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Evaluating Corn Hybrid Plant Population Density for Yield and Phenotypic Responses
By Eric J Knoll
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Overview • Personal history • Project background and objectives • Materials and methods • Results • Conclusions • Acknowledgements
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Family
• Amy • Sam (7) • Anna (3) • Max (5 months)
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Background • Childhood
– Warren, MN • Youngest of six kids • 15 nieces and
nephews • One great niece
• Currently – Owatonna, MN
Warren
Owatonna
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Interests
• Kids • Hockey, baseball, and football • Wood working • Auto body work • Gardening • Hunting • Camping
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Education • Bachelor of Science in Agronomy majoring in Crop
and Weed Science (North Dakota State University 1995-1999)
• Currently pursuing a Master of Science in Agronomy (Iowa State University 2008-2011)
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Work Experience • Knoll Family Farm, Warren, MN (1985 – 1997)
– Hard red spring wheat, barley, and sunflower • Pau Seeds, Olivia, MN (2000 – 2002)
– Assistant Breeder • AgReliant Genetics LLC, Kenyon, MN (2002 – Present)
– Nursery Manager (2002 – 2006) – Assistant Breeder (2006 – 2010) – Assistant Station Manager (2010 – Present)
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Reasons for Choosing this Project • Breeding program
– Company plant population discussion – Select germplasm that respond to higher plant
populations – Develop stable products
• Optimize corn yields • Minimize farming costs • Identify agronomic responses to various populations
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Why are Plant Populations Important?
• Maximize yields • Minimize negative agronomic affects • Reduce seed costs • Maximize profits
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Introduction
• Hybrid corn (Zea mays L.) • Plant population refers to number of plants per
acre (PPA) • Over time increasing plant populations has
been one way of increasing corn yields • With increased populations what are affects
other than yield
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Study Objectives
• To determine a general yield responses of corn hybrids to different corn plant population densities.
• To determine a general phenotypic responses of corn hybrids to different plant population densities.
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Experimental Design • These field trials were conducted in 2009 • Three locations with three replications per location • Randomized complete block
– Main plot (plant population) – Subplot (specific hybrids)
• Five different plant population (20, 26, 32, 38, and 44 thousand plants per acre)
• Eight hybrids ranging in relative maturity from 90 to 101 days (all hybrids contained Monsanto’s Yield Guard VT3® technology)
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Field Layout Kenyon Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 Column 6 Column 7 Column 8 PPA Rep
Range 15 Producers 5734 W7289VT3 DKC42-91 LG2426 W7309VT3 DKC50-44 LG2411 Producers 5624 20 Range 14 LG2426 Producers 5734 Producers 5624 W7309VT3 DKC50-44 W7289VT3 DKC42-91 LG2411 32 Range 13 LG2411 Producers 5734 W7289VT3 DKC50-44 Producers 5624 DKC42-91 LG2426 W7309VT3 44 3 Range 12 Producers 5734 W7289VT3 LG2411 Producers 5624 DKC42-91 W7309VT3 DKC50-44 LG2426 38 Range 11 LG2411 LG2426 DKC50-44 W7309VT3 W7289VT3 Producers 5734 Producers 5624 DKC42-91 26 Range 10 LG2411 W7289VT3 DKC42-91 DKC50-44 W7309VT3 Producers 5734 Producers 5624 LG2426 38 Range 9 Producers 5734 W7289VT3 DKC50-44 LG2426 Producers 5624 LG2411 DKC42-91 W7309VT3 26 Range 8 W7309VT3 DKC42-91 Producers 5624 W7289VT3 DKC50-44 LG2426 Producers 5734 LG2411 44 2 Range 7 DKC42-91 Producers 5624 W7309VT3 LG2426 DKC50-44 LG2411 W7289VT3 Producers 5734 20 Range 6 W7309VT3 LG2411 LG2426 Producers 5624 W7289VT3 DKC42-91 DKC50-44 Producers 5734 32 Range 5 Producers 5734 W7309VT3 DKC42-91 LG2426 DKC50-44 W7289VT3 Producers 5624 LG2411 38 Range 4 W7289VT3 Producers 5624 LG2411 Producers 5734 DKC50-44 W7309VT3 LG2426 DKC42-91 26 Range 3 LG2411 Producers 5734 Producers 5624 DKC50-44 LG2426 DKC42-91 W7289VT3 W7309VT3 44 1 Range 2 Producers 5624 W7289VT3 DKC50-44 Producers 5734 LG2426 W7309VT3 DKC42-91 LG2411 32 Range 1 LG2426 W7289VT3 LG2411 Producers 5734 W7309VT3 Producers 5624 DKC50-44 DKC42-91 20 • Ranges go down the field • Columns go across the field • Three Replications per location • Plants per acre (PPA) is listed on the right
