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ByBlessin mathew
CASE HISTORY
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Arrive at a tentative diagnosis of patients chief complaint
Written recordProtection from possible disease
contactFuture referenceServes as legal evidence
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SIGNIFICANCE
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“ Case history is defined as a planned professional conversation, which enables
the patient communicate his/her symptoms, feelings and fears to the
clinician and recorded in the patient’s own words so as to obtain an insight into the nature of patients illness and his/her
attitudes to them.”
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DEFINITION
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Direct interviewPrinted questionnairePrinted check list of information
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METHODS
GUIDELINES FOR TAKING CASE HISTORY •Questions should be open ended
(encourage a detailed explanation). No ‘yes’ or ‘no’ questions•Avoid leading questions•The questions should be clear and should touch various aspects of the disease•Symptoms are described by patient should record in his own words•Doctor should be an empathetic listener
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DateO.P. numberNameAgeDate of birthSexAddressRaceReligionEducationOccupationIncome
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PROFORMA
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Contd…Chief complaintHistory of present
illness Medical history Dental historyFamily historyPersonal historyGeneral ExaminationExtra oral ExaminationIntra oral examination
• Provisional diagnosis• Differential diagnosis• Investigations• Final diagnosis• Treatment plan
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1.Date• Records the time the patient reported
and can be referred back to , during the following visits
2.O.P. number• To assemble the details of treatment in
follow up visits• Billing• Legal considerations
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SIGNIFICANCE OF FORMAT
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3.Name• Recognize the patient• Develops rapport and healthy
communication between patient and physician
• To maintain records
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4. Age• Indicates vital statistics• Age related diseases
Primary Herpes gingivostomatitis (6 mnths-6yrs)Nursing caries in pre-school age groupAttrition , Abrasion , Gingival
recession,Leucoplakia etc.(Adults and Old age)• Surgery and treatment planning• Behavioral management technique• For determining dose
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5. SexCertain diseases are more common in certain
sex Males: Leukoplakia,Carcinoma of buccal
mucosa, Herpes simplex, Smokers palate etc.Females:
Pubertal gingivitis, Juvenile periodontitis etc.
AestheticsEmotionsDoseGifting
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6. Address• Communication purpose• Modifying appointments• Geographical prevalence of dental or oral diseases
Dental caries common in modern industrialized areas Periodontal diseases common in rural areas Dental caries & Mottled enamel depend on fluoride
content of domestic water Habits vary according to residence
• Geographical prevalence of medical diseases Filariasis common in Orissa Leprosy in West Bengal
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7. Race• Some diseases are common in some
races• Oral hygiene practices differ• Tooth mutilations practiced in certain
races
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8.Religion • During Ramzan and other fasting dental
treatments like extractions should be avoided
• Be careful while prescribing medicines during fasting
• Dentist should not force the muslim patients to use mouthwash with excessive alcohol content
• Jains do believe that killing microbes is a sin and they wont brush their teeth because of this.
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9. Occupation
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DISEASE OCCUPATION
Attrition Workers who expose to abrasive dust
Abrasion Carpenters, Tailors
Erosion Sandblasters
Hepatitis BDentists,surgeons,blood bank personal
Gingival staining
Persons work with Lead, Bismuth
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• To know about the nourishment and
payment status of the patient
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10.Socio economic status
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1.Chief complaint
Always record in patient’s own words
Mention only the chief problem of the
present day in the order of severity
Follow the chronological order
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TAKING AND RECORDING HISTORY
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• it should indicate the severity and urgency of the problem
• detailed history of the chief complaint-
eg; dental pain
-quality,-dull, sharp ;throbbing ,constant
-quantity, severity, and frequency
-location-localized ,diffuse ,referred, radiating.
-duration of complaint
-onset; spontaneous, on stimulation, intermittent
-Aggravated by: cold, heat, palpation, percussion
- Relieved by ;cold, heat, any medication ,sleep 17
2)History of the present illness
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Check list of medical history -Anemia
-Bleeding disorders
-Cardio respiratory disorders
-Drug treatment and allergies
-Endocrine disorders
-Fits and faints
-Gastrointestinal disorders
-Hospital admissions and surgeries
-Infections, Injuries
-Jaundice
-Kidney disease
-Asthma 18
3.Medical history
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History of dental treatment undergone by
the patient ,along with patients experience
before, during and after the dental
treatment
History of complications experienced by the
patient
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4.Dental history
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Provides information about the possibility of infective contact as in tuberculosis.
Record of illness with unusual hereditary tendencies like hemophilia is helpful.
Serious medical problems in immediate family members should be listed.
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5.Family history
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Disorders with genetic or environmental basis (cancer, cardiovascular disease. Allergy, asthma, renal disease, diabetes, sequential anemia) should be addressed
There are also several inherited anomalies and abnormalities that can affect oral cavity .Eg:congenital missing of lateral incisors , amelogenesis imperfecta, ectodermal dysplasia , cleft lip and palate.
