Co-benefits in Asia’s Transportation Sector: Methods and Applications
Singapore, 8 Nov 2010
Case Study: Bangkok BRTCase Study: Bangkok BRT
Thaned Satiennam
Khon Kaen Universityy
Sittha JaensirisakSittha Jaensirisak
Ubon Ratchathani
with support from
Nihon University
Bangkok BRT
• Bus Rapid Transit is a new transit system in BangkokBus Rapid Transit is a new transit system in Bangkok
• Bangkok BRT project belonging to Bangkok Metropolitan Authority
• BKK BRT has its own stations and bus priority lane
• BRT route network planned to feed mass transit systems (Sky train and Subway)
• Bus controlled by ITS for assuring punctuality and safety• Bus controlled by ITS for assuring punctuality and safety
Source: www.bangkokbrt.com
Target Route: South Route (Sathorn–Ratchapruek)
Corridor Characteristic Bangkok BRTNo. of corridor 1Total length 15.9 kmLocation of bus lane center of roadway( p ) Location of bus lane center of roadway
Bus priority laneBus-exclusive and sharing HOV lane
Station Characteristic No. of station 12A Di t B t t ti 1 kN BRT北線N BRT北線BRT N th Aver. Dist. Between station 1 kmLocation of station Median of roadway
At level boarding and alightingHigh floor bus and
stationStop close to platform Arm guidance
N BRT北線(計画中)
N BRT北線(計画中)BRT North
p p gArrival information Arrival display monitorBus Characteristic Bus length 12 mCapacity 80 pas.Fuel Type NGV
地下鉄道MRT
高架鉄道BTS 地下鉄道
MRT
高架鉄道BTSBTS MRTM
RTMRT
Fuel Type NGVNo. of passenger Testing operation, no fare 20000 pas./dayReal operation, 10 Baht fare 15000 pas./dayOperation Characteristic
RTRT
p
Frequency5 min:peak, 10 min:off
peakTime schedule 6AM-12PMAver. Speed 30 km/hrFare Collection BRT南線BRT南線 Fare Collection Fare collection system off-board collectionFare rate 12-20 BahtSmart card Contactless smart card
Connecting pointConnecting to BTS at
BRT南線(建設中)
0 5km2 5
BRT南線(建設中)
0 5km2 5
BRT South
Connecting pointChong Nonsri station
P&R Area 200 cars at terminusITS Bus Signal PriorityFeeder Shuttle Bus
0 5km2.50 5km2.5
3
Future Plan: Long Term
• BRT Master plan of BMAplan of BMA
• Full network with 14with 14 corridors in 2022
Comparison Bangkok BRT with other BRTs
BogotaBangkok
15.9km
(1 corridor
Bogota
86.5km
(6 corridor ith 115(1 corridor
with 12 stations)
with 115 stations)
Beijin
54km
Jakarta
125+km
(3 corridor with 60
stations)
(8 corridor with 145 stations)
Source: http://www.chinabrt.org/en/cities/bangkok.aspx
Scenario Establishment
To evaluate the co-benefit of Bangkok BRT, threescenarios were established
1. Current network in 20061. Current network in 20062. Future network with BRT in 20113. Future network without BRT in 2011
Study Area (BMR and its 5 neighboring provinces)
N
1,333 1 334
1,066 1,067
1 0681,0581,059
1,0621,063
1,053
Nakhorn Pathom
Prathumthani
325263 265262261 264
1,304
1,364
1,3601,3621,3631,361
1,3651,370
1,371
1,3731,3721,374
1,368
1,3691,3671,366
1,312
1 3131,3091,3101,311
1,3141,315
1,3071,308
1,325
1,3281,327 1,3191,3161,318
1,3171,330
1,331
1,329
, 1,334
1,3321,338
1 291
1,298
1,3011,3021,3031,300
1,321
1,320
1,3541,352 1,3531,359
1,3501,3511,2941,2961,295
1,297
1,3771,378 1,379
1,3751,376
1,3851,3861,390
1,3911,388
1,387
1,3891,380
1,3811,382
1,383
1 384 1 293
1,299
1,3361,335
1,3411,342
1,3391,340
1,355
1,347
1,3571,3561,3581,3491,348
1,337
1,3241,3231,322 1,326
899 900
901902
881882 838896 821886
888891890
898897
822
1,057944943954
946947955
959 945 1,018990
938 935937914936 934
952 912953 913
923
909907908
906903904905
919 921927929928926925924
