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Equator Initiative Case StudiesLocal sustainable development solutions for people, nature, and resilient communities
Peru
ESEEJA NATIVECOMMUNITY OF INFIERNO
Empowered live
Resilient nation
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UNDP EQUATOR INITIATIVE CASE STUDY SERIES
Local and indigenous communities across the world are advancing innovative sustainable development solutions that wo
or people and or nature. Few publications or case studies tell the ull story o how such initiatives evolve, the breadth
their impacts, or how they change over time. Fewer still have undertaken to tell these stories with community practition
themselves guiding the narrative.
To mark its 10-year anniversary, the Equator Initiative aims to ll this gap. The ollowing case study is one in a growing ser
that details the work o Equator Prize winners vetted and peer-reviewed best practices in community-based environmenconservation and sustainable livelihoods. These cases are intended to inspire the policy dialogue needed to take local succ
to scale, to improve the global knowledge base on local environment and development solutions, and to serve as models
replication. Case studies are best viewed and understood with reerence to The Power o Local Action: Lessons rom 10 Years
the Equator Prize, a compendium o lessons learned and policy guidance that draws rom the case material.
Click on the map to visit the Equator Initiatives searchable case study database.
EditorsEditor-in-Chie: Joseph Corcoran
Managing Editor: Oliver HughesContributing Editors: Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Erin Lewis, Whitney Wilding
Contributing WritersEdayatu Abieodun Lamptey, Erin Atwell, Toni Blackman, Jonathan Clay, Joseph Corcoran, Larissa Currado, Sarah Gordon, Oliver Hughe
Wen-Juan Jiang, Sonal Kanabar, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Rachael Lader, Patrick Lee, Erin Lewis, Jona Liebl, Mengning Ma,
Mary McGraw, Gabriele Orlandi, Brandon Payne, Juliana Quaresma, Peter Schecter, Martin Sommerschuh, Whitney Wilding, Luna Wu
DesignOliver Hughes, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Amy Korngiebel, Kimberly Koserowski, Erin Lewis, John Mulqueen, Lorena de la Pa
Brandon Payne, Mariajos Satizbal G.
AcknowledgementsThe Equator Initiative acknowledges with gratitude the Eseeja Native Community o Inerno, as well as the guidance and inputs o Ma
Schmidt, Rainorest Expeditions. All photo credits courtesy o Eseeja Native Community o Inerno and Posada Amazonas (http://ww
perunature.com/posada-amazonas.html). Maps courtesy o CIA World Factbook and Wikipedia.
Suggested CitationUnited Nations Development Programme. 2012. Eseeja Native Community o Inferno, Peru. Equator Initiative Case Study Series. New Yo
NY.
http://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://www.perunature.com/posada-amazonas.htmlhttp://www.perunature.com/posada-amazonas.htmlhttp://www.perunature.com/posada-amazonas.htmlhttp://www.perunature.com/posada-amazonas.htmlhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_winners&view=casestudysearch&Itemid=858 -
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PROJECT SUMMARYThe Eseeja Native Community was the rst community totake advantage o Perus law o native communities withinthe state o Madre de Dios, receiving legal title to 9,558hectares o land on both sides o the Tambopata River inthe late 1970s. As a condition o deending their lands inthe 1980s, the community was obliged to set aside roughly3,000 hectares as a communal reserve where hunting,logging, orestry, or any other type o resource extractionwere prohibited.
Since 1996, in partnership with a private sector company,
the community has jointly managed an ecotourism lodgecalled Posada Amazonas that take advantage o this 3,000ha orest area. Between 1997 and 2007, net revenues romthe lodge totaled more than USD 250,000. Prots havetypically been divided equally among the communitys 500members; in 2000, the community set aside 25 percent orinvestment in education, enabling the construction andoperation o the only rural secondary school in the region.
