Standards:
SSUSH1: Compare and contrast
the development of English
settlement and colonization during
the 17th Century.
SSUSH2: Describe the early
English colonial society and
investigate the development of its
governance.
The
French
in
North
America
► While the English settled along the COAST of North America…
► The French settled the INTERIOR…
► Hoping to take part in the FUR TRADE.
► Quebec, on the St. Lawrence river, became the capital of NEW FRANCE…
► And unlike the English, the French had generally GOOD relations with the Indians.
The Fur Trade One reason the
French could not afford to anger the Indians…
Was because they RELIED on the Indians to supply them with FUR.
The BEAVER HAT had become WILDLY POPULAR in Europe…
And the Indians provided beaver fur…
In exchange for guns, cloth, jewelry and liquor.
The Puritans The Puritans were a
group of Christian Protestants living in England during the 1600’s.
They had come to believe that the Church of England—the only LEGAL religious institution in the country—
Was UNHOLY—
And needed to be…
PURIFIED.
However, their attempts to challenge the Church were largely blocked by both Church leaders and British law.
The Voyage of the Mayflower The FIERCEST and MOST
RADICAL of the Puritans were known as the Puritan Separatists—
For their refusal to attend Church of England services—
Which carried the risk of FINES, IMPRISONMENT and EXECUTION.
After a number of their leaders were sentenced to death—
The Separatists—
Also called the…
Pilgrims—
Fled Great Britain—
First to Holland—
Then to North America, in 1620.
The Mayflower Compact Upon reaching the North
American coastline…
The Pilgrims drew up an
agreement...
Whereby they would select
REPRESENTATIVES…
Who would issue RULES for
the new colony…
Rules that APPLIED TO
EVERYBODY.
This concept is called “self-
government”…
And was the first such
example in the English
colonies.
Plymouth Colony The Pilgrims’ colony was
named PLYMOUTH, and it was a DISASTER…
They knew VERY LITTLE about FARMING and almost NOTHING about how to survive in North America.
The first winter, half of them died.
The next summer, however, a Native American named Squanto taught them how to plant corn and clear fields…
And their second harvest was so bountiful that they decided to hold a feast of thanks…
Thanksgiving, 1621.
Massachusetts Bay Colony Ten years after the founding of
Plymouth Colony—
A group of 11 ships and 700 Puritans led by John Winthrop, landed near Plymouth, in Salem, Massachusetts.
This new colony, much larger than Plymouth had ever been, was called the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Winthrop called Mass Bay “A City Upon a Hill”—
Calling for the settlement to be an example of a PURE society for the rest of the world to follow…
It had a HIGH standard of living…
And quickly attracted THOUSANDS of additional settlers…
During a period called the GREAT MIGRATION.
Puritan Life The Puritans were
strictly INTOLERANT—
They DID NOT ACCEPT individuals of any other religion but Puritan Christianity.
Church attendance was MANDATORY…
And citizens were encouraged to SPY on their neighbors…
And to report any IMPURE behavior.
Punishments for IMPURITY were often HARSH…
And included whippings, beatings and expulsion from the colony.
Anne
Hutchinson
Moved to Massachusetts Bay from England in 1634…
And started hold Bible studies in her home…
Where she began questioningPuritan beliefs…
Particularly the story of Adam and Eve…
And how it BLAMES Eve for exposing Adam to original sin.
She was put on trial for her actions…
And BANISHED from the Colony…
She later joined Roger Williams...
Then moved to unsettled territory in New York…
Where she and her entire family were scalped by Indians.
The Half-Way
Covenant
Membership in the Puritan Church
required a verifiable mystical
experience…
Wherein a person had DIRECT contact
with God.
As the population of New England began
to grow…
Many of the newly-arrived could not claim
such an experience…
And were not allowed to join the Puritan
Church…
Which made them second-class citizens.
Eventually the “Halfway Covenant” was
established…
Which allowed for people to “halfway”
join the Church, without having to verify
contact with God.
Many people felt, however, that this
agreement undermined the strict
religious framework upon which the
colony had been founded.
The Devil
Arrives
► The Puritan Church had lowered its criteria for membership—
► Thousands of newly arriving settlers were not interested in holding themselves to the strict standards of personal behavior set by the original founders—
► And incidents of public drunkenness, adultery and blasphemy were on the increase.
► WHO WAS BEHIND THIS WICKEDNESS?
► The Devil. Satan. And who represents Satan on Earth?
► Witches.
The Salem Witch
Trials
► The atmosphere of 1690’s Massachusetts
was one in which people were easily
inclined to believe in witches and
witchcraft—
► And when two young girls began
exhibiting strange behavior—writhing on
the ground and uttering weird noises—
► It was immediately suspected that they’d
been BEWITCHED.
► Upon questioning, they accused three
women of having cast satanic spells on
them:
► A homeless beggar, a woman who rarely
attended church, and a slave woman.
► They were quickly arrested and put on
trial—which caused a firestorm of
publicity—
► Which made the two girls issue dozens
more accusations.
► Ultimately, nineteen of the accused were
executed and several more died in prison.
The Native
Population
► By the latter part of the 1600’s, there were five major colonies in New England:
► Massachusetts Bay
► Plymouth
► New Haven
► Rhode Island and
► Connecticut…
► There were 110 established towns; and 80,000 white people.
► The native population of the region, largely because of the introduction of diseases like smallpox—
► Had been reduced to less than 10,000.
