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cover KBAT_BARU PUNYEE_Layout 1 12/11/13 4:06 PM Page 1
LEMBAGA PEPERIKSAAN
KEMENTERIAN PENDIDIKAN MALAYSIA,
ARAS 1, 2, 5 - 13, BLOK E11, KOMPLEKS E,
PUSAT PENTADBIRAN KERAJAAN PERSEKUTUAN,
62604, PUTRAJAYA, MALAYSIA
www.mo.!o".m#$%&
isi_Kemahiran_Aras_Tinggi_TERBARU_jus._Layout 1 12/16/13 2:27 PM Page 9
PENT
AKS
IR A
N
KEMA'IR ANBER
AR ASTI
N((I
)IKIR
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BAB 1 &*+/*
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1.0 &*+/*
1.1 Konsep Pentaksiran
Pentaksiran adalah proses mendapatkan maklumat denan
menunakan pel!aai kaedah dan pendekatan sama ada "ormati"#
sumati"# "ormal dan in"ormal# dalaman dan luaran !ai mendapatkan
e$idens %an !oleh dipertim!ankan dan seterusn%a mem!uat
penhakiman tentan sesuatu produk pendidikan.
Proses /% + ** %*!$+/**$o&/ #*! ++/ *+ #*! /!** *+m*&+* /% #*! /*/.
Maklumat /% "/* #*!m*!!m* &+/ m/%m + & #*! /+/.
Penhakiman m&* &o &+/m*!* +*+*! &*&/*
&*//* m/.
Produk %m o*+ &*//*m&* &*!+*, m/** */%/$ #*! /&o% m/+% m%%/ &o &*//*.
P*+/* % /%/+ !/
78 Po m*&+*!m* +*+*! &+/o*! %m
&m%9*.
78 A+/"/+/ #*! /9%**m &*!9* *
&m%9*.
78 A+/"/+/ #*! /9%** +*.
D%mo*+ &*//*,
&*+/* m&* + 78 A+/"/+/ #*! +9*&/o %m &o &m%9* *+ m*&+* /%#*! m*!m/ +/"/+/ &m%9* #*! /.m*!/*, m*!m&%*,mo*, mm/* o * m*!/*+&+/* m%m+
+*+*! /% &m%9*o*! %o* !/ +9* ++*+.
&
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
1.& (iri Pentaksiran
1.&.1 Skor %an mempun%ai
dar)ah kesahan dan
ke!olehper*a%aan
%an tini
+ Skor /%m*!* %m *+ *omo, :, &*#+* */mo%. So m+/% mm&*#/
+ M*/m /*/ +9* *+ mm+/* &m/mm&*#/ :m* *m/* #*! % *++ *!* #*! %/*. ; /*/* m*!*!* &%//*
&m/* o %m %*!* &m/ + &*+/.
1.&., Ke!olehtad!iran
9 * *
o%&#* #*! +/*!!/*+ mm+/* /%*& %o* + m*!%*w/w* /*+/+/ &*+/*
&*//* *!*.
+ Ke!olehtad!iran /% // &+/ #*! m9 & %//*** 9-9 %* &+/9%** *!* m %m
&o &*!9/* * &*+/*#*! /%** m
+ Kesahan /% // o &+ + &*+/*
*! *!* %"*** &&* o /+*+ m*!!m* &+/
%o* %m & #*! /+/.
* o%.
1.&.- Kemudahta"siran
+ Kemudahta"siran m9
+ Ke!olehper*a%aan /% // o & mm&* 9/*
*! *!* +&+** +%* o /+ *+m*!!m* &+/ %o*%m & #*! /+/.
1.&.& Keo!)ekti"an
+ Keo!)ekti"an m9 &+&+* o*! &m/mm/ /& 9w&* ++&+* o*! &*+/ mm/* o %o*.
+ Ko9+/:* &m/* o/*/ o% /&+/*!+* *!*m*#/* &+*
++ %m mm/*m%m+ +*+*! %o*
* o #*! /&o%,m*//m/*/* %o* *m*&+/ +9* + 9/* *
&*+/* /+ /*.
1.&. Kekomprehensi"an
+ Kekomprehensi"an m9 & **!* /*+m*#*! mm&*#/ /+m #*!mw/%/ m o9+/: &*+/*!%m m+ &%9* ++*+.