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6.Personal history1.Personal habits:
They include smoking use of smokeless tobacco, pan chewing , alcohol consumption etc.
In all these cases number ,frequency and duration is considered
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A . Useful and harmful habitsUseful habitsIncludes habits essential for normal function
like proper positioning of tongue ,respiration and normal deglutition.
Harmful habitsIncludes habits that have a deleterious effect
on the teeth and supporting structures like thumb sucking, tongue thrusting etc
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2.Habits related to oral cavity-classifi cation
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Empty habitsThese are habits that are not associated
with any deep rooted psychological problems.
Meaningful habitsThese are habits that have a
psychological bearing.
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B.Empty and meaningful habits
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Pressure habits• Includes sucking habits such as
thumb sucking, lip sucking, finger sucking, and also tongue thrusting.
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C.Pressure non pressure and biting habits
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FINGER SUCKING
TOUNGE THRUSHING
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Non pressure habits•Habits which do not apply a direct force on the teeth or its supporting structures Eg. Mouth breathing.
Biting habits• Includes habit such as nail biting, pencil biting, and lip biting.
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NAIL BITING
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Compulsive habitsThese are deep rooted habits that have
acquired a fixation in the child to the extent that the child retreats to the habit whenever his security is threatened by events which occur around him. The child tends to suffer increased anxiety when attempts are made to correct the habit.
Non compulsive habitsThey are habits that are easily learned and
dropped as the child matures.
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D.Compulsive and non compulsive habits
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1.Type of cleaning2.Type of toothbrush3.Method of cleaning4.Materials used5.Frequency of cleaning6.Time of cleaning7.Frequency of changing toothbrush8.Use of other oral hygiene aids
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3.Oral hygiene practices
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Interdental cleaning aidsSUPER FLOSS FLOSS HOLDERS
DENTAL TAPE FLOSS
DOWN
FLOSS UP
FLOSS IN HANDS
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INTERDENTAL BRUSHING INTERDENTAL BRUSHING
END TUFT BRUSH
INTERDENTAL STICKS
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Source of waterType of diet: vegetarian, mixed, spicyDietary chart; includes staple diet and nutrition ,sugar exposure Sugar consumption: includes type,
frequency , time of intake, form and consistency
Soft refined food: adheres tenaciously to teeth- leads to dental cariesCoarse diet- attrition of teeth
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4.Dietary habits
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Contd…Increased carbohydrate diet: dental caries increasesIncreased phosphate diet: dental caries preventionDiet deficient in vitamin: enamel hypoplasiaDeficiency of ca and P during teeth formation:
enamel hypoplasia, and defects of dentin.Vitamin D content: reduces caries incidence.Fluoride content: influence caries process.
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Tobacco preparation, consumption such as khaini, Manipuri, tobacco, mishi, pan, smut, zandra etc lead to B P variation and also cause staining.
Smoking habits such as bidi, chutta, cigarette etc may lead to cancers that includes oral cavity and lung.
Drinking alcohol, charas, ganja, marijuana, etc may lead to liver toxicity.
Ask duration, frequency, of habit35
7.Addiction
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DIFFERENT FORMS OF TOBACCO
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PIPECIGAR
CIGARETTE
BIDI
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GOZA ,HOOK-AH ,HUBBLE-BUBBLE
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SMOKELESS FORMS
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American red man $ Danish Oliver twist
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Tobacco sliced into flakes
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Caries, arteriosclerotic heart disease acute appendicitis is more common in middle and high social status individuals.
Periodontitis,tuberculosis, anemia, due to malnourishment is more common in low status individual.
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8.Social status
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If he/ she is taking oral contraceptivesObstetric history , miscarriage , therapeutic
abortion.Endocrine diseases accompanied by
abnormalities of pregnancy, labour, lactation.Cardiac failure due to circulatory demand of
pregnancy and labour.Avoid dental treatment in first trimester of
pregnancy.The best time for dental treatment in
pregnant lady is 2nd trimester. 42
9.Menstrual and obstetric history
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Having multiple partners may result in sexually transmitted diseases like syphilis which has got significant oral manifestation
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10.Domestic and marital relationship
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Significance: to ascertain the possibility of acquiring disease from any epidemic area in which he has travelled .it helps in prevention and early identification of disease
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11.Travel abroad
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General examinationa) Height and weight
b) Gait : The way a person walksSpastic gait , Hemiplegic gait , High stepping gait ,Festinant gait , Waddling gait, Gait of cerebellar ataxia
c) Posture : The way a person stands
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EXAMINATION OF THE PATIENT
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d) Body buildAesthetic:
Thin physique- Possess narrow dental archesPlethoric:
Obese persons-Possess large square dental arches
Athletic :Neither obese nor thin-Possess normal sized
dental archesSheldon’s classification
Ectomorphic –Tall and thin physiqueMesomorphic –Average physiqueEndomorphic –Short and obese physique
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MESOMORPH
ENDOMORPHECTOMORPH
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Vital signs are; Respiratory rate Temperature PulseBlood pressure
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Vital signs
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Respiratory rateNormal-14-20 breathes per minuteRapid breathing- tachypnea, occurs during
fever, shock ,hypoxia, cerebral disturbances, metabolic disturbances etc.
