Download - Cell strucure & organisation
Chap 2: Cell Structure & Cell OrganisationChap 2: Cell Structure & Cell Organisation
Cell StructureCell Structure
AnimalsAnimals
PlantsPlants
ComparisonComparison
Cell OrganisationCell Organisation
Living Process:•Locomotion•Feeding•Respiration•Excretion•Reproduction•Response to stimuli•Growth
Living Process:•Locomotion•Feeding•Respiration•Excretion•Reproduction•Response to stimuli•Growth
Amoeba sp.Amoeba sp.
Paramecium sp.Paramecium sp.
Cell Specialisation:•Cells•Tissues•Organs•Systems•Organism
Cell Specialisation:•Cells•Tissues•Organs•Systems•Organism
AnimalsAnimals
PlantsPlants
Parts involved & their functionsParts involved & their functions
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o1GQyciJaTA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o1GQyciJaTA
Regulation of internal environment via negative feedback loop
Regulation of internal environment via negative feedback loop
Focus onFocus on
Helps inHelps in
Click red-coloured box for more info.
Animal cellAnimal cell
Plant cellPlant cell
Both have a nucleus, plasma membrane, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum & ribosomeBoth have a nucleus, plasma membrane, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum & ribosome
ShapeShapeNo fixed shapeNo fixed shape Have fixed shapeHave fixed shape
Cell wallsCell wallsNo cell wallsNo cell walls Have cell wallsHave cell walls
ChloroplastsChloroplastsNo chloroplastNo chloroplast Have chloroplastsHave chloroplasts
VacuolesVacuolesNo vacuolesNo vacuoles Have vacuolesHave vacuoles
CentriolesCentriolesHave centriolesHave centrioles No centrioleNo centriole
Food storageFood storageGlycogenGlycogen StarchStarch
DensityDensity
MitochondriaMitochondria Sperm – Swim
Muscle cells - Movement
Sperm – SwimMuscle cells - Movement
Mesophyll palisade - photosynthesisMesophyll palisade - photosynthesis
ChloroplastChloroplast
Energy (ATP)Energy (ATP)
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
Rough ERRough ER
Transport proteinTransport protein
Salivary gland – Secrete saliva & enzymesPancreas – Synthesise & secrete enzymes
Salivary gland – Secrete saliva & enzymesPancreas – Synthesise & secrete enzymes
Smooth ERSmooth ER
Synthesise lipidSynthesise lipid
Intestinal epithelium – Digestive enzymeLiver - Detoxification
Intestinal epithelium – Digestive enzymeLiver - Detoxification
Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus
Process, package & transport protein & carbo.
Process, package & transport protein & carbo.
Goblet cells in intestine & respiratory tract – Secrete mucus
Goblet cells in intestine & respiratory tract – Secrete mucus
Density of organelles in tissuesDensity of organelles in tissues
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Movement:Cytoplasmic projection (pseudopodia)
Movement:Cytoplasmic projection (pseudopodia)
Feeding:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m6i3F9nbHwA
Feeding:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m6i3F9nbHwA
Respiration:Simple diffusion via whole plasma membrane
Respiration:Simple diffusion via whole plasma membrane
Reproduction:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUxPL8cySwY
Reproduction:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUxPL8cySwY
Response to stimuli:Retreat from bright light & acidic condition
Response to stimuli:Retreat from bright light & acidic condition
Excretion:Contractile vacuole in osmoregulation while waste is via diffusion
Excretion:Contractile vacuole in osmoregulation while waste is via diffusion
ParameciumParamecium
Movement:Movement:
Feeding:Feeding:
Excretion:Contractile vacuole in osmoregulation while waste is via diffusion
Excretion:Contractile vacuole in osmoregulation while waste is via diffusion
Respiration:Simple diffusion via whole plasma membrane
Respiration:Simple diffusion via whole plasma membrane
Reproduction:Reproduction:
Response to stimuli:Sense it using ciliaSensitive to chemicals, O2, CO2, light, contact & temperature
Response to stimuli:Sense it using ciliaSensitive to chemicals, O2, CO2, light, contact & temperature
Binary fissionBinary fission
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CellCell
TissuesEpithelial tissuesMuscle tissuesNervous tissuesConnective tissues
TissuesEpithelial tissuesMuscle tissuesNervous tissuesConnective tissues
OrgansOrgans
SystemsNervous systemSkeletal systemCirculatory systemDigestive systemRespiratory systemExcretory systemReproductive systemEndocrine systemMuscular systemLymphatic system
SystemsNervous systemSkeletal systemCirculatory systemDigestive systemRespiratory systemExcretory systemReproductive systemEndocrine systemMuscular systemLymphatic system
Same cells form
Same cells form
Different tissues work together form
Different tissues work together form
Different organs work together form
Different organs work together form
OrganismOrganismDifferent
systems work together form
Different systems work together form
Epithelial tissues1 or more layer of cells covering the body surfaces (eg:
