Download - Cell Reproduction
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Cell ReproductionCell Reproduction
ProkaryotesBacteria
EukaryotesPlants &
animals
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ProkaryotesProkaryotes
Lack a nucleus Have a single chromosomeReproduce asexually by
binary fission Include bacteria
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Asexual Reproduction contdAsexual Reproduction contd..
Binary fission– happens in bacteria, amoeba, some
algae– one parent cell splits into 2 identical
daughter cellsBudding
– happens in yeast, hydra, corals– parent produces a bud– bud gets detached and develops into
offspring which is identical to parent
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Steps in Binary FissionSteps in Binary Fission
Used by bacteria Cells increase their
cell mass slightly DNA & cell
components are replicated
Each cell divides into 2 daughter cells
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Binary Fission of Bacterial Binary Fission of Bacterial CellCell
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BuddingBudding
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EukaryotesEukaryotes
Contain a nucleus & membrane bound organelles
Asexually reproduce cells by mitosis
Also reproduce sexually
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Sexual Reproduction in AnimalsSexual Reproduction in Animals involves specialized sex cells called gametes (haploid
Cells) the union of a male and female gamete results in the
formation of a zygote that develops into a new individual
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Cell CycleCell Cycle
Stages in growth & division
G0 Resting Phase
G1 Phase S Phase G2 Phase M Phase Cytokinesis
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G0 PhaseG0 Phase
After Cell DivisionCell At RestFrom here some cells will remain in the G0 Phase and others will go into G1.
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G1 PhaseG1 Phase
First growth stageCell increases in sizeCell prepares to copy its DNA
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Synthesis PhaseSynthesis Phase
Copying of all of DNA’s instructions
Chromosomes duplicated
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G2 PhaseG2 Phase
Time between DNA synthesis & mitosis
Cell continues growingNeeded proteins produced
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Mitosis PhaseMitosis Phase
Cell growth & protein production stop
Cell’s energy used to make 2 daughter cells (Diploid Cells)
Called mitosis or karyokinesis (nuclear division)
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Life Cycle of a CellLife Cycle of a Cell
Mitosis is a cycle with no beginning or end.
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Interphase – Resting StageInterphase – Resting Stage
Cells carrying on normal activities
Chromosomes aren’t visibleCell metabolism is occurringOccurs before mitosis
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InterphaseInterphase
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Stages of MitosisStages of Mitosis
ProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase
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Cells Undergoing MitosisCells Undergoing Mitosis
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Steps in ProphaseSteps in Prophase
DNA coils tightly & becomes visible as chromosomes
Nuclear membrane disappears Nucleolus disappears Centrioles migrate to poles Spindle begins to form
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ProphaseProphase
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Eukaryotic ChromosomeEukaryotic Chromosome
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Human ChromosomesHuman Chromosomes
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Steps in MetaphaseSteps in Metaphase
Spindle fibers from centrioles attach to each chromosome
Cell preparing to separate its chromosomes
Cell aligns its chromosomes in the middle of the cell
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MetaphaseMetaphase
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Steps in AnaphaseSteps in Anaphase
Cell chromosomes are separated
Spindle fibers shorten so chromosomes pulled to ends of cell
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Mitotic SpindleMitotic Spindle
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AnaphaseAnaphase
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Steps in TelophaseSteps in Telophase
Separation of chromosomes completed
Cell Plate forms (plants)Cleavage furrow
forms(animals)Nucleus & nucleolus reformChromosomes uncoil
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TelophaseTelophase
Plant Animal
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CytokinesisCytokinesis
Occurs after chromosomes separate
Forms two, identical daughter cells
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CytokinesisCytokinesis
Cell Plate Forming in Plant Cells
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Cell that do not go through Cell that do not go through MitosisMitosis
Muscle Cell-Why? Fused fibers preventing cell division
Some Neuron Cells –Why? Have lost there centrioles and can no longer reproduce.
Blood Cells-Why? Mature and No longer have a nucleus
Sex Cells: They go through meiosis. Most of the cells never leave the G0 phase.
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CanceCancerr Cancer is a disease of uncontrolled cell division. It
starts with a single cell that loses its control mechanisms due to a genetic mutation. That cell starts dividing without limit, and eventually kills the host.
Normal cells are controlled by several factors. – Normal cells stay in the G1 stage of the cell cycle
until they are given a specific signal to enter the S phase, in which the DNA replicates and the cell prepares for division. Cancer cells enter the S phase without waiting for a signal.
– Normal cells are mortal. This means that they can divide about 50 times and then they lose the ability to divide, and eventually die. This “clock” gets re-set during the formation of the gametes. Cancer cells escape this process of mortality: they are immortal and can divide endlessly.
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THE ENDTHE END