KEY FACTS
EQUATOR PRIZE WINNER: 2002
FOUNDED: 1996
LOCATION: Madre de Dios state
BENEFICIARIES: 500 community members
BIODIVERSITY: Harpy eagles, giant otters
3
ESEEJA NATIVE COMMUNITY OFINFIERNOPeru
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Background and Context 4
Key Activities and Innovations 5
Biodiversity Impacts 6
Socioeconomic Impacts 6
Policy Impacts 8
Sustainability 9
Replication 9
Partners 10
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4
he Eseeja Native Community o Inerno is an indigenous group
n Peru whose ancestral homeland is located on the Tambopata
iver in the Madre de Dios region one o the worlds biodiversity
otspots. The region is characterized by low-lying Amazonian
ainorest, and contains a number o endangered species including
Amazonian turtles, caimans, macaws and the Giant River Otter. As
with many regions o the Amazon, land conversion or agriculture,
legal logging, deorestation and habitat loss are clear and present
hallenges.
Native Community o Inferno
he ormation o the Eseeja Native Community o Inerno datesack to 1974, when the Peruvian government passed the Law o
Native Communities, which stipulated that all indigenous peoples
n the Amazonian region were entitled to orm communities, have
heir lands demarcated, and, in turn, gain ormal legal recognition
inalienable territorial rights. Towards this end, Eseeja joined with
ther Andean and riparian inhabitants o the Inerno region to orm
he Native Community o Inerno. While this process o mobilization
nd constitution took two ull years, the group emerged as the rst
native community to be ocially recognized within the state o
Madre de Dios. The community was given legal title to 9,558 hectares
land on both sides o the Tambopata River.
Beginnings o community-based ecotourism
n the beginning o the 1990s, the Madre de Dios region registered
sharp increase in the number o tourists visiting the area. In part
t least, this increase can be linked to creation o the Tambopata
National Reserve, a 275,000-hectare conservation area created
y the Peruvian National Institute o Natural Resources (INRENA)
o protect the watersheds o the Tambopata and Candamo rivers.
During the process o demarcating this conservation area, a section
the Native Community o Inerno territory was mistakenly added
o the reserve. The community successully disputed this decision in
1987, and managed to get the land back within the legal comm
domain. A condition o the resolution process, however, was
the area be declared a reserve within the community-based
management plan. As such, the community was obligated t
aside roughly 3,000 hectares o land nearly 30 percent o
territory as a communal reserve where hunting, logging, ore
or any other type o resource extraction were prohibited. To
advantage o the unique biodiversity in this communal reser
an area that had been uninhabited or 20 years the commu
decided to embark on a low-impact ecotourism venture that w
at once benet and yet not directly disturb or intrude upon the
o amilies in the Inerno community.
Partnership with Rainorest Expeditions
In 1996, the community agreed to a contract with a private par
Rainorest Expeditions. The agreement established a participa
ecotourism project, which had at its centre an Amazonas
lodge. A 20-year timeline was established to transer managem
o the lodge over to the community. Until that time, comm
members would be supported to develop sucient organizat
and managerial skills to independently run the business. Whil
community retains ull ownership o the lodge, a prot share o
percent with Rainorest Expeditions is in place until 2016 to rec
the costs o initial investment and capacity building. In the inte
the lodge is run using a co-management model, which is overby a control committee.
Organizational and governance structure
The committee maintains an equal balance o the rele
stakeholders ve members rom the community, and ve
Rainorest Expeditions. The community contingent is elected
communal assembly, and meets monthly with the representa
rom Rainorest Expeditions to discuss matters relating to hu
resources, nancial needs, and operational issues.
Background and Context
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Key Activities and Innovations
he Eseeja Native Community o Inerno is composed o just over
00 people, 20 percent o whom are Eseejas, 21 percent Andean
mmigrants, 23 percent local immigrants, and 34 percent mestizos.
rior to the initiative, the community was economically poor and
marginalized, surviving in large part on subsistence agriculture, the
ollection and sale o Brazil nuts, and small-scale hunter-gathering.
An overdependence on these activities, and a lack o viable
lternative livelihood options, was putting unsustainable pressure
on local ecosystems and natural resources. As a response to these
hallenges, the community decided to explore the ecotourism
ector as a means o improving local livelihoods.