932933930931916915917918
940
911910
958957956
941 942
987
984
981
982
978
9801,006
1,0071,005
1,0091,0101,008
1,0191,020
1,0111,0121,0131,0141,0151,0161,017
1,069
1,070
1,068
1,0651,064
1,061
1,060
1,0561,052
1,0511,054
1,050
1,049
1,048
1,047
1,0461,045
1,0431,044
1,0351,036
1,0421,037
1,0251,0241,0281,029
1,0341,032
1,033
1,0211,0231,022
1,031
1,039
1,0049929949951,0039969979981,0009991,0021,001
964969972960 976963966
991993
970
950951
949 939
1,0279481,0301,026
989988985983979977975974
973971968967965962961922920
9861,0401,041
1,038
1,055
Nonthaburi
BMR
473472
475474
482464
471
5
470
672 1331 1144511513 158149111610 20712553 20563 68 2369565 117
478 479476477
481480
465466461462463
468467 469
440 441
457456
458459460
447446
437438439322320321
325326 323324327
311312313309314310
442443449450452
448453454451
455
392393390 391
444445
328329331332333330
389388
349350348347352346354
351
353
319317315316318417416
337336335334339
338343342344345341340
384383379380378
376377 387382288289290291292294293296295
286285
282
287
283284272276275
281279
271270273280277
274278
421424419420418
422426425423
415413414303302297298300
304305299301306307308
263259260
266265262
255 257256258254253251250252
247248249 269268
237245236239238231230232233235
234241240
244243 242246
267
402403405404406
407409408412411410
228224
433434170436431435430429432
428427165163166167169168164161160159
162
13813914014114214314614414510410099103105106107
101102444345
193192191190155156158157
187185186154153188189182183184113112
152151148149147150223225220 222221219218226
20820921021221121421320620420520319194196122123124121120118119115116
484746545553 11111010810949505152242526273536
1718192122
2829518517414240393837
3431303332
8990949591969897
9293 5657596058636261656472747573717080777876567566557564556555554562
514515516506507510509
505508503
502
504 512540539538544541543542590591593599
1,289 1,269 1,2701,286
1,273
1,2761,266 1,2511,241 1,2501,240
1,2301,2351,075 1,2421,071
1 206
1,2241,223
1,2811,282
1,2131,2111,2101,2081,2091,1951,1901,1911,234
1,2311,2331,183 1,1921,1821,2321,181
1,1801,2281,2271,229
1,2791,280
1,278
1,277
1,236
1,2391,238
1,237
1,244
1,2431,2451,2461,247
1,2531,2521,254
1,2551,2561,2481,249
1,2671,2681,2651,264
1,2621,261
1,2591,260
1,258
1,2571,2721,271
1,275
1,274
1,1741,1731,1711,172
1,1691,1701,168
1,086
1,0851,0841,150
1,1451,1461,149 1,1671,1531,1541,1551,1561,1571,1511,152
1,1581,1591,1601,1611,1661,165
1,1381,1391,1411,140
1,1281,1301,129
1,1261,127
1,1001,1011,1051,1021,1031,1131,1101,1081,1091,1121,1111,1071,1041,106
1,072
1,0741,0731,076
1,0891,0911,0901,114
1,1151,116
1,0871,088
1,0921,117
1,1191,1181,0991,121
1,1251,1241,123
1,134
1,0791,0831,0811,080
1,3131,305 1,3061,291
1,2901,2951,384
1,343 1,3451,3441,346
1,293
1,292 1,2881,287
1,162
1,2141,2121,1941,193
1,283
1,2851,2251,284
1,226
1,0981,0971,0931,0941,0961,077
1,0951,078
1,196 1,207
1,2161,2211,2221,2171,2181,2191,2151,220
1,2631,1421,1641,163
1,1471,1481,1441,1431,082
1,1311,1371,1361,1221,1201,1351,1331,132
1 199
896835834
895880883 837836872
855 858
821823826831
828827
815829
818819817820810 812788787790793792791785786
783781782779780
777775776778
754774768771764765767766773772759760
842799798797802
809808
807806803
805804
833832
801800866
867
870868869
863861862859860
875864
865 877873874
879892
871
894893887
884876
878885886 889
853 851850846847845844 796795761
811784
824825816814813794758757756755
751762841840848839843849854852856857752753769763770
789
830
906 981978971968
1,4491,448
