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The Role of GIS in Earth
Sciences
By
Jubran Akram
(240542)
CRP-514
Instructor
Dr. Baqer Al-Ramadan
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Outlines
Introduction
Objectives of the study
Applications of GIS Geological Mapping
Ground water
Mining and Mineral Exploration
Seismic Designs and Acquisition
Petroleum Exploration and Development
Earthquake Studies
Landslide Hazard Zonation
Discussions
Conclusions
Acknowledgement
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Introduction
GIS is a computer-based system to aid in the collection,
maintenance, storage, analysis, output, and distribution
of spatial data and information.
In the 1980s many geological organizations (including
petroleum companies began to realize the advantages of
GIS (both 2D and 3D systems).
During 1990s GIS technology established a significant
presence in many branches of geosciences.
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Objectives
To discuss the GIS applications in Earth Sciences
How GIS is useful as a data storage, mapping and
spatial tools etc.?
How GIS has improved project management,
quality control, and efficiency?
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Geological Mapping
With the help of GIS, map of any scale can be scanned,
georeferenced and reproduced in any desired scale.
We can bring old maps to one scale, at which more
information can be collected either by field investigation or
by remote sensing techniques to prepare a final updated
geological map.
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Topographic image of the northern Arabian Platform (Brew et.al, 2000).
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Composite image of selected coverages available at Cornell from within the GIS
including a 3-D perspective view of Syria showing data locations (Brew et. al, 2000).
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GIS based tectonic Map of Mexico (Aiken et. al, 1997)
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Seismic Data Acquisition and Design
With the help of GIS, we can incorporate real world
information such as terrain, existing access, production
facilities etc. into 3D seismic survey design.
The integration of GIS data to a 3D seismic design and
acquisition process, can help the geophysicist to optimize
the balance of data quality, economics and environmental
impact, of a 3D survey.
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Groundwater Studies
The GIS technology is used
To map long-term changes in groundwater
With Groundwater modeling programs
For targeting groundwater potential zones
For identification of sites for artificial recharge
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Changes in Groundwater elevation from spring 1954 to spring 2002
(Napoli and Latin, 2003).
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Changes in Groundwater elevation from fall 1954 to fall 2002
(Napoli and Latin, 2003).
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(Strassberg and Maidment, 1999)
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Petroleum Exploration & Development
Data and information are very crucial to the success of
any petroleum exploration and development effort.
Deciding to enter a new basin
Selecting focus area
Licensing geophysical / geological data, prospect
development
Acreage acquisition, parternering
Exploration, drilling and facilities planning
Reservoir management
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Established and newly discovered reserves on part of the Louisiana shelf
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Last 12 months of production by field and deepest well by block for Grand Isle and West
Delta region.
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Relative percentage of production (in million barrels of oil equivalent) from different
stratigraphic units (Upper Miocene through Upper Pleistocene) for producing fields in
Grand Isle and West Delta.
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Earthquake Studies
GIS technology is used
To visualize earthquake hypocenters and epicenters,
faults .
For earthquake monitoring
For earthquake prediction
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Display of earthquake hypocenters, their epicenters along with the regional topography
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Landslide Hazard Zonation
Landslide Hazard Zonation
the division of the land in classes with equal landslide
hazard (Varnes, 1984).
provides information on the susceptibility of the terrain to
slope failures and can be used for the estimation of the
loss of fertile soil due to slope failures (in agriculture
areas), the selection of new construction sites and road
alignments (in urban or rural areas) and the preparation
of landslide prevention, evacuation and mitigation plans.
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( Jasmi Ab Talib ,1997)
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Mining and Mineral Exploration
GIS technology is used
To map different geophysical result
For detailed analysis of the above maps
For displaying different mineral deposits
For safety issues during mining
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Source:
http://www.esri.com/industries/mining/graphics/exploration1.jpg
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Seismic stability zonation maps of slopes around Lanzhou city.
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Discussion
Why we need GIS?
Enormous amount of data
Easy access
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Conclusions
GIS gives faster, more accurate analysis, and better-
quality, highly accessible, end products.
A comprehensive GIS database that incorporates cultural,
geologic, geophysical, engineering, infrastructure, and
business-related data can allow a company to analyze the
different data types more effectively and gain insights that
are not otherwise apparent.
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Acknowledgement
I am very thankful to
Dr. Baqer Al-Ramadan
Saad Siddiqui
All my class fellows