&m* + m
&*o* #*! o9+/: * o /%* m%%/ m#+ &*#%*.
,
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1., Kesahan dan
Ke!olehper*a%aan
K* * o%&#*m&* o*& &*+/*!%m &*+/* &*//*.K-*# mm&*#/ *!*#*! &+ * m*9/ +o*!! +m %m &/**!* #*!
/+* *!* %/+/ + &o &*+/*.
1.,.1 Konsep Kesahan
'/% &*+/* /*#+* %m
*+ o //+ m o #*!
/&o% o*! m/ /+m*!!m* + mm/*m%m+ +*+*! & #*! /+/.
S+ 9/* *% m*! & #*! &++*# /. All of
what we want to measure, andnothing but what we want to
measure… 7To*/, 1
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
1.,.1.1 Kesahan Kandunan
K* **!* & *#
L*! /*/ &% *+ mm+/*o*+ #*! /9/ *!*m*!!** /+m ++ &+
m%/+* &m/* mw/%/ +/& & &*+/*!/+m+/ +& **!* 9/**+ m**+* m
&%9* #*! /9* /+ *m*&/ %m */ #*!
**!* 9/* /+ +*+ +%. Pm/* 9/* &++*#/& m&% #*! mw/%/
& #*! * / +/9/.
L?/m*#, &o ++ /!**
%m 9/* &*&/*. U9/* &*&/* //* * / *+ *+ m*! +& &*!*
&*!+* + m/* ++*+%m + m+ &%9* #*!
mm/%* o*+ #*! */9/ /+ +%/ % * *%& m*#/* + +/**+ /9/* 9/*.
U9/* &*&/* #*! / *+ * //* *!* / %m*&/ o9+/: &*!9* #*!+% /++&* %m +9-+9
&%9* #*! /&%9/./9, //+ m%%/ &*#m* // O9+/: /**! *!***!* 9/* ** *+*# ! &+ m**+*
* **!* 9/* ++.M/%*#, ! B M%# /*!/*
m*!9/ &*!+* /+m %m +9 @K+ Nm, m
+/* 9/* #*! //*m+/% &+ mm*/ o9+/: 9/* /+.
L*! &+m % *!*mm+ &m&%* & #*!/+/ /& %* +/*#*! /o% * **!*
m+ &%9* #*! /9*. U9/*#*! /+/ /+ m+/% /*%//*!* /+m+/ *+ mm+/** / !/ &* *%"***#.
mm* &%!/ o*+ #*!/ * /%*!* /+m #*!m*&/ *+ m*!!m*
&*!* %o* +& o*+
/+ %m +9 ++.
O% /+, * **!* 9/* !*+*! & %"** +/* +/*! % #*! /*!/*/&+/* + /+/ o%
&*+/. K&&* 9/* /+m*!/%* o 9/* #*! mm&m*!!m* &+/ %o*%m & #*! /+/.
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P &/*!+ &m%* D*!* mm/* JSU
&m/** 9/*, &m/* &% &%//+, 9/* &*&/* &+mm/%/ +/* #*! / %m mm/* &+* #*! mw9* ***!*.
U /*/ &% /%/ *!*9/* +& S+* P%9*7SP8 * '/* S+* P%9*7'SP8 *+ mm+/* o9+/:
&*+/* * & #*! *
/9/ + /+/.
mw/%/ o9+/: &*+/* #*!/*!/* /9/.
O% /+, %"** % &#*! /+/ %m +* m+
&%9*. So *# * m*9/%"* &/% /+m #*! //*m*&+/ m&%* , 9%
&/:// 9/*, /%m, o*+* /+/ + * #*!S%&++,
m*&+ &m/*
m%m+%
/&*.
m*#/* J% S&/:// U9/* M*% &&*7JSU8. JSU /% 9% #*! 7re!resentati"e8 &% % & #*!mm*+ &m/* m*!/%*+ m&% +!* 9/* #*!
+&+ %m +* m+ &%9* /+/. I+m #*! //*
mw/%/ - & *% mw/%/ %/+&* /%m,* //+ %"** * &%!/* /+m, &%!/*&&*. &*#o%* * &%!/
* #*! /+*.
Ko*& %"** * &&* /!m* %m R9 1.