Samut SakhornSamut Prakarn
401400399
397398
395396
392393 394386385381380
375371369368374373365366372355360357361
358359363228226227229
212214213215216217171173174175172176177180181179178133132134135131 137136198199202200201197129130128126125127
20620520319519419665666764747573
574575577576568569571570573572
80798685878883818482777876487488489490496494495493492491486485484483
497501500498499 580582581578579586587585583584588
557562561559558560545543542590593
594601589
592 547546550548549551552
599
597598596
595600603602 525
526524
522523520
519521
531533532534
529527530528
535536
537
362364370367
3561,1751,176
1,1771,1781,2061,205
1,2031,2021,197
1,1851,184 1,1891,1791,1861,1881,1871,2001,2011,1981,196 ,
1,2041,199
734
614608
742
744743624645
695
702
641
674678677676
606
619618
623622621627626625629628631630
640639
635634638
687685
686
696697700701699698
741740
748749747
750
739738
737
733732
730731729728
725
726719 720
721722
723710
713 715
712 711
716707
706705
658656655663662660
647665664666667668669 672671670649648651652650691690689694
615
692693679637 680681682684683 703
704
745746
642633
632
617620616607605604609
610611612
613653657659661 708 709 714
735
727736
717724
718
675
688
646673
654
644643636
1,4791,483 1,4801,484 1,4861,485 1,4771,478
1,4321,497
1,498 1,4991,496
1,4951,494
1,5041,4911,492
1,4931,5011,500
1,503
1,5021,505
1,506
1,4521,453
1,455
1,4681,467
1,4631,4661,471 1,4691,470
1,4721,4731,4741,475
1,407
1,4091,4081,413
1,410
1,4121,4111,4141,4151,417 1,416
1,4251,4231,4241,4211,4221,4201,418
1,419 1,394
1,3971,396
1,395
1,4021,4011,4001,4281,446
1,429
1,4261,4271,4451,3991,4471,3981,4441,4381,4401,4391,441
1 431
1,430
1,4881,487
1,4891,490
1,4431,442
1,4621,4611,460
1,4811,482
1,437
1,4511,4641,465
1,4761,404
1,4051,406
1,450
1,392
1,4581,4591,4561,4571,454,
,
1,393
0 20,00010,000 MetersRoad Network
Rail Transit Route
7471,434 1,4331,435
1,4361,403
1,4021,431
Totally 1,506 Zones
Framework of estimation
BRT PlanDemand forecasting model based
BRT Planon 4 step estimation
Other Policies/
Travel Speed/ Traffic Volume
OD TableBRT Ridership
Micro Traffic Simulation
/Measures
d
by rinkBRT Ridership
LCA for LCA for
Land Use Travel Speed/
Location/TimeTravel Speed
of BRT
CO2 Emission from Road
CO2 Emission from Road
Train Car
Infrastructure
Corridor l
from Road Transport
from Road Transport
Development, such as TOD
By Atsushi FUKUDA on International Environmental Cooperation Studies I, GELs, Hiroshima University
Total CO2 Emission by BRT Introduction
Network results from User Equilibrium Assignment
Entire network of Bangkok Metropolitan Region and its Neighboring 5 Provincesand its Neighboring 5 Provinces
Network surrounding BRT Corridor
Results of Demand Forecasting
2006 2011 2011 Difference2006Base year
2011Without BRT
2011With BRT
betweenTwo scenarios
Total vehicle kilometer 240 404 345 249 487 926 247 691 970 -1,795,956 traveled (km/day)
240,404,345 249,487,926 247,691,970 , ,(-0.73%)
Total in-vehicle time(hours/day)
16,296,587 14,647,926 14,572,683 -101,477(-0.69%)( y) ( )
Average speed (km/h)
14.75 17.00 17.00 0
Total link length 26 170 26 383 26 383 0g(km)
26,170 26,383 26,383 0
10
Users benefits Calculation
V l f T l ti f B k k C (U it B ht/ i )
PC MC TRUCK SPBUS2.01 0.35 1.03 1.03
Value of Travel time for Bangkok Case (Unit: Baht/min)
Source: OTP, 2010
Speed 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120PC 8.86 6.92 6.12 5.67 5.44 5.31 5.24 5.19 5.17 5.17 5.19 5.21MC 2 09 1 63 1 54 1 47 1 42 1 39 1 37 1 37 1 38 1 45 1 45 1 46
