Download - Cardiovascular system
![Page 1: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cardiovascular system
![Page 2: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Learning objectives ITo outline the cardiovascular system;To state the general properties of cardiac muscle;To describe the conducting system of the heart;To describe the cardiac action potentials;
![Page 3: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Learning objectives IITo describe cardiac cycle;To define cardiac output and blood pressure;To describe the structure of blood vessels;To identify the control of cardiac function and blood circulation;To state the composition of blood;To describe the relation between blood and lymph.
![Page 4: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Transport in HumanThe necessity:
far distancehigh metabolic rateslow diffusionsmall surface area for material exchange
![Page 5: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The circulatory system in Human
Transport medium: bloodPumping device: heartOne- way flow: valvesWay for the exchange of materials: capillary network
![Page 6: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Plasma~ pale yellow, alkaline, 90% water,
10% solid materialsPlasma protein: fibrinogen, globulin, prothrombin & albumenCarbohydrates & fatsInorganic ions : Fe, Ca, K, Mg & NaNitrogen: urea, uric acid Others: O2. CO2 & antitoxins
![Page 7: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Erythrocytes(Red blood cell)5,000,000 RBC /mm3
Female has less RBC than maleNo nucleus in matured RBCTiny biconcave discMillion hemoglobin/ RBCProduction: Fetus liver; Adult bone marrowLife span: 4 monthsDestruction: liver, spleen & bone marrow
![Page 8: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Leukocytes(White blood cell)
Colorless or transparentAmoeboid in shape1-2, or more distinct nuclei5000- 10000 WBC/ mm3 5 main classes of leukocytes:
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes & lymphocytes
![Page 10: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Platelets250,000 blood platelets / mm3 Small colorless fragments No nucleusProduced in bone marrowLife span: 10 days
![Page 12: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Function of plateletsStimulate contraction of injured vessels prevent blood lossAdhere to one another plug the woundFormation of thromboplastin main step of blood clotting
Hemophilia ~ / plateletexcessive bleedingHemorrhage ~ vit. K bleeding
![Page 13: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Function of bloodTransportation ~ gas, food, wastes, heat, hormones & metabolitesHomeostasis ~ water balance, acid- base balanceDefense ~ blood clotting, phagocytosis & immune response
![Page 14: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Structure of heartPericardium
~ double-layer sac surrounding the heart; ~ fluid fills the sac to reduce friction.
Heart chambers ~ right atrium ~ right ventricle ~ left atrium ~ left ventricle
![Page 15: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
AtriumUpper chambersThin wallSmaller than the ventriclesReceive blood from the veins Push blood into ventricles
![Page 18: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
VentriclesLower chambersThicker muscle wallPump blood out of the heart to he lungs or around the whole body.The muscular wall of the left ventricle is thicker than that of the right ventricle
![Page 19: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Heart valvesAllow one-way flow of the blood.Closure of the heart valves results in heart beat sound “Lup dup”
Tricuspid valve: between RA & RVBiscuspid valve: between LA & LVSemi-lunar valve: at the base of pulmonary artery & the aorta
![Page 20: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Coronary systemCoronary artery
~ branches from aorta ~ supplies oxygen and nutrients to
the heart muscleCoronary vein
~ drains deoxygenated blood from the cardiac muscle into RA
![Page 21: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Heart beatHeart beats automatically i.e. it does not depend on impulses from the nervous system.Contraction is generated within the muscle itself.Pacemaker (SA node) is the origin of stimulus(cardiac action potential) for heart muscle contraction.
![Page 22: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Important !SA node initiates
the heart beat, but the rate at which it beats can be varied by stimulation from the nervous system.
![Page 23: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Spread of cardiac impulsesSA node
Atrial muscle
AV node
Bundle of His
All parts of ventricle
![Page 25: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Characteristics of cardiac muscle
Long refractive period ~ avoid fatigueNo tetanus or oxygen debt ~ avoid fatigueHighly vascularized ~ adequate nutrients & oxygen
![Page 26: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Characteristics of cardiac cycle
Pressure in Left ventricle > Pressure in Right ventricle thicker muscle wall of left ventricleLength of cardiac cycle is varied at different state, but during exercise, less time is consumed.