/
0)ian A - item2
;&* +*
S!/* %"*T/ &&*7not re!resentati"e8
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R9 1
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;&* +*
R%"*;&&*7re!resentati"e8
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P?* #*! w9 *+ - *+ /*/ % /& &, //+
Aspek
Po
T9* 9/*
Kesahan Ramalan
D+ /+/ #*!/m&% %%w+ /&+ 9/*.
P+/***#
+m& &!** o 9/* %mm*% &+/%o* & m&*.
Kesahan Serentak
D+ /+/ #*! /m&%% & m #*!m&/ m *!* +9/*.
M** * Lm** 7158,+% mm&o%*
/* m o 9/*#*! /!*+/* *!* +/+/ #*! /m&%**!* %/* #*! ! *! &. '% /*/ &+/!m* o% 9 #*!
/+
Masa
04IAN...................KRITERIA
S**#, o 9/* m*%o /+/ ++&/ !/ **+, o 9/* * o /+/ /m/% & m #*!m +% mm&o% o /+/. O% /+, +9**# %
*+ m**+* m o /+/ &+ /!*+/* o% o
D%m o*+ /%/ 9, & * *+ /+** &/%! m/*+ *+ m%/+*!* *+ &+/ 9/**!* &+/ m !/ 9/*#*! %/**.
D%m * /*/, ! &%
9/* + +/. mm&o% -o
S!/ o*+o, &+ o /*"*+o/ &o*%/+/ #*! /+/*o% */ /!** *+ m*!!*+/* o &m/*#*! //* o% %/ &//+/ *+
m**+* // &o*%/+/ ++*+
&*!* ++ %m m#*! m&/ m * /o%/*
&+**#.
L*! /*/ /*# /9%**&/% + 9/* /*!!&!/ &*!!*+/ 9/* #*!
/*/"/C m*!!** +
5
mm*!+ m%m+ #*! +%%*m * m*!m/% m #*!
%m.
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
;o*+o*#, o*! ! /*#Ko*+ m %/+/ &/o%o!/
m*o %o* * #*! /*/* w9 !/ &m+/**# m m**!* & & m%** 9 m%/. B%/m*!!** % &m/*!+*
!/ +9* ++.
O% 9 &*o* /+*m, m*!/* ! %/ &9/* + * &*%, /*#m/* #*! /://* &+ /9/
m%%/ 9/* + * &*% /+/.
U*+ m**+* ++ m*+&+*# 9/* /+ m*! m/* %o* m*9%** 9m%/, ! /+ * m*!o%/*o 9/* *!* o &m+/*.J/% o%/*# +/*!!/, m*! &+ m*!!** 9/* +* &*% & m &* !/
m*% m/* %o* %mm*9%** 9 m%/.
1.,.1., Kesahan Konstruk6
Gaasan
+/*! %. K* o*+ /%* #*! /+* *!*
&-& #*! +/ &+/&+/* *#+ ++&/w9 m%%/ &*//*, /&o+/+ +o/ * 9/* ++*+.
M*!/+ Po&m 71
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K+% o*! ! /*!/* mm/*9/* + * &*% !/
m*! +/"/+/. S+% //** /+/*, 9/* +/"/+/ /*/
o% /*!!& mm&*#/ *
o*+, /*# o 9/* /+mm&*#/ &+%/* #*! &+*!* &+/m*!* #*! /+/& &m+/* ++/*! % #*! /*%&+/ o%
+o/ &/o%o!/ !/ +/:.
1.,.1.- 8aktor Mempenaruhi
Kesahan
P%!/ :+o mm&*!/* o 9/* * &+/%* &+/ #*! /+
i2 Kelemahan mem!ina !utiran
u)ian6soalan6item
78 Pm/* 9/* +/ m*!w% * 9/* *!* /
&/% mm/* 9/*.S/*# +/ &+%/*, m* o*+ +/ /oo*! o%
+o/ #*! m*/*#. I*/ %
m*!/* * 9/* /*/ +/m*! o*+ +/"/+/, ++o/ &/o%o!/ #*! m*#+*+/*! % /*/"/ +/: %
A%*# 9/* m*9/ +%%**! + +%% m*#* o %o* +/+ m% %m*/ o /& #*!* /*!! #*! +/*!!/.'% /*/ m* +/*$
+/ *. o%*$/+m +/ &+
O% /+, &+% /m*
w *+ m**+* *o*+ + 9/*, %*!-%*! #*! /+ &% //+/
m*//m/*/* %o*.