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Locations
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Locations
• Kenyon, MN – Maxfield-Klinger association – Uniform – Tiled – High yield potential – Corn hybrids from 90 to 103 day relative maturity
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Locations
• Farmington, MN – Ostrander loam – Sandier – Slightly sloped – Well drained soil – Can show signs of drought stress – Moderate yield potential – Corn hybrids from 85 to 101 day relative maturity
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Locations
• Eyota, MN – Port Byran – Level – Uniform – Well drained – High yield potential – Corn hybrids from 90 to 105 day relative maturity
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Hybrids
• Eight different hybrids – LG2411, LG2426, Producers 5624, Producers
5734, W7289VT3, W7309VT3, DKC42-91, DKC50-44
• These hybrids had a wide variety of genetic backgrounds
• Relative maturities ranging from 90 – 101 days
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Planting
• An Almaco Seed Pro planter was use to plant the plots
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Over Planting
• Almaco hand planters were used to over plant higher populations (left)
• Plants prior to thinning (right)
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Thinning
• Plots were thinned to the correct population during the V4 – V6 stage
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Notes Taken • Plant and ear height • Stalk diameter • Stalk and root lodging • Kernel weight • Ear diameter and length • Moisture • Test Weight • Yield
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Plant and Ear Heights
• Plant height was measured from the ground to the base of the tassel
• Ear height was measured from the ground to the highest ear node
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Stalk Diameter • Stalks were measured
using a digital caliper • Measurements were
taken just below the top ear
• Stalk width was measured at the narrower part of the stalk
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Ear Measurements
• A ruler was used to measure ear length (left) and ear diameter (right)
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Kernel weights
• The ears were shelled after ear measurements were taken
• Three hundred kernels were counted and weighed
• Each weight was divided by three to get a one hundred kernel weight
• Shelled weights were added back into over all plot weight
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Plant Standability
• At all locations root and stalk lodged plants were counted prior to harvest • Root lodging at the Farmington location (left) • Stalk lodging at the Kenyon location (right)
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Harvest
• New Holland TR88 Twin Plot research combine was used to harvest the plots for yield, moisture, and test weight
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Data Analysis • Student T test at the 95% confidence interval
– Least significant differences (LSD) were used to identify differences between entries
• Statistical programs – SAS®
– JMP®
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Ear Length and Diameter
• As plant populations decreased – Generally ear size increased – Producers 5624 had the smallest ear size reduction
LSD 0.9 cm LSD 0.2 cm
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Kernel Weights • As plant populations decreased
in increments of six thousand plants per acre, there was a two to three gram reduction in kernel weight
• Twenty thousand plants per acre had the highest kernel weights
• Forty four thousand plants per acre had the lowest kernel weights
• Producers 5624 had the lowest kernel weight
LSD 1.4 g
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Plant Height
• Plant height was not affected by different plant populations
• LG2411, W7289, and W7309 are the tallest hybrids with an average height greater than 241 cm
• Producers 5734 was the shortest hybrid with an average plant height of 221 cm
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Ear Height
• The 44 thousand plant population had the highest ear height of 109 cm
• Seven cm higher than 20 thousand plants per acre which had an average of 102 cm
• W7309 had the highest ear height at 111 cm
• DKC42-91 had the lowest average ear height of 95 cm
LSD 3.5 cm
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Stalk Diameter • In general as
populations increased stalk diameters decreased
• W7309 and W7289 had the largest increase in stalk diameter as populations were reduced.
