Download - C. operant learning
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PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNINGChapter III: Associative Learning
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Operant Learning is a kind of associative learning whereby behavior is strengthened or weakened by its consequences.
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Animals have the capacity to reason by presenting logical argument and conclusion to problems.
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Can animals really think?
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A behavior has typically one of the two kinds of consequences or effects:
1.Satisfying state of affairs; and
2.Annoying state of affairs.
The Law of Effect
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The term OPERANT LEARNING indicates that the individual operates the environment.
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In the attempt of perfecting Thorndike’s study on animal intelligence, Skinner developed what came to be the “Skinner’s box”.
He was then regarded as the founding father of operant conditioning.
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“Classical conditioning has the tendency to be passive in terms of learning…”
CONDITIONED STIMULUS(CS)
UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS
(UCS)
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CONSEQUENCES
INDIVIDUAL(perceiving
the situation and ACTING
on it)
MANIPULATING the ENVIRONMENT for our own BENEFIT
ENVIRONMENT
(presenting situation)
POSITIVE RESULTS(strengthening
behavior)
NEGATIVE RESULTS(weakening behavior)
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A concept referring to an increase in the strength of behaviour due to its consequences.
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1. Behaviour must have a consequence;
2. Behaviour must increase in strength; and
3. Increase in strength of behaviour must be the result of the consequence.
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If I do X, then Y.
YOU HAVE TO TAKE YOUR MEDS DAD.
CAN’T TALK RIGHT NOW. I’M
BLOGGING THIS!
If the tendency to do X has not been strengthened because of the Y, then,
there is no REINFORCEMENT.
CAUSE EFFECT
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1. Positive Reinforcement
2. Negative Reinforcement
increases the probability of behaviour'soccurrence due to the presentationof a pleasant stimulus.
increases the probability of behaviour'soccurrence due to the removal of anunpleasant stimulus.
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Primary Reinforcers are stimuli that naturally or innately reinforcing behaviour.
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Secondary Reinforcers are reinforcing stimuli dependently associated with other reinforcers.
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States that human behaviour is motivated by our needs.
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Response Deprivation Theory states that behaviour becomes reinforcing when the organism is prevented from engaging in it at its normal frequency.
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The natural tendency of an organism to eat.
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Study the following:
1.Punishment2.Kinds of punishment3.Contingency and Contiguity4.Theories of Punishment
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Punishment is a kind of stimulus that aims to decrease the strength in behaviour due to its consequence.
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1. Behaviour must have a consequence;
2. Behaviour must decrease in strength; and
3. Decrease in strength of behaviour must be the result of the consequence.
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1. Positive Punishment
2. Negative Punishment
decreases the probability of behaviour'soccurrence due to the presentationof an unpleasant stimulus.
decreases the probability of behaviour'soccurrence due to the removal of apleasant stimulus.
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1. Positive Reinforcement
2. Negative Reinforcement
increases the probability of behaviour'soccurrence due to the presentationof a pleasant stimulus.
increases the probability of behaviour'soccurrence due to the removal of anunpleasant stimulus.
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Increases Decreases
Stimulus ispresented
Stimulus isremoved
POSITIVE REINFORCEME
NT
Strength of BehaviorStrength of Behavior
POSITIVE PUNISHMENT
NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT
NEGATIVEREINFORCEME
NT
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POSITIVE REINFORCEME
NT
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NEGATIVE REINFORCEME
NT
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POSITIVE PUNISHMENT
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NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT
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1. Contingency2. Contiguity3. Intensity of Punishment4. Introductory Level of Punishment5. Reinforcement of the Punished Behaviour
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“The degree to which punishment weakens a behaviour varies with the degree to which a punishing event is dependent on that behaviour.”
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“The interval between a behaviour and a punishing consequence has a powerful effect on learning. The longer the delay, the slower the learning.”
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