78 P*%/* #+ #*! m %m * + +!*.A* &% /+%/ *!* 9%! %o* &+ mm/*&o* & +!*.
78 P*!!** &**+ #*! +/ / *!*m %o*.
78 T&+ &+*9 %m /+m#*! mm* %o*
19
mm/* &o*.
M*!*%
&+/
o*+#*
!/9*! *
m* *!
* &+/
9/*
M*
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#*!
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&+/9/* /&
+o/o*+
M*!
9//&o+/
**
*
%o!/+
m &//
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
78 K%* %m m*!*% &+/iii2 Gerak !alas *alon
o9+/: &*+/* %m +/* 9/* #*! /%*. K*! % &?* %m;o*+o*#, o*! &m/* o%* m*!/*+&+/*/*!/* m*!9/ m/* +!* /+m /&*!/ o% :+o m*!*%// ++&/ mm%*/+m #*! & +&
&// %o*. '% /*/ m*!/*/&*!/ o% mo/ %o*
:m*. P /*/ m / /%/ &&/*, &+/m**9* w w9+//* *+ +*!* /+m.
7:8 D/ !/ ++ 9/*, 9/* / /%/ 9 +/ o% +%% &* + +%% &*9*!. '%/*/ * m*99* ** ++ 9/* m&*m&% /& m&%*
/m*! * 9/*.
O% /+, %o* /*/ +/ &+
m*9w o%* *!* /.U* m* !/ /+m o9+/: * &/%/*$!*!* ++m*99* * o 9/*.
/+m #*! /m*.S/*# 9/* +%% &*, *+ m*&/ &+/#*! /&* * % /*/ *
m*99* 9 *o 9/* ++. S++ 9/*
/*# /m%* %*!* /+m #*! m *//+/ o% /+m #*! .
ii2 Kelemahan dalam mentad!ir
u)ian
D/ !/ &*+/* 9/*, *# *+ %m* #*! / % * m*99* *o 9/*. ;o*+o*#, m #*!/&*+* /+ +/ m*&/
!/ %o* m*!m* &o*+& + /+m, &+o%o*!*#*! +/ /% #*! //* o%
&*!w &&/* * &*#%w*!* m 9/*/9%**. D/ !/ &m*
&%, 9/* / m*!/* +/
mm&*#/ &+* &m*#*! +&/*/.
11
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Rumusan Kesahan
# odel $lasi$al meng$ategori$an $esahan
$e!ada bebera!a %enis iaitu $esahan
$andungan, $esahan ber$aitan $riteria dan
$esahan $onstru$&gagasan.
'Setia! s$or mestilah sah dan boleh
di!ercayai. (a$tor yang menentu$an
$esahan s$or adalah rele"an dan
$ecu$u!ca$u!an
)re!resentati"eness*.
atau mewa$ili
+ Rele"an S$or hanya a$an men%adi
rele"an a!abila itemyang dibina
mene!ati $um!ulan sasar, %adual s!esifi$asiu%ian, $uri$ulum, $onte$s dan situasi serta
aras $esu$aran yang dihasrat$an.
-Cu$u!ca$u!an atau mewa$ili tem
yang dibina %uga henda$lah mewa$ili
ca$u!an $uri$ulum, $e!elbagaian item,$e!elbagaian cara !enyoalan dan !elbagai
aras $esu$aran yang dihasrat$an.
/S$or yang di!eroleh dari item atau
instrumen yang ditadbir$an $e!ada
1&
murid. S$or yang tida$ sah memberi $esan
yang besar terhada! $redibiliti dan integriti
sesuatu sistem !endidi$an.
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
1.,.& Konsep Ke!olehper*a%aan
Ko%&#* m9 // o *! *!* +&+* *+%* o /+ *+ m*!!m* &+/ %o* %m & #*!
/+/.
Ko%&#* o /+ &+ *!* /*+m* &*+/* #*!/!**. A /*+m* /+ +%-+% &+ mm/* o #*!o*/+* & o*! %o* 9/ 9/* /+ /m/% %*! %/ *!**/* w +/ &*m* &*!%m* *+ 9*! m 9/* /+/m/%C
R9 2 m**9* :+o #*! m**+* o%&#* o.