![Page 27: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Cardiac cycleSequence of events taking place in one heartbeat:
~ Atrial systole (contraction of atrium)
~ Ventricular systole (contraction of ventricles)
~ Diastole ( both atrium and ventricles relax)
![Page 28: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Heart sound1st heart sound “Lup”:
~ closure of tricuspid & bicuspid valves ~ low pitched, not very loud, long duration
2nd hear sound “Dup” ~ closure of semi-luna valves ~ high pitches, louder, short duration
![Page 30: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Control of heart beat ICardiac pacemaker ( SA node)
~ nerve innervated the heart only regulate the rate of heart beat but not initiation of heart beatCardiac output
~ CO = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume
![Page 31: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Control of heart beat IINervous regulation ~ Parasympathetic nerve
Cardio-inhibitor center vagus nerve acetycholine SA node slow down heart beat
~ Sympathetic nerveCardio-accelerator center accelerator nerve
noradrenaline SA node heart beat
![Page 32: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Control of heart beat IIIHormonal control
~ Adrenaline heart beat Others
~ pH Heart beat~ temperature Heart beat
![Page 33: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Blood vesselsArtery
~ elastic artery~ muscular artery~ arterioles
Vein~venules
Capillary
![Page 34: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
ArteryThick muscular wallSmall lumenMuch elastic tissueBlood under high pressureOxygenated blood except in pulmonary arteryElastic artery, muscular artery, arterioles
![Page 37: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
CapillaryNo muscle & elastic tissueLinks arteries to veinBlood change from oxygenated to deoxygenated
![Page 38: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
VeinThin muscular wallLittle elastic tissueLarge lumenPresence of valvesDeoxygenated except in pulmonary veinBlood under low pressure
![Page 39: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Blood flow in arteriesLeft ventricle contract
Push blood through aorta
Ventricles relax & semi- lunar valve close
Elastic aorta recoils
Muscular wall contracts & push blood to adjacent part of
aorta
![Page 40: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Blood flow in veinsI. Contraction of skeletal muscle~ many veins are lying between
large skeletal muscle;~ muscles contract and squeeze the
blood to flow forward in the vein.
![Page 41: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Blood flow in veinsII. Inspiration movement
Inspiration
ICM & diaphragm contract
Enlarge thoracic cavity & pressure
-ve pressure suck blood towards the heart
![Page 43: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Blood flow in veinsIII. Remaining blood pressure~ blood pressure in the vein is not
zero;~ the remaining blood pressure
pushes blood back to the heart.
![Page 44: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Material exchange Matter out:O2, glucose, amino acid, fatty acid, hormones, water & inorganic ions Matter in:CO2, ammonia, lactic acids
![Page 45: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Variation in blood pressureBlood pressure in
Arteries> Arterioles> Venules & vein > capillaries
![Page 46: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Variation on permeability of blood vessels
Permeability ofCapillaries > arteries, arterioles, venules & veins
![Page 47: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Variation in total sectional area
Capillaries have the largest total section area.This makes sure the blood staying in the tissue area longer, so promote material exchange.
![Page 48: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Variation in velocityVelocity in arteries > veins > capillaries
![Page 49: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Blood circulation in the body
Mammalian double circulationCoronary circulationPortal circulationRenal system
![Page 50: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
![Page 51: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Double circulationPulmonary circulation
~ circulation of deoxygenated blood from RV to lungs and oxygenated blood return to RA;
~ a short cycleSystemic circulation
~ circulation of oxygenated blood from RV to other parts of the body and the deoxygenated blood returns to RA;
~ a long cycle.
![Page 52: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Coronary circulationRight & left coronary arteries: supply oxygenated blood to heart muscle;Coronary vein drains deoxygenated blood into RA.
![Page 53: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Portal circulationIt is characterized by having a vein with capillaries at both of its ends.The capillary network at both ends of the portal vessel promote rapid and efficient loading and unloading substances.
e.g. hepatic portal vein
![Page 54: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Renal systemKidney receives urea-rich oxygenated blood via renal artery;Kidney drains urea-free deoxygenated blood through renal vein;
![Page 55: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Lymphatic circulation system
Lymph~ Fluid leaks out
from the capillaries due to filtration
~ Similar composition as plasma except:
proteinWBCNo RBC
![Page 56: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Lymph vesselsBlind endingPresent everywhereThin wall, no valvesLymph flow: adjacent skeletal muscle & breathing motion of chestLymph flows back to blood via: Right lymphatic duct & thoracic duct
![Page 58: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Lymph nodesSwelling along lymph vessels at intervalConspicuous in armpits, angle of the jaw & groinAs filters for lymph prevent foreign particles from entering the bloodstream
![Page 60: Cardiovascular system](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815dea550346895dcc1020/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Function of Lymphatic system
Bridge for the exchange of materialsCollects excess tissue fluid back to the blood circulationTransport oil soluble substancesFilters the lymphProduce lymphocytes