Posada Amazonas
n partnership with Rainorest Expeditions, the community now
operates Posada Amazonas, a 30-bedroom eco-lodge which is
ocated within their ancestral territory, directly adjacent to the 1.9
million acre Tambopata National Reserve. The lodge was built using
raditional indigenous architectural designs and materials locally
arvested wood, palm ronds, and wild cane as well as modern,
ow-impact technology.
he close proximity o the lodge to the Tambopata National
Reserve provides guests with access to some o the Amazons most
biologically diverse rainorest. Ecosystems ranging rom Andean
ighlands to some o the last remaining intact cloud orests o theAmazon basin contain over 1,300 bird species (including 32 parrot
pecies), 200 mammal species, 90 rog species, 1,200 buttery
pecies, and 10,000 species o higher plants.
he overall goal o Posada Amazonas activities is protecting
biodiversity through low-impact, educational tourist activities. The
ommunity ofers a our-day program o non-motorized rat visits
o the natural habitats o unique endemic species. Guests at the
odge are urther ofered rainorest hikes, ethno-botanical walks,
ight walks and inormation sessions, and arm visits. A 35-metre
scafolding tower provides easy canopy access or visitors hopin
view toucans, parrots, macaws and mixed species ocks. In a ne
oxbow lake, a small population o giant otters as well as cai
Hoatzin, and Horned Screamers can be observed. Several h
provide birdwatchers with viewing opportunities or Mealy, Ye
headed and Blue-headed Parrots, and Dusky-headed Parakeets
The eco-lodge operates with a principle o prioritizing local mat
and products, as long as they are o equal quality and pric
comparable items on the market. Beyond those directly emplo
by the eco-lodge, this gives the broader community a chanc
benet rom a new economy and market or their products.
same principle has guided the gradual introduction o ettourism into the programs ofered to visiting tourists, whereby
culture is both a source o pride and revenue generation.
The emphasis on benet-sharing and joint-decision ma
between a private sector partner and the local community
noteworthy innovation. These eforts have also been compleme
by community capacity building measure in business developm
and management skills. As ownership o Posada Amazon
transerred to the community ater a 20 year period, all operati
and managerial positions will be occupied by community mem
themselves.
The Eseeja communitys decision to set aside their landconservation, taken many years beore the start o this initia
permits the joint venture. Partnership between private enter
and the local community - along with the sharing o benets
decision-making between the two - is the projects key attribu
success. The agreement o benet-sharing is productive or
parties. It is apparent that the community is capable o mo
rapidly to take a greater share o the managerial responsib
This is a pioneering efort in indigenous leadership in biodive
conservation in Peru. The end result is a management appr
efective in the protection o a signicant area rich in biodiversi
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6
Impacts
BIODIVERSITY IMPACTS
Conservation activities in the communal reserve have had
onsiderable impacts on the regions biodiversity and ecosystems,
protecting some o the richest habitats o unique ora and auna
on the planet. Community guides that take tourists on excursions
nto the reserve have reported anecdotally the return o several
pecies, including macaws, hummingbirds, kingshers, herons,
oucans, turtles, and monkeys. Increased populations o Capybara
Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), Harpy eagles (Harpia harpyja) and giant
otters (Pteronura brasiliensis) have also been noted, all o which are
hreatened or endangered.
Partnerships or monitoring; conservation incentives
n the process o establishing the primary components o the
ecotourism project, the Native Community o Inerno also
imultaneously developed key alliances with several non-
governmental organizations and research partners that were
ctively involved in biodiversity conservation eforts in the region.
Partnerships in biodiversity monitoring and evaluation have been
particularly valuable, allowing the community to gather data on
pecies within the communal area and, importantly, those that are
exceptionally vulnerable or threatened. Through these partnerships,
he community has also been able to efectively and accurately
determine the impact o tourism activities on these species ando use this data to inorm priority conservation strategies, land
management plans, and independent monitoring.