Vehicle Operating Cost for Bangkok Case (Unit: Baht/km)
MC 2.09 1.63 1.54 1.47 1.42 1.39 1.37 1.37 1.38 1.45 1.45 1.46TRUCK* 17.87 12.94 11.45 10.9 10.76 10.82 10.97 11.15 11.33 11.48 11.61 11.71
BUS 20.55 14.93 13.11 12.33 12.02 11.98 12.13 12.41 12.79 13.25 13.75 14.26
Source: OTP, 2010
Results of User’s Benefit Calculation
2006 2011 2011 Difference2006Present Situation
scenarioWithout BRT
scenarioWith BRT scenario
Difference between Two
scenariosTime Cost 467 088 340 223 372 519 518 162 369 352 291 793 -3 167 226 369(Baht/year) 467,088,340,223 372,519,518,162 369,352,291,793 3,167,226,369
Operating Cost(Baht/year) 758,591,194,274 771,676,100,219 766,519,611,334 -5,156,488,885
Loss by Accident 3 2 80 809 38 838 20 3 3 29 89 3 3 28 8
12
Loss by Accident(Baht/year) 143,215,180,809 138,838,420,713 137,465,291,897 -1,373,128,816
Estimation of Emission Reduction
• Emission factors by vehicle type, PC, Bus, Light Duty Truck, MC
y = 0.0584x2 - 7.4383x + 335.9000
R2 = 0.8825300
400
km)
y = -0.0001 x2 - 0.0692 x + 10.8667
R2 = 0.9193
20
25
30
km)
0
100
200
CO2 (g/
0
5
10
15
CO (g/k
∑ −= )( ,, kikii PEBEER0 20 40 60 80 100
Average speed (km/h)
0 20 40 60 80 100
Average speed (km/h)
y = 0.0002x2 - 0.0186x + 1.31342
5
∑ ,,
∑ ××= )( ,,,,, VjikkjBLki EFLQBE
R2 = 0.7817
1
2
3
4
NOx (g/km)
Emission factors of passenger car
∑ ××= )( ,,,,, VjikkjPJki EFLQPE
0
1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Average speed (km/h)
By Atsushi FUKUDA on International Environmental Cooperation Studies I, GELs, Hiroshima UniversityBy Atsushi FUKUDA on International Environmental Cooperation Studies I, GELs, Hiroshima University
Source: Study to Promote CDM Projects in Transport Sector in order to Resolve Global Environmental Problem (Bangkok Metropolitan Area Case), MLIT Japan, 2003
Results of Estimation of Emission Reductions
Pollutants Emissions reductions(t/day for CO2, kg/day for others)
2006
NOx
20062011 (Without BRT) 327,3892011 (With BRT) 325,930Reduction (Without –With BRT) 1,458
d (( h h )/ h ) 0 %
Air pollutants
Reduction rate ((Without –With BRT)/Without BRT) 0.45%
CO
20062011 (Without BRT) 1,173,6042011 (With BRT) 1,160,929
d ( h h )pollutants Reduction (Without –With BRT) 12,676Reduction rate ((Without –With BRT)/Without BRT) 1.0820062011 (Without BRT) 13,858
PM( ) ,
2011 (With BRT) 13,843Reduction (Without –With BRT) 15Reduction rate ((Without –With BRT)/Without BRT) 0.11%2006
Greenhouse gas CO2
20062011 (Without BRT) 67,3272011 (With BRT) 66,903Reduction (Without –With BRT) 424Reduction rate ((Without –With BRT)/Without BRT) 0 63%
14
Reduction rate ((Without With BRT)/Without BRT) 0.63%
Conclusions
The benefits are depended on• Transport demand forecasting model (a number of• Transport demand forecasting model (a number of
parameters are needed)• Monetary values of the benefits (including VOT• Monetary values of the benefits (including VOT,
VOC, accident cost and emission cost)In Thailand the monetary values are notIn Thailand, the monetary values are not standardised, thus the benefits cannot compare among projectsamong projects. Other values are needed, e.g. value of accessibility (increasing of land value)(increasing of land value).For long term effects, transport and land use interaction should be taken into accountinteraction should be taken into account.Further development of the guideline is needed.
BRT St ti ti t Sk t i
Source: Bangkok BRT
Thank you very much for your attentionBRT Station connecting to Sky train