Bradypnoea-slow and deep respiration seen in cerebral compression.
Paralysis of soft palate causes an inspiratory snoring noise
Expiratory wheezing is heard in bronchitis and asthma.
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Recorded when systemic response secondary to dental infection is suspected
Normal oral temperature-37 degree Celsius
Recent drinking of cold or hot liquid or mouth breathing in a very warm or cold air may alter the oral temperature.
Severe oral infections alter local temperature in mouth without causing fever.
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Temperature
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• Normal-60-100 beats per minute• Grossly irregular pulse indicates myocardial disease• Important index of severity of illness abnormalities of heart and vascular system E g; hypertension, hypotension ,
shock , fever etc.
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Pulse
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Blood pressureNormal-systolic 120 to
140 mm Hg and diastolic 80mm of Hg
Accidental intravascular injection or rapid absorption of LA containing epinephrine may cause rise in BP.
BP should be checked before starting dental treatment.
Varies with emotions , exercise, male, alcohol, tobacco, bladder distention, temperature and pain.
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Abnormal paleness of skin due to reduced blood flow or lack of normal pigments.
Associated with indoor mode of life, indicate shock, anemia , cancer, etc.
Sites; oral mucosa , tongue, conjunctiva , nail bed, palms and soles.
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Pallor
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An icteric tint of skin due to bilirubin Varies from faint yellow to dark olive greenish color.
Site; sclera of eyeball, nail bed, lobule of ear , tip of nose , undersurface of tongue.
First structure involved; sclera.Oral manifestations of jaundice;
-Icterus of oral mucosa on palate and sublingual area
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Icterus
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It is the enlargement of distal segment of fingers and toes due to increase in soft tissue
Causes : disorders of heart ,lungs, GIT etc or may be congenital or hereditary
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Clubbing of fingers and toes
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Negative Schamroth's test for clubbing
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Bluish discoloration of skin and mucous membrane due to increased amount of reduced hemoglobin in blood
May be physiological or pathological3 types
Peripheral-on lips, nails, tip of nose, ear lobuleCentral-undersurface of tongue , mucous
membrane of oral cavityMixed-combination of both
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Cyanosis
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Swelling of lymph nodesCauses infiltration of inflammatory cells in
infectionPrimary malignancy that cause
proliferation of lymphocytesInfiltration by metastatic malignant cells
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Lymphadenopathy
Cervical lymphadenopathy
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Edema-swelling(Greek)Defined as abnormal and excessive
accumulation of fluid in the interstitial tissue spaces and serous cavities
Sites of edema-legs , thigh , back, face, and limbs
Sclera edema common in bedridden patients
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Edema
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Extra oral examination
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1.Mesocephlic : average shape of head, they possess normal dental arches
2.Dolicocephalic:long and narrow head, narrow dental arches
3.Brachycephalic: broad and short head, broad dental arches
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Shape of head
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Mesocephalic
Dolicocephalic
Brachycephalic
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Mesofacial: average or normal face formBrachyfacial: broad and short faceDolichofacial: long and narrow face
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Facial form
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Examined to determine disproportions of face in transverse and vertical planes
Some degree of asymmetry is considered normal
Gross facial asymmetry can occur as a result of:-
1. Congenital defect 2. Hemi- facial atrophy/hypertrophy. 3. Unilateral condylar ankylosis and
hyperplasia.
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Assesment of facial symmetry
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Examined by viewing patient from side.3 types
StraightConvexconcave
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Facial profile
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Well propotioned face can be divided into 3 equal thirds using 4 horizondal planes.
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Evaluation of facial proportion
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Classification
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Examination of lips
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Nose size: normally 1/3rd of total facial heightNasal contour: can be straight , convex , or
crooked as a result of injuries.Nostrils: they are oval and bilaterally
symmetrical
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Examination of nose
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Mentolabial sulcus Mentalis activityChin position and prominenceNasolabial angle are recorded
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Examination of chin
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Patient should be checked for TMJ disordersMaximum interincisal opening-40-45 mmNormal lateral mandibular jaw
movement-8-10 mmJoint is checked for tenderness
clicking, deviation
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TMJ
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Usually examined lymph nodes are -Submandibular and submental
-It should be palpated for swelling and tenderness.
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Lymph nodes
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•Parotid, Submandibular and Submental lymph nodes are examined
Salivary glands and muscles of mastication
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