K o % & #*
KETEP ATA N
S o
KETEKA LA N
R9 2
So #*! +&+ /&o% &/% o*! m*&+ o #*! +% %m &*+/* #*! /+ %*! %/ %m * #*! m. So #*!+% &% /&o% &/% + /*+m* /+/ %/-%/ &
&%!/ m&%* * m*!/%* o #*! m + m&/ m+/& %/ /+/*.
S%/*# o +/ o*/+* /* o% &mo% &+/%"** **!*, /* /*+m*, oo+ * !/*#.Ko%&#* 9! /+ *!* o*& +*!!*!9w* +*+/%/+/, +/%* * o*/+**. D%m % /*/, o%&#*&+ /!** *+ m*% o%* %o* *!* %/ +&+.So*! #*! o% /&#/ *# mm/%// m /:+ /+.
1,
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R9 3 m**9* o*& * * o%&#*.
Tidak boleh percaya
dan tidak sah
Boleh percaya
tetapi tidak sah
Kesahan rendah
Kebolehpercayaan rendah
R9 3
Boleh percaya
dan sah
I*+m* &*+/* 9! *# mm&*#/ /:+-/:+ #*!mmo%* o #*! //%* /&#/ * m*.
Ko%&#* 9/* /+ !/ 9 +%**+ &*!* +& + *.
S!/ o*+o, ! /*# & ! mm&o% &*!* #*!m +& + * #*! /+/m*! &/% m*!!**
&*/m*! #*! ? + *!* m*!!** &*/m*! #*! m%m m #*! ?.
D%m &*!* &*&/* %o* &%, ! & ! &+* 9/** +% !/ 9/* #*! m *+ #*! /+/* & m&%*#*! m & m #*! ?.
Ko*& +o/ &*!9/* m*#+* w o /& 7obser"ed score8, //+ o #*! /&+/ /& o*! %o* %m + 9/*mm&*#/ om&o**.
1-
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
D om&o** ++ /%
78 So * 7true score8- * * o%* %o*
78 So %+ 7error score8- /* o% %+ + &*!*
Skor di*erap :
Skor se!enar ; Skor ralat
T 0 T 1 2
3 4
T 0 Skor dicerap
3 T 0 4 Skor sebenar
2 0 Skor ralat
O% /+, /+ o% mm+ *!!&* w +/ o #*! m*9/* * !/ o%* o*!.
P%/ o%&#* %%*# /w/%/ o% *omo #*! */%/ *+0 /*!! 1 #*! m**9* +/%* + 9/*.
Anastasi (1961), Thorndike (1969),
Dick & Hegerty (1971), Martuza
(1977), Karmel & Karmel (1978),
Hopkins & Stanley (1981),
mengemukakan tiga kaedah
untuk menghitung pekali
kebolehpercayaan sesuatu ujian,
iaitu:
78 K T+ - R++
78 K B*+ S%/
78 K B% D
1
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1.,.&.1 8aktor Mempenaruhi
Ke!olehper*a%aan
P%!/ :+o #*! mm&*!/o%&#* o 9/*. A*+
7///8 Pm&%* /+m
I+m-/+m #*! /!** %m+ 9/* % *+ m*!9/!/* +/+ #*! m*9/
#*! &*+/*! /% &+*9 & o%*
7/8 Tm&o 9/*o*!. O% /+, /+m ++*% m&* m&%mw/%/ %* +/+ +*+*!
Sm/* &*9*! +m&o 9/* o%* o*!. Pm/%/*&++*# m/* +/*!!/ #*! +/ +&+ m*#*o%&#* o 9/* /+* +m&o 9/* &+mm/* &m&%* #*!%/ / / !/ +/*! %#*! * /, m%* o*! /!*!! o% +*.
7//8 R%+ w
P+/ o*! -
%*# "/* %+ &*!*.A/+*#, o 9/* /+ +/ o%/&#/.
7/"8 Komo!** /+m
I+m 9/* #*! omo!* /% /+m-/+m #*! mm&*#/ &m*/ !/ &+/ + &%*! *+ /&/%/. B!/ 9/* *+ o9+/:
m*!/+ * %/%/*!*#. * &/%/*, &/%/* 9w&*
S*! &* #*! % m+/% omo!*. '% /*/ m*&+ m*#* &+/ +/&-+/& o&#* m+/% /+*
. M/%*#, m 9/*,+/-+/ *#/ //*! / %/%/*!
*+ + m %/* * #+/* *+ /&/%/ o% %o*.
