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Chemistry of LifeChemistry of Life
You need to know a small amount of
chemistry to understand biology!
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Why do we need to know a small
amount of chemistry? To understand why think of some of the characteristics
of living organisms e.g.
They reproduce.
They grow.
They can move
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Guess what organisms use to generate
energy and as building materials?
Chemicals
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Important Biological
Compounds
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids5. Vitamins
6. Minerals
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Molecules of LifeMolecules of Life
The chemistry ofcarbon accounts for the
chemistry oforganic compounds.
Organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen atoms
Macromolecules = polymers that arise when their
specific monomers (unit molecules) are joined
together. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic
acids are macromolecules with specific
functions in cells.
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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Carbohydrates often function as a
ready source ofenergy in most
organisms.
GlucoseGlucose is a simple, six-carbon
sugar (carbohydrate monomer) most
utilized by cells for "quick" energy.
Cn(H2O)n
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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Carbohydrates also form major
structural components in plants
and insects.
Cellulose, lignin, chitin etcCellulose, lignin, chitin etc.
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3 Types of Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides
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Hexoses i.e.,
they all contain
6 carbon atoms
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Carbohydrate Synthesis andCarbohydrate Synthesis and
Break DownBreak Down Condensationsynthesis forms carbohydrate
polymers from two or more sugar monomers
Hydrolysis reaction splits bonds to form smaller
molecules.
Plants store glucose as starch, and animals store
glucose as glycogen.
These compounds are polymers of glucose.
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Cellulose is a indigestible plant carbohydrate
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Functions of carbohydrates
As a source of energy
As a building material
Signalling function.
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LipidsLipids
Lipids (triglycerides, phospholipids, &
sterols) are varied in structure and
function
Most lipids are not soluble (dont dissolve) in H2O
Fats and oils (triglycerides) are used
forlong-term energy storage
Triglycerides have glycerol & 3 fatty acids
Fatty acids can be saturated (no double bonds) orunsaturated
(one or more carbon-carbon double bond) .
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Fatty acids
Fatty acids (FAs) are aliphatic molecules with a carboxyl
group at one end.
20 not 18
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Saturated vs. unsaturated FAs
Saturated FAs are solid at room temperature.
Unsaturated FAs are liquid at room temperature
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A Triglyceride
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Lipids: PhospholipidsLipids: Phospholipids
Plasma membranes contain phospholipids
that have a polarized end.
Phospholipids are composed ofglycerol,fattyacids, and a phosphategroup
(charged = polarized).
The phosphate group end of phospholipids is
soluble in water
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Lipids: SterolsLipids: Sterols
Steroids (sterols) are lipids, but with avery different structure.
Cholesterol, a complex ring compound, is
a steroid.
Certain steroidhormones(including
sex hormones) are derived from
cholesterol.
Cholesterol is also an important
component ofcell membranes.
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Functions of lipids
Energy storage molecules
Insulation
Signalling
Cushioning
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Functions of amino acids
The building blocks of proteins.
Neurotransmitters (e.g. dopamine [from tyrosine])
Protection (e.g. histamine [from histidine])
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P t i St tP t i St t
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Protein StructureProtein Structure
Secondary structure: Formed by hydrogen bonds between non-adjacent
amino acids
Often an alpha (a) helix or a beta () pleated sheet.
Tertiary structure: When a polypeptide bends and twists into a 3-D
shape due to covalent bonds between amino acids
in certain regions of the polypeptide.
Quaternary structure: When a protein contains several polypeptides.
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Bonds involved in maintaining the
tertiary structure of a protein
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Functions
Structural (e.g. hair, fingernails, claws etc)
Signalling/information (e.g. hormones)
Transport (e.g. haemoglobin, serum albumin)
Protective (e.g. antibodies, lysozyme [an enzyme])
Movement (e.g. muscle)
Catalysis (e.g. enzymes)
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For more information on proteins
visit:
http://fajerpc.magnet.fsu.edu/Education/2010/Lectures/10_Proteins.htm
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Ribose
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Nucleic Acids - DNANucleic Acids - DNA
Contains the sugar
ribose
Contains the basesadenine, thymine,
guanine and cytosine
Very large molecule
Double stranded
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Nucleic Acids - RNANucleic Acids - RNA
Contains the sugar
deoxyribose
Contains the bases
adenine, uracil, guanineand cytosine
Not as large as DNA
Double stranded
http://165.134.116.28/301/origin/RNA.jpg
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Functions of nucleic acids
DNA stores genetic information.
RNA structural, recognition & transport
NucleotidesNucleotides
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NucleotidesNucleotides
ATPATP (adenosine triphosphate) is theenergy currency of cells.
Its unstable phosphate bonds can beeasily broken, releasing energy
= Hydrolysis ofATP to ADP (adenosine
diphosphate) + Pi (inorganic phosphate)releases energy that is used by cells to do
metabolic work.
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Others
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
Flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
NAD and FAD can carry high-energy electrons