• Producers 5624 had the lowest increase in stalk diameter with reduced populations
LSD 0.8 mm
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• At Kenyon, 38 thousand PPA had the highest amount of stalk lodging while 26 thousand PPA had the least amount
• In general as plant populations increased so did the root lodging percentage
• In both cases the lowest plant populations had the smallest amount of stalk and root lodging
Stalk and Root Lodging
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Moisture
• DKC42-91 and DKC50-44 had an increase in moisture by 2% from 20 to 44 thousand PPA
• W7309 had a decrease in moisture by 1.6% from 20 to 44 thousand PPA
LSD 4.0 %
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Yield • In general, yields
increased until 32 thousand PPA, but had no further yield increase as PPA increased
• Similar results to other studies
LSD 9.4 bu/ac
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Yield
• Response of corn yield potential to plant population, averaged over 34 comparisons from 2005 to 2008 at Lamberton and Waseca, MN. Coulter. 2009
Grain yield potential (%)
Plant population (thousands/a)
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Yield • Producers 5734 was
the only hybrid that showed a decrease in yield among 44 thousand PPA compared to 32 and 38 thousand PPA
• The lowest yielding population for every hybrid was 20 thousand PPA
LSD 19.6 bu/ac
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Conclusion • In general, yields increased until 32 thousand plants per acre;
after that there appeared to be no yield increase with increasing plant populations.
• Increasing plant populations also decreased stalk diameter, ear length, ear diameter, and kernel weight.
• Plant populations did not affect plant height and test weight with limited affects on ear height and moisture.
• Specific hybrids respond differently in yield and phenotypic response under various growing conditions, locations, and plant populations.
• Farmers should continue to evaluate different hybrids at various plant populations to find ones that are going to work best.
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Acknowledgements • POS Committee
– Dr. Roger W. Elmore – Dr. Kenneth Moore – Dr. Tom Loynachan
• Family – Amy (wife) – Sam, Anna, and Max
(kids)
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Acknowledgements • AgReliant Genetics LLC
– Christina Morland – Jerry Courson – Helmer Bauer – Darryld Oistad – Linda Cordes – Gonzalo Andrade – Jacob Gavelinger – Andres Gordillo
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Questions?
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References • Asgrow and Dekalb. 2008. Seed Source Guide [Online]. Available at
http://www.asgrowanddekalb.com/seedresourceguide/product/CORN/DKC4291.pdf. (Verified 8 Aug. 2010).
• Asgrow and Dekalb. 2008. Seed Source Guide [Online]. Available at http://www.asgrowanddekalb.com/seedresourceguide/product/CORN/DKC5044.pdf. (Verified 8 Aug. 2010).
• Coulter, J. 2009. Optimum Plant Populations for Corn in Minnesota. University of Minnesota Extension. [Online] Available at http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/cropsystems/M1244.html. (Verified 8 Aug. 2010).
• Coulter, J., 2009. Think Carefully About Corn Plant Population to Maximize Profits. University of Minnesota Extension. [Online] Available at http://www.extension.umn.edu/cropenews/2009/09MNCN03.html. (Verified 8 Aug. 2010).
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References
• LG Seeds. 2009. Product Sheet [Online]. Available at http://www.lgseeds.com/corn_details.asp?id=LG2411&state=MN. (Verified 8 Aug. 2010).
• LG Seeds. 2009. Product Sheet [Online]. Available at http://www.lgseeds.com/corn_details.asp?id=LG2426&state=MN. (Verified 8 Aug. 2010).
• Producers Hybrids. 2008. Corn Profile Sheet [Online]. Available at http://www.producershybrids.com/index.php/www/products/corn/90. (Verified 8 Aug. 2010).
• Producers Hybrids. 2008 Corn Profile Sheet [Online]. Available at http://www.producershybrids.com/index.php/www/products/corn/91 . (Verified 8 Aug. 2010).
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References
• Wensman Seed. 2010. Product Sheet [Online]. Available at http://www.wensmanseed.com/2010/hybrids/corn/w7289vt3.html . (Verified 8 Aug. 2010).
• Wensman Seed. 2010. Product Sheet [Online]. Available at http://www.wensmanseed.com/2010/hybrids/corn/w7309vt3.html. (Verified 8 Aug. 2010).