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Celebrity Diplomat
Henry Kissinger and the Dilemmas of American Power Osher Lifelong Learning 2015
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Henry A. Kissinger
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Review
1.) Kissinger’s rise to prominence from refugee to Cold War “defense intellectual”
2.) Nixon’s selection of Kissinger to centralize foreign policy decision-making in the White House, gain domestic political benefits
3.) Failure to make much progress on ending the war in Vietnam – increasing domestic discontent
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1970 – Vietnam and Cambodia
Redefining foreign policy – Nixon Doctrine, “new Realism” in foreign policy – less unilateral; American retrenchment
1.) continued withdrawals – Nixon announces the withdrawal of 150,000 on April 20
2.) Secret negotiations conducted by Kissinger in Paris
3.) coup in Cambodia – overthrow of Sihanouk brings to power pro-US regime
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Cambodian “Incursion”
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Kent State – May 4, 1970
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Nixon’s Seventh Crisis
1.) Nixon challenged by Congress and the demonstrations
2.) Kissinger – tense meeting with former Harvard colleagues; Nixon admires his loyalty
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Other Foreign Policy Frustrations and Achievements
1.) Middle East – Soviet troops in Egypt, Continuing Violence, Jordanian Crisis September 1970; (Kissinger – “”You can’t lose them all.”)
2.) Chile – Allende’s Victory – US tries covert action
3.) Increasing European Assertiveness, German Ostpolitik
4.) Lack of Agreement with Soviets on Arms Control – no summit
5.) Lack of progress with China
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Midterm elections – Republican
losses
1.) Republicans gained two seats in the Senate, but lost 9 in the House – Democratic margin in House elections increased from 1.1. million to 4.5 million
2.) Nixon – thought he might be a one-term president; considering end of the war announcement – tells advisers to highlight Kissinger, because of media favoritism (60 Minutes profile)
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Nixon and Elvis – December
1970
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Invasion of Laos
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Nixon’s Frustrations, Kissinger’s
Reassurance Low point in the Nixon presidency, Laos invasion
had gone badly, Republican congressional leaders wanted to set a date to get out of Vietnam, Nixon resented their pressure
http://millercenter.org/presidentialrecordings/rmn-001-0101
Shortly after this speech, things began to break for Nixon – the Chinese approved a trip, the Russians wanted talks on SALT
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SALT negotiations
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Opening to China
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Kissinger as National Celebrity
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Indo-Pakistani War
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Nixon Policy
1.) Supportive of Pakistan – “Don’t squeeze Yahya.”
2.) Hostility toward India and Prime Minister Gandhi
3.) Official neutrality but tilt toward Pakistan
nixontapes.org
4.) http://nixontapes.org/hak/1971-12-07_Nixon_016-037.mp3
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India-Pakistan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-OrhVsuZY1c&list=PLrISWmDC_QZ86fhY1weUQ2iobozmWhwHp&index=4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2QLCKkMvz8w
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Kissinger as Nixon’s “Secret
Agent” – TV coverage
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The trip to China: February
1972
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Easter offensive, April 1972
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Nixon’s gamble
1.) Nixon orders renewed bombing of North Vietnam and the mining of Haiphong harbor – against Kissinger’s advice
2.) Soviets don’t cancel the summit
3.) North Vietnam pressured to settle by Soviets and China
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The Soviet Summit
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Vietnam and the Decent Interval
http://millercenter.org/presidentialclassroom/exhibits/nix
on-kissinger-and-the-decent-interval
http://millercenter.org/presidentialclassroom/exhibits/nixon-and-kissinger-on-south-vietnamese-president
http://www.state.gov/p/eap/rls/rm/2010/09/148410.htm
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McGovern’s Campaign – Come
Home, America
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Kissinger’s – “Peace is at Hand”
Press conference, Oct. 26, 1972
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Impact on the election
Chapter II - Memoirs V. Tapes: President Nixon & the December Bombings
“wiped McGovern out now”
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Nixon Landslide – 1968 vs. 1972
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Time “Men of the Year” 1972
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Christmas bombing
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Paris Peace treaty, January
1973