One such example has been collaboration with Conservation
nternational, with whose support the community has set up a
wildlie monitoring program where community members serve as
wildlie monitors and gather data. Conservation International then
nalyzes the data and reports back to the community so that they
an make inormed decisions on where they should most efectively
ocus their collective conservation energy. Other monitoring
programs have been incentive-based, such as the Harpy Eagle
Watching Program. In this program, i a community member lo
an active Harpy eagle nest on their parcel o land, they rece
monetary award a percentage based on the number o tou
that have the opportunity to view it. The nders ee is paid
the eagle chick edges, a period that can last up to nine mo
A consultative process on the rules governing this program
undertaken in a collective, participatory manner, thereby ensu
community involvement and ownership.
Another species that has beneted rom the commu
conservation eforts and collective management are the
otters that inhabit nearby oxbow lakes. Previously, this resipopulation o endangered otters were hunted or their pelt
targeted by local shermen because o their negative inu
on shing returns. Ater construction o the lodge, communit
laws were established to regulate shing and access rights o
oxbow lakes that orm the otter habitats. In co-operation with
Frankurt Zoological Society, the community was able to esta
and implement codes o conduct that protect reproductive
One such code o conduct involved delineation o a special res
zone, which comprises hal o the oxbow lake area and is of lim
tourists and community members alike.
SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS
Just as the numbers o tourists visiting the Madre de Dios re
have steadily increased, so have the visitors to the Posada Amaz
lodge. The number o visitors grew rom 2,000 in 1998 to over 7,0
2007. Posada Amazonas now accounts or a staggering 20 perce
the tourist market within the region. Because the Eseeja comm
has been involved in the development and operation o the lo
rom the very beginning, this success has directly translate
substantially improved local incomes and livelihoods.
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Today, most o the wage labour positions at the lodge are lled by
ocal community members, providing needed jobs, employment
opportunities and a capacity building platorm. From 1997 to
2007, the 60 percent o net prots that went to the community
Rainorest Expeditions taking the other 40 percent amounted to
an impressive USD 662,225. This number does not include all o the
community benets and additional returns rom the sale o local
construction materials, handicrats, or agricultural goods. It is not an
exaggeration to state that the eco-lodge has both substantially andpositively reshaped the local economy.
Contributions to local wellbeing
A percentage o revenues rom the eco-lodge have been invested
nto social support projects such as an emergency health und,
elderly care and support services, and loans and scholarships or
youth wishing to pursue higher education. The remaining prots are
plit among the 150 amilies in the community, and have increased
rom USD 150 per household in 2001 to USD 805 in 2007. Guides
are among the biggest earners rom the project, with an additional
ncome o USD 195,894 between 1997 and 2007. This discrepancy in
earning can at least partially be attributed to the extra tips garneredn these positions. The Posada Amazonas guides have developed a
world-class reputation or tracking wildlie and birds, and are oten
handsomely rewarded by visitors or their expertise. Remaining
evenues rom ecotourism activities are invested into community
nrastructure projects, such as a secondary school, a computer
acility, road access, and potable water well and tank system.
The response by the community to the ecotourism initiative
been avourable, perhaps even beyond expectations. While
Eseeja were no strangers to tourism, as tour boats have passe
and down the adjacent river or the past 25 years, the inten
rom the outset was that the introduction o ecotourism to
community be gradual. At the beginning o the project,
community member received an induction course on ecotou
and the kinds o training that would be available at the lodge.
consequence, community members project a eeling o ownein and pride over the ecotourism activities.
Looking to extend spillover success rom Posada Amazonas
community has ormed committees to work on strategic p
or sectors such as agriculture, education, healthcare, handic
and cultural rejuvenation. In 2000, rather than simply divi
ecotourism prots between members, the community had
oresight to set aside 25 percent or investment in education.
initial investment enabled the education committee to cons
the only rural secondary school in the Puerto Maldonado
The handicrats committee has also made signicant strides
relatively modest amounts o investment by the community. T
have resurrected traditional handicrat techniques, built a worksorganized trainings, and have drated a marketing strategy
improve coordination and communication between the va
committees, and to limit misunderstandings or any compet
that might develop or resources or investment, the communit
appointed two liaison personnel.