skin) and inner lining of cavities (eg: lungs) Some form glands for secretion (exocrine & endocrine gland)Functions:a)Protection (skin)b)Gaseous exchange (in alveoli and blood capillary)c)Absorption (lining of small intestine)d)Secretion (goblet cells in sweat & sebaceous gland &
trachea)
Epithelial tissues1 or more layer of cells covering the body surfaces (eg:
skin) and inner lining of cavities (eg: lungs) Some form glands for secretion (exocrine & endocrine gland)Functions:a)Protection (skin)b)Gaseous exchange (in alveoli and blood capillary)c)Absorption (lining of small intestine)d)Secretion (goblet cells in sweat & sebaceous gland &
trachea)
Muscle tissues Composed of muscle fibres 3 typesa)Cardiac muscles Striated, branched & multi-nucleated Heart Involuntary contraction to pump blood to whole bodyb) Skeletal muscles Striated, not branched & multi-nucleated Attached to bones (eg: tendons) Voluntary movements of the bodyc)Smooth muscles Non-striated, not branched and uni-nucleated Linings of digestive tract, blood vessels, reproductive tract etc Involuntary actions of the body (eg: peristaltic movement)
Muscle tissues Composed of muscle fibres 3 typesa)Cardiac muscles Striated, branched & multi-nucleated Heart Involuntary contraction to pump blood to whole bodyb) Skeletal muscles Striated, not branched & multi-nucleated Attached to bones (eg: tendons) Voluntary movements of the bodyc)Smooth muscles Non-striated, not branched and uni-nucleated Linings of digestive tract, blood vessels, reproductive tract etc Involuntary actions of the body (eg: peristaltic movement)
Same cells work together forming TISSUESSame cells work together forming TISSUES
More tissuesMore tissues
Nervous tissues Composed of neurones 3 types of neurones, ie. afferent neurone, efferent neurone &
interneuroneTransmit signals (nerve impulse) to whole body &
coordinate activities in the body
Nervous tissues Composed of neurones 3 types of neurones, ie. afferent neurone, efferent neurone &
interneuroneTransmit signals (nerve impulse) to whole body &
coordinate activities in the body
Connective tissues Variety of tissues that connect body parts All have cells and extracellular matrix Types of connective tissues:a)Tendons & ligaments – Densely packed collagen for
attachments of bone-muscle & bone-boneb)Cartilage – Strong yet flexible for support & cushionc)Bones – Cells embedded in a matrix of collagen hardened by
mineral deposits like Ca2+. Provides protection & supportd)Blood – RBC, WBC & cell fragments in fluid (blood plasma).
Manufactured in bone marrow. Helps in transportation & immune system.
e)Lymph – Immune system & forming internal environmentf)Fat cells – Store energy & insulation
Connective tissues Variety of tissues that connect body parts All have cells and extracellular matrix Types of connective tissues:a)Tendons & ligaments – Densely packed collagen for
attachments of bone-muscle & bone-boneb)Cartilage – Strong yet flexible for support & cushionc)Bones – Cells embedded in a matrix of collagen hardened by
mineral deposits like Ca2+. Provides protection & supportd)Blood – RBC, WBC & cell fragments in fluid (blood plasma).
Manufactured in bone marrow. Helps in transportation & immune system.
e)Lymph – Immune system & forming internal environmentf)Fat cells – Store energy & insulation
OrganOrgan
Epithelial tissuesEpithelial tissues
Muscle tissues (Smooth muscles)
Muscle tissues (Smooth muscles)
Nervous tissuesNervous tissues
Specialised epithelial tissues form glands and hair follicle
Specialised epithelial tissues form glands and hair follicle
Hair follicleHair follicleConnective tissuesConnective tissues
One of the organs in human body is SKINOne of the organs in human body is SKIN
SystemsSystems
Different tissues work together to form ORGANDifferent tissues work together to form ORGAN
Different organs make up SYSTEMDifferent organs make up SYSTEM
Nervous System Brain, spinal cord & nervesFunctions:a)Detects stimuli, transmit nerve impulse & formulates
responsesb)Controls physiological processes
Nervous System Brain, spinal cord & nervesFunctions:a)Detects stimuli, transmit nerve impulse & formulates
responsesb)Controls physiological processes
Skeletal System Bones, cartilage, tendons & ligamentsFunctions:a)Support b)Attachment of muscles c)Protection of internal organs
Skeletal System Bones, cartilage, tendons & ligamentsFunctions:a)Support b)Attachment of muscles c)Protection of internal organs
Circulatory System Heart, blood vesselsFunctions:a)Transport of nutrients, gases and hormonesb)Carry waste products to excretory systems
Circulatory System Heart, blood vesselsFunctions:a)Transport of nutrients, gases and hormonesb)Carry waste products to excretory systems
More systems
More systems
Digestive system Mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small &
large intestine, rectum & anusFunctions:a)Ingest & digest foodb)Absorbs nutrientsc)Eliminates undigested food
Digestive system Mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small &