%o*. K* /*/ *m*#* &* o**+/%o* * "/* o %+ *mm&*!/ o "/* #*!/&. ;o*+o %/* %+ w % &+/ /+, %+/, +!*!*
mo/ * /.
P/ &*+/ #*! m*!*%/*
9/* *% m*#/** * &/+* 9/* #*!/ + &+* &*+/*9/* #*! m&*.
1/
Jw&* * /++o *#+/ / /*!! %o* #*! /9/+%% m m*!*% &+/
9w&* + * 9w&*.
K+/omo!** o&#* o%m*99* o%&#* o 9/*.
7"8 A* & /+m
A* +/ 9% & /+m +/*+m* m*#* m/ %/* +/ mm/* &o* #*!/+*.
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
7"/8 L +/ /*!* oo+ m/
7"//8 T* /+m
7"///8 S9+/"/+/ &*/%/
S9+/"/+/ &*/%/ + &*+/ ++m %m & 9+/:. I*/
+m% m/* +T* /+m #*! +/ /m*!m*!/+ *. B/%*!*/+m #*! +%% *# !/ /+m
* +/*!!/ + * * %m +-+/*+m* * m*!/%* o #*! +/ +&+.
&*!%m* &*/%/, %+/* #*!/+/m o% &*/%/, mo/ &*/%/* +& /+* &*/%/ +/m%** +!* &*o*.
S!/ m*, * * o%&#* mm&*#/ *!*&+ *+ + m %/* * /*:* #*! /+ /& o #*!
o% /&#/ +/ m+/*# * %/*# /*:* #*! /+
/& o #*! m+/*# o% /&#/.
R9 4 m**9* *!/+ * *!* o%&#*.
Ke!olehper*a%aan
7K+%* + +*& /%&* w8
Kesahan
7T*& /+
/%&*/+m+/8
T/*!!/
R*
T/*!!/ R*
N/%/ *
K&+* /& &%!/ &*!*
R9 4
13
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1.,., Baaimana Menurankan
Ralat Penukuran
7/8 A* & /+m * /*+m**% 9%, +&+ *m.
7//8 Tm&o 9/* / *!* /%*!* /+m * * /+m$9/*.
7///8 L m*&+/ oo+.
7/"8 Pm&%* /+m *%mw/%/ %/+&* /%m *
/%*!* /+m mm/ !/+/& om/* #*! /9/.
7"8 T* /+m *+/*!!/, * * **% / * /m*!m*!/+ &/*/& #*!/++&*.
7"/8 P*+/* 9/* +w% *+*.
7"//8 P+* &m* %/o9+/: * m /:m/.
7"///8 P * ! / % * / * + m *
&*+/* #*! %/ +%/+/ *+w%.
7/F8 P*/%/ + &*+/ //*%+/* * m/* #*!m*&/.
7F8 U9/* *% /+/*%m * #*! / //+m*!/+ m #*! /++&*,
/& !*!!*$//*!* %*!-%*! *+
m*!%* &*/&*.15
nfo Ring$as
Kebolehpercayaan
1 5onse!$eboleh!ercayaanadalahmeru%u$$e!ada$ete$alan sesuatu instrumen a!abila
ditadbir$an. Satu6satu instrumen
diangga! boleh di!ercayai se$iranya
menghasil$an $e!utusan yang sama
setia! $ali ditadbir$an.
2 (a$tor yang menentu$an
$eboleh!ercayaanadalah
$ete!atan dan $ete$alan.
3 5ete!atannstrumen yangm e m ! u n y a id a r % a h$eboleh!ercayaan yang tinggidiandai$an mem!unyai s$or yang
lebih te!at tentang seseorang murid
itu. ni ber$ait ra!at dengan ralat
!engu$uran di mana inde$s ralat !engu$uran yang lebih $ecil memberi
ma$na lebih tinggi dar%ah
$eboleh!ercayaannya dan lebih
te!at memberi$an ma$lumat dan
ramalan tentang murid.
4 5ete$alan (a$tor ini !entingu n t u $m e n % a m i n$eboleh!ercayaan s$or teta!i
s$or yang te$al tida$ semestinya sah,bergantung $e!ada fa$tor6fa$tor
yang wu%ud semasa s$or itu
di!eroleh. 7i$a sesuatu instrumen
ditadbir$an ber$ali6$ali $e!ada
! e l b a g a i $ u m ! u l a n d a n
menghasil$an s$or yang sama atau
ham!ir sama setia! $ali ditadbir$an
menun%u$$an instrumen tersebut
mem!unyai dar%ah $eboleh!ercayaan
yang tinggi.
