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CarbohydratesLipids
Nucleic AcidsProteins
Macromolecules
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Energy for life.
Carbohydrates
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CarbohydratesEnergy for Life
Building Blocks:Monosaccharides
(simple sugars) are the monomers that make the polymer, a Polysaccharide (starches)
Elements:CarbonHydrogenOxygen
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Carbohydrates - FunctionFunction:
Main source of energy for plants and animals(Starches = Stored Energy)
Cellulose is a main part of a plants structure that gives it a rigid structure
Chitin makes up the
exoskeleton in arthropods
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Carbohydrates – 3 Basic TypesMonosaccharides: Single sugar molecule
Simple Sugars GlucoseGalactose: component in milkFructose: found in fruit
Disaccharide: 2 monosaccharidesSucrose: table sugar
Polysaccharide: StarchGlycogen: in animals Plants: cellulose
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GlucoseGlucose serves as a fuel for lifeThe molecule that provides convertible
energy for all cellsAnimals convert glucose into glycogen to
store the energy of the moleculePlants convert glucose into starches to
store energyGlucose is a simple sugar made of six carbon
atoms in a hexagonal ring
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CarbohydratesPolysaccharides
Polysaccharides are often referred to as complex carbohydrates
Large polysaccharides are insoluble in water
This allows cells to use them for storage (starches and glycogen etc.)
Chitin is a polysaccharide used to make the exoskeletons of arthropods
Cellulose is a strong polysaccharide made by plants and used to build cell walls
Cellulose is not easily broken down by most animals and is important as dietary fiber
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Fats, Oils, and Waxes
Lipids
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LipidsElements: C, H, OBuiliding Blocks
2 Parts1. Glycerol:
hydrophillic head (water soluble – it is polar)
2. Fatty Acid Chain (Hydrocarbon) : hydrophobic tail (not water soluble - it is non- polar)
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Lipids: Basic FactsLarge, non-polar molecules
Include, fats, phospholipids, and steroids
Insoluble in water
Composed of fatty acids w/a carboxyl group (COOH) and glycerol
Most are waxy or oily (repel water)
Capable of storing large amounts of energy (many C-H bonds)
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Lipids: FunctionsStore energyInsulation Chemical Messengers (hormones, steroids)
Make up cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)
Protect vital organs
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Lipids: Functions as SteroidsServe as messengers to other cells Help to make the cell membraneEx: Testosterone, Estrogen, CholesterolMade of 4 fused carbon rings
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Types of Fats
Types of Fats
Saturated Fats
Contain only single bonds
Store a lot of energy
Solids at Room Temp.
Unsaturated Fats
Contain a double bond
Will kink at the double bond
Oils at Room Temp.
Poly Unsaturated
Contain >1 double bond
Have many kinks
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Saturated Fat “bad fat”
Unsaturated Fat “good fats”
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3-D Model of Fat
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Lipids: Where are they Found?
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DNA and RNA
Nucleic Acids
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Nucleic AcidsElements: C, O, H, N, PBasic Building Block: Nucleotide
Nucleotide:1) 5-carbon sugar2) a phosphate group3) nitrogenous base
Function:DNA and RNA transmit and store genetic information
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Proteins
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ProteinsElements: C,H,O,NBuilding Blocks: amino acids that are
held together by peptide bonds~ 20 Amino Acids can form 1000’s of
proteins
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Proteins: Amino Acid Structure
Amino acids are composed of an amino group attached to a carbon atom, a carboxyl group and other atoms (R-group)
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Structure of Proteins
Polypeptide- Long chain of amino acids
Proteins fold and bend into globular shapes
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Functions of ProteinsA protein’s shape is determined by it’s
amino acid sequenceThe different sequences of AA’s change the
shape of each proteinA protein’s shape determines many of it’s
properties
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Functions of ProteinsBuild cellsSupport CellsStorageTransportation across the cell membrane
MovementDefense
against foreign substances
Accelerating chemical reactions (Catalysts)
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Proteins