7
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Strategies or sustainability
he revenue potential o the Posada Amazonas is, however,
tarting to reach its peak, both in terms o employment and prot
maximizations. Multiplication o the projects positive economic
mpacts is becoming a challenge. The architects o the initiative
ave attempted to solve this problem by connecting amilies in
he community with alternate employment opportunities, outside
he tourism sector, or at least peripherally associated. The moreuccessul o these eforts have included an ethno-botanical center, a
ort, a handicrat workshop, a ruit processing center and a sh arm.
he ethno-botanical center, or example, creates annual revenues o
USD 12,000 rom its medical services alone.
While the initiative has had an overall positive impact on the
ommunity, it has also come with its share o challenges. Primary
mong these have been the income disparities it has created within
he community. Particularly when the project rst began, income
isparities and diferences in employment access suraced racial
ensions between mestizos and the Eseeja. Higher incomes in some
egments o the local population have also resulted in concerns about
hit in emphasis rom local culture to a more consumerist liestyle.o too, new income has been spent in some cases on chainsaws and
es, which are associated with logging and poaching.
POLICY IMPACTS
he Eseeja community has had a direct impact on policy making in
he region, not least o which through its lobbying eforts against
onstruction o the Interoceanic Highway just orty kilometers
utside o Inerno. The highway is being designed to connect the
Atlantic Ocean in Brazil to the Pacic Ocean in Peru, a proposal
which will drastically alter the geographical ace o Madre de Dios.
he community has adopted a two-pronged response: rst, it has
obbied the Peruvian government or recognition o community
eeds in the proposed area o development; and, second, it has
stablished strong partnerships with surrounding communities in
rder to mobilize a united ront.
n the rst instance, and as one example, the Eseeja community
pplied in 2003 or a concession to manage lands surrounding
heir oxbow lake, with its resident giant otter population. While the
oncession was granted, the government also awarded a shing
ermit or the same area to a private sector interest. The objectives o
onservation and commercial shing were not compatible, so one o
he concessions would need to be revoked. The political negotiations
hat ollowed required support rom a number o diferentrganizations, including the Peruvian Society or Environmental
aw. It took the community several months and thousands o dollars
o convince the government to revoke the shing concession. Their
ersistence, however, paid of and the joint venture was granted an
cotourism concession that covered an extra area o 2,000 hectares.
On the community partnership and mobilization ront, the Eseeja
ommunity has worked with Rainorest Expeditions to create
lliances with other communities upriver rom the lodge, and to
nsure the land between Posada Amazonas and the Tambopata
National Reserve remains protected. All our communities in
area which constitutes the entire population between Inerno
the border o Tambopata National Reserve have been conta
The community intends to align all communities and secure
support or the conservation o the rainorest corridor that conn
them and create a unctional bufer zone to the Interoce
Highway.
8
ABOVE: Community members constructing eco-lodgeBELOW: The interior o the lodge todaySource: Posada Amazonas
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9
Sustainability and Replication
SUSTAINABILITYn terms o nancial sustainability, Posada Amazonas is in a strong
osition with an occupancy rate o 57 percent, 20 percent above the
reak-even point. The lodge provides a 35 percent rate o return on
nvestment, and there is room or growth in tourism-related trades
uch as handicrats, ood production, and retail. The initiative is also
n very strong ooting with regards to organizational and social
ustainability. Where possible, staf members are drawn directly rom
he community. Individual employees receive ongoing training, and
he larger community is being prepared to assume ull control o the
odge by 2016.
Community members are trained in basic lodge staf positions,
ncluding housekeeping, dining services, cooking, guiding, boat
riving and general lodge maintenance. Positions at the lodge can
nly be held or a maximum o two years per individual, ensuring
ccess on a rotating basis to employment and to the transer o
nowledge and skills throughout the community. The community
as developed a train-the-trainers program, whereby staf in each
osition train other community members in their respective tasks
nd responsibilities. Training and capacity building have also been
fered in accounting, administration and logistics, and executive
ositions (marketing and management).