► Faced with the threat of extinction in New England, an alliance of various Native tribes began attacking the colonial settlements.
King Phillip’s
War
► The conflict that resulted is called King Phillip’s War after the Indian chieftain who was considered to be the leader of native resistance to white settlement in New England— “I am determined not to live until I have no country”.
► It was a war of attrition, with each side determined to UTTERLY ELIMINATE the other—
► And in less than one year, 12 colonial towns had been destroyed; the New England economy had crumbled; and 1/10 of all military-age white men had been killed.
► The tide turned when the Indians, whose food supply generally came from farming small plots of land, began to starve—
► While the colonists received food and military supplies by sea from Great Britain.
► When the natives finally surrendered, they numbered only 15% of the New England population (down from 100%)—
► And it was the END of Indian resistance to white settlement in the Northeast.
Mercantilism
► Mercantilism is when a country attempts to gain as many rawmaterials (resources) as possible so they can export more than they import.
► European countries wanted to colonize America due to the vast amount of resourcesavailable.
► Mercantilism would make European countries very wealthy.
How Does Mercantilism Work?
Britain FORCED the colonies to sell
raw materials to British
businesses…
It was ILLEGAL for American
businessmen to sell such materials
to ANY OTHER COUNTRY but Great
Britain.
The British then turned those raw
materials into FINISHED goods…
And sold them for gold and silver.
Mercantilism made many British
businesses VERY RICH…
But it upset the colonists because
they were FORBIDDEN to export
their raw materials to ANY OTHER
nation…
Even if another nation offered MORE
MONEY than the British.
The Triangle
Trade
Mercantilist policies turned
North America into part of a
transcontinental network of
commerce called the Triangular
Trade.
Raw Materials were produced
in the AMERICAS…
Shipped to EUROPE…
And turned into
MANUFACTURED GOODS (guns,
pots & pans, furniture)…
Which were traded in West
Africa for…
SLAVES…
Who were used to produce RAW
MATERIALS in the AMERICAS…
Etc., etc.
The Middle Passage
The MIDDLE PASSAGE
refers to the journey of
slave ships…
From WEST AFRICA…
To North & South
America.
The slaves were locked
below deck for the
entire journey…
And between twenty and
forty percent died on
the way…
Of disease, starvation,
thirst, etc.
Contributions of African
Slaves When slaves were brought
to America, they helped influence our culture via architecture, agriculture, and food-ways.
Slave quarters were built to resemble African homes –clay bricks, steep sloping roofs, and wide overhands made from hand cut lumber.
Slaves had the tough job of planting crops like: tobacco, rice, cotton, and sugar.
Slaves brought used a lot of their recipes and food traditions when cooking in the colonies.
The New England Colonies
The NEW ENGLAND
colonies…
MASSACHUSETTS…
RHODE ISLAND…
CONNECTICUT…AND…
NEW HAMPSHIRE…
Were the most
RELIGIOUS…
The BEST EDUCATED…
And had economies
based on FISH, FUR &
LUMBER.
Economic
Development
in the
Middle
Colonies
• The MIDDLE…
• Or MID-ATLANTIC colonies were…
• NEW YORK…
• NEW JERSEY…
• DELAWARE…AND…
• PENNSYLVANIA.
• Their populations were DIVERSE—
• English, Irish, Dutch, Scottish, German, Swedish…
• And their economy was devoted to BUYING AND SELLING.
• Consequently, there were FEW SLAVES in the Middle Colonies.
William Penn The colony of Pennsylvania was
settled when King Charles II gave William Penn a huge tract of land in order pay off a gambling debt.
Penn, a Quaker, dreamed of a safe haven for fellow Quakers—
Who were universally abused for their pacifism and their refusal to defer to social superiors.
The Constitution of Pennsylvania guaranteed:
Trial by jury…
Freedom of religion…
And free elections.
The capital—Philadelphia—attracted swarms of settlers and became one of the largest, richest and most important cities in colonial America.
The Dutch Settle New Amsterdam
The Dutch (from the
Netherlands) were the first to
settle a region of North
America that they named New
Amsterdam…
It attracted MANY different
kinds of people because the
Dutch are TOLERANT.
The colony quickly became a
major center of COMMERCE…
And was later taken over by
the BRITISH…
Who renamed the colony…
NEW YORK.
The Southern Colonies
The SOUTHERN colonies
are:
MARYLAND…
VIRGINIA…
The CAROLINAS…AND…
GEORGIA.
The economic BASIS in
the South was…
AGRICULTURE…
And the economy of the
South came to be entirely
dependent upon…
SLAVERY.
Benjamin Franklin No person better symbolizes the
OPPORTUNITIES offered in the American
colonies than Benjamin Franklin.
In Europe, a person’s ability to become
economically successful…
Depended upon one’s family background.
If you were BORN POOR…
You STAYED POOR.
Franklin, however, came from NOTHING…
And worked his way up to great wealth,
fame, influence and power…
Simply through HARD WORK and
INTELLIGENCE.
The opportunity of SOCIAL MOBILITY for
EVERYBODY…
Made America UNIQUE in the world.
The Great Awakening Religious revival
movement during the
1730s and 1740s.
Its leaders were
George Whitefield and
Jonathan Edwards.
Religious pluralism
was promoted by the
idea that all Protestant
denominations were
legitimate.
Preachers wanted to
convert all people
regardless of race,
gender, and status.