
117
102
81
65
4550
52
46
40
53
3943
43
40
33
59
4347
50
44
40
1714
1820
1815
2006
California: Referrals per 1,000 by Age and Ethnicity
*Series Total
CENTER FOR SOCIAL SERVICES RESEARCH School of Social Welfare, UC Berkeley
<1 yr 1-2 yrs
3-5 yrs 6-10 yrs
11-15 yrs16-17 yrs
Black
(25.5*) ALL
(10.8*) White
(9.3*) Hispanic
(11.3*) Asian/PI
(4.3*)
69
35
28
25
20
15
25
12
1111
9
7
23
1110
9
8
5
24
1211
11
9
7
7
4
55
4
3
2006
California: Substantiated Referrals per 1,000
by Age and Ethnicity
*Series Total
CENTER FOR SOCIAL SERVICES RESEARCH School of Social Welfare, UC Berkeley
<1 yr 1-2 yrs
3-5 yrs 6-10 yrs
11-15 yrs16-17 yrs
Black
(12.5*) ALL
(4.0*) White
(3.5*) Hispanic
(4.1*) Asian/PI
(1.4*)
44
18
14
1010
7
14
5
43
33
13
5
4
33
2
14
5
4
43
2
4
21
11
1
2006
California: Entries to Foster Care per 1,000
by Age and Ethnicity
*Series Total
CENTER FOR SOCIAL SERVICES RESEARCH School of Social Welfare, UC Berkeley
<1 yr 1-2 yrs
3-5 yrs 6-10 yrs
11-15 yrs16-17 yrs
Black
(34.0*) ALL
(7.5*) White
(6.1*) Hispanic
(6.6*) Asian/PI
(1.7*)
27
36
2727
3944
88
668
9
88
5
56
7
88
66
67
22
2
12
2
2006
California: Children in Foster Care per 1,000
by Age and Ethnicity
*Series Total
CENTER FOR SOCIAL SERVICES RESEARCH School of Social Welfare, UC Berkeley
2006
California: Referrals, Substantiated Referrals, Entries, & In Care Rates
per 1,000 by Age
Black Children
Asian/PI ChildrenHispanic Children
White Children
CENTER FOR SOCIAL SERVICES RESEARCH School of Social Welfare, UC Berkeley
<1 yr1-2 yrs
3-5 yrs6-10 yrs
11-15 yrs16-17 yrs
27
36
2727
39
44
88
5
567
2006
California: Children in Foster Care per 1,000
by Age and Ethnicity
Black Rates per 1000
White Rates per 1000
Disparity Index
34.0 6.1
= 5.6
Black (34.0*
) White (6.1*)
CENTER FOR SOCIAL SERVICES RESEARCH School of Social Welfare, UC Berkeley
0.28
1.10
5.61
3.54
0.39
1.16
3.58
3.40
0.46
1.21
2.75
2.56
0.43
2.72
1.98
1.13
Allegations
Substantiated
Entries
I n Care
Native American
Hispanic
Asian/PI
1.00
2006
California: Racial Disparity Indices
(group compared to White)
Underrepresented
Overrepresented
Black
CENTER FOR SOCIAL SERVICES RESEARCH School of Social Welfare, UC Berkeley
0.11
0.13
0.22
0.04
0.32
0.23
0.47
0.58
1.10
1.19
2.62
1.28
0.99
1.06
2.43
3.31
2.40
0.90
2.17
2.49
3.32
5.40
6.96
7.11
Black
NativeAmerican
Hispanic
Asian/PI
New York
1.00
Overrepresented
Illinois
California
United States
Texas
Florida
Underrepresented
2006
National Data: Racial Disparity Indices
(group compared to White)
CENTER FOR SOCIAL SERVICES RESEARCH School of Social Welfare, UC Berkeley
2000 July-December First Entries
California: Percent Exited to Permanency 72 Months From
Entry
10
8
19
20
5060
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
3 6 12 18 24 36 48 60 72 3 6 12 18 24 36 48 60 72
In Care Other Emancipated Guardianship Adopted Reunified
White (n=3,782) Black (n=2,413)
88%79%
219
54
12 24 36 48 60 72
Black Non- Relative Placements (n=1,438)
2000 July-December First Entries California:
Percent Exited to Permanency 72 Months From Entry by Relative vs. Non-Relative Placement
17
19
57
12 24 36 48 60 72
White Relative Placements (n=1,403)
22
19
43
12 24 36 48 60 72
Black Relative Children Placements (n=975)
221
61
12 24 36 48 60 72
White Non- Relative Placements (n=2,379)
I n Care Other Emancipated Guardianship Adopted Reunified
=93%
=84%
=84%
=75%
CENTER FOR SOCIAL SERVICES RESEARCH School of Social Welfare, UC Berkeley
CSSR.BERKELEY.EDU/UCB_CHILDWELFARENeedell, B., Webster, D., Armijo, M., Lee, S., Dawson, W., Magruder, J., Exel, M., Zimmerman, K., Simon, V., Putnam-Hornstein, E., Frerer, K., Ataie, Y., Atkinson, L., Blumberg, R., Henry, C., & Cuccaro-Alamin, S. (2008).
Barbara [email protected]
510.642.1893510.290.6334 (pcs)