One specic capacity building activity that will contribute tohe initiatives overall sustainability is a cooperation agreement
eached with a Bolivian university to create a two-year leadership
rogram. Between 20 and 30 community members will be
upported to benet rom a curriculum specically designed to
oster community leadership. The program will include workshops
n accounting, gender studies, human resources management and
more. Specialists will be enlisted to deliver training on communal
aw, land management, sustainable agriculture, and basic computer
teracy. From this program, it is hoped that a number community
eaders will emerge with the capacity and commitment to navigate
the organizational challenges conronting the community, an
harness sustainable development opportunities.
REPLICATION
To oster the replication o good practices in environm
conservation and low-impact tourism, Rainorest Expeditions
established an inormation exchange called Trueque Amaz
The initiative brings together tour operators and indige
communities rom three ecotourism projects o compa
success in the Amazonian regions o Bolivia, Ecuador, and
These groups met or the rst time in 2003 to pool inormationdraw up a list o best practices that could useully be shared
other communities committed to similar issues and acing si
challenges. Community-to-community visits were supported, w
has enabled the sharing o knowledge and best practice natio
and internationally.
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1010
PARTNERS
he primary partner o the Eseeja Community is Rainorest
xpeditions, a Peruvian or-prot company operating our ecolodges
n Peru. In addition to Posada Amazonas, it runs and operates two
colodges in the southeastern Amazonian Tambopata Candamo
eserved Zone (Reugio Amazonas and Tambopata Research
enter) and another in the Andes near Huascaran National Park.
onservation International and the Wildlie Conservation Societyave been crucial to the success o this joint venture. The MacArthur
oundation, World Bank, and American Bird Conservancy have made
ontributions to make the lodge possible.
Wildlie Conservation Society
Conservation International (supported the community through
a jointly developed wildlie monitoring program, which tracks
the impact o tourism and hunting on the biodiversity within
the communitys boundaries).
MacArthur Foundation (USD 50,000 grant).
Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (supported the Trueque
Amaznico initiative)
Peru-Canada Bilateral Fund (Initial loan o USD 350,000 or
building the lodge and perorming the initial training)
Peruvian Society or Environmental Law (supported the initiative
during the application process or the Ecotourism Concession)
Interamerican Foundation
Frankurt Zoological Society (capacity building measures
through the implementation o Codes o Conduct regarding the
viewing o the endangered giant otters in the oxbow lakes that
are managed by the initiative)
American Bird Conservancy
World Bank (USD 50,000 grant in 2001 or the construction o an
artisans workshop and training o community artisans.)
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Click the thumbnails below to read more case studies like this:
Equator Initiative
Environment and Energy GroupUnited Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
304 East 45th Street, 6th Floor
New York, NY 10017
Tel: +1 646 781-4023
www.equatorinitiative.org
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the UNs global development network, advocating or change
onnecting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better lie.
The Equator Initiative brings together the United Nations, governments, civil society, businesses and grassroots organizati
o recognize and advance local sustainable development solutions or people, nature and resilient communities.
2012 by Equator Initiative
All rights reserved
URTHER REFERENCE
Video on Eseeja, 2002.Watch here.
Posada Amazonas websitehttp://www.perunature.com/posada-amazonas.html
http://equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=76&Itemid=379&lang=en&limitstart=20http://equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=76&Itemid=379&lang=en&limitstart=20http://equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=76&Itemid=379&lang=en&limitstart=20http://www.perunature.com/posada-amazonas.htmlhttp://www.perunature.com/posada-amazonas.htmlhttp://equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=76&Itemid=379&lang=en&limitstart=20http://equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=76&Itemid=379&lang=en&limitstart=20http://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348150795.pdfhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348261639.pdfhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348163412.pdf