large intestine, rectum & anusFunctions:a)Ingest & digest foodb)Absorbs nutrientsc)Eliminates undigested food
Respiratory System Nose, trachea, lungsFunctions:a)Provide gaseous exchange between blood & external environmentb)Allow O2 intake & CO2 elimination
Respiratory System Nose, trachea, lungsFunctions:a)Provide gaseous exchange between blood & external environmentb)Allow O2 intake & CO2 elimination
Excretory system Kidneys, uterus, urinary bladder, urethra, skin, lungsFunctions:a)Remove waste products b)Regulate osmotic balance of blood
Excretory system Kidneys, uterus, urinary bladder, urethra, skin, lungsFunctions:a)Remove waste products b)Regulate osmotic balance of blood
More systems
More systems
Reproductive System Testes, seminal vesicle & penis // Ovaries, fallopian tube,
uterus, cervix, vaginaFunctions:a)Produce sperm & male hormonesb)Produce ova, nurtures & developing foetus & produce
female hormones
Reproductive System Testes, seminal vesicle & penis // Ovaries, fallopian tube,
uterus, cervix, vaginaFunctions:a)Produce sperm & male hormonesb)Produce ova, nurtures & developing foetus & produce
female hormones
Muscular System Skeletal, smooth & cardiac musclesFunctions:a)Body movements
Muscular System Skeletal, smooth & cardiac musclesFunctions:a)Body movements
Endocrine System Pituitary, thyroid & adrenal glands, hypothalamus
etc.Functions:a)Coordinate body activitiesb)Hormone secretion
Endocrine System Pituitary, thyroid & adrenal glands, hypothalamus
etc.Functions:a)Coordinate body activitiesb)Hormone secretion
Lymphatic System Lymph vessels, lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymusFunctions:a)Immune systemb)Returns excess fluid to blood
Lymphatic System Lymph vessels, lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymusFunctions:a)Immune systemb)Returns excess fluid to blood
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CellXylem and phloem cellsGuard cellsMesophyll cellsRoot cells
CellXylem and phloem cellsGuard cellsMesophyll cellsRoot cells
TissuesMeristematic tissuesa)Apical meristemb)Lateral meristem
Permanent tissuesa)Epidermal tissuesb)Vascular tissuesc)Ground tissues
TissuesMeristematic tissuesa)Apical meristemb)Lateral meristem
Permanent tissuesa)Epidermal tissuesb)Vascular tissuesc)Ground tissues
OrgansFlowerLeafRootStem
OrgansFlowerLeafRootStem
SystemsShoot systemRoot systemSupport systemReproductive system
SystemsShoot systemRoot systemSupport systemReproductive system
Same cells form
Same cells form
Different tissues work together form
Different tissues work together form
Different organs work together form
Different organs work together form
OrganismOrganism
Different systems work together form
Different systems work together form
Plant cells undergo differentiation to form SPECIALISED CELLSPlant cells undergo differentiation to form SPECIALISED CELLS
Xylem and phloem cells•No cytoplasm to allow water and minerals to move freely•End walls are perforated to allow continuous flow•Carry water (from roots) and minerals (from leaves)
Xylem and phloem cells•No cytoplasm to allow water and minerals to move freely•End walls are perforated to allow continuous flow•Carry water (from roots) and minerals (from leaves)
Root hairs•Long extension to increase surface area for absorption of minerals & water
Root hairs•Long extension to increase surface area for absorption of minerals & water
Guard cells•Specialised epidermal cells (kidney shape) to control size of stoma
Guard cells•Specialised epidermal cells (kidney shape) to control size of stoma
Palisade mesophyll cells•Elongated & cylindrical, arranged vertically, close to one another•Have a lot of chloroplasts
Palisade mesophyll cells•Elongated & cylindrical, arranged vertically, close to one another•Have a lot of chloroplasts
TissuesTissues
Plants have their own TISSUES tooPlants have their own TISSUES too
1) Meristematic tissues1) Meristematic tissues
Epidermal tissueEpidermal tissue
• Prevent H2O loss (stomata)• Absorption of H2O & minerals (root hair)
• Prevent H2O loss (stomata)• Absorption of H2O & minerals (root hair)
Ground tissueGround tissue
• Store products of photosynthesis• Support & shape
• Store products of photosynthesis• Support & shape
• Support• Support • Support• Protection (lignin)• Support• Protection (lignin)
2) Permanent tissues2) Permanent tissues
Xylem:• Carry H2O & minerals• For supportPhloem:• Transport organic substances
Xylem:• Carry H2O & minerals• For supportPhloem:• Transport organic substances
Vascular tissueVascular tissue
Apical meristemApical meristem• 10 growth• 10 growth
Lateral meristemLateral meristem
• 20 growth• 20 growth
Organs & SystemsOrgans & Systems
Different tissues form ORGANS & different organs form SYSTEMSDifferent tissues form ORGANS & different organs form SYSTEMS
Support systemSupport system
Reproductive systemReproductive system
FlowerFlower
• Those underlined are some of the examples of plant organs.• Those in boxes are some examples of systems in plants.
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