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
1.- Konstruk
Ko*+ /% & #*! /+/ + /. Ko*+ 9!m&* /m*/ m*/ #*!
*+ o*/+ + +
Ko*+ *+ o*/+ o%/%/+ m+ &+/+/*!!/, + * %/*-%/*.
;o*+o
J//m T/*!!/
Ko*+ *+ + +/ o% /%/+ m+
O%
P*!+*
Km/*
N/%/ + /&
/+, o*+ m*9/
//+ #*! /+* *!* &*!+*, m/* * /m*/ #*! /*!/* /*!**+ /m*!* m%%/ /%*/%/ + /&. &m%9* + m+
Menikut E!el 17372, &*%/ /+m*% 9% +*+*! &
&oo %m m*!/%* 9/* //+
m**+* apa %an inin diukur,* mm+ &+* !aaimana
menukurn%a.
&%9*. Ko*+ #*! / %m /*+m* &*+/* !/+ m+ &%9* /*% &+/
* S+* P%9* 7SP8, **# /& '/* S+*P%9* 7'SP8 + + m+
&%9* ++.
17
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D%m S+* P%9* &%, +m&+ #*! m*9/ 9* +m %mm*!*% &+/ o*+ /% Matlamat *
Ko*+ #*! /+/ o% /+!o/* &
Konstruk
Penetahuan
Ko*+ /*/m*! 9
m* m/ :m* + &
%& m%%/ &o &m%9*.
;o*+o P*!+*
+*+*!+m/*o%o!/
P*!+*+*+*! mo:o%o!/
P*!+*
+*+*! :+ P*!+*
+*+*! +* P*!+*
+*+*! &/*/&* !*%//
P*!+*+*+*! +o/ *++
&9
Kemahiran
Ko*+ /*/m*! 9
m* m/ &#m%* +
%& m%%/ &o &m%9*.
;o*+o Km/*
m*!&%// Km/*
mm+&+*
Km/*mm*/*! ?
Km/*m*!&%//m%m+
Km/*m*!*%//
Km/* m*/%/
Nilai dan Sikap
Ko*+ /*/m*! 9
m* m/ /+ o%mm&m* *m*!m%* /&#*! &o/+/: %&
m%%/ &o
&m%9*.
;o*+o Pm//* !%o%
7&m//* /+/* +/:8
P*!#+* *m%* */%/m*/$
B+/
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
1.-.1 (iri Konstruk =an Berkualiti
!2 Boleh diukur
T& + o*+ %m // m/ &+ /+*+*
d2 Rele$an B/+* *!* &- & #*! /&%9/ o% m/ 9
1.-.& >omain Koniti"
To*om/ O9+/: P*//*B%oom 71
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P #*! /&o% +/ *&. Ke"ahaman
m*9/ !/* /&++ &*!+* %m m*+% K:m* /% o%* o!*/+/: o*!. J/ &*!+* /+ #*! m%/+* &*!!**//m&* %m /*!+* +*& &*!+* +*& /+/ *! &m//* %*9+, * +/ mm%* + +/
&*!+* /+ * % !/m%m+ #*! &%/*! //+!***# & /*/"/ /+.
mm/%* /m&%// +& &*!+* ++.
B%oom * *-**#M%m+ /*/ o% /%* mm!/* :m* &m% %m *+ % &/%/9/ *!* m*!!** /+m #*!
*+ &*!/*!+* m% +%%. B%oom * *-**#mm!/* &*!+* &
& om&o** /% &+/#*! /+
/. P*!+* +*+*!+m/*o%o!/
//. P*!+* +*+*! :+
+/! m/* o!*/+/:, //+ &*+9m*, /*+&+/ *+&o%/.
a2 Penter)emahan
P*+9m* /% o%*
m*#+* + o*&
#*! /+/ *!* &+*
+ /mo% #*! %/*.
A*+ +/"/+/ #*! m%/+*///. P*!+* +*+*! :m* & &/*!+
&%?/m*$o*"*/o*%
/". P*!+* +*+*! +*
". P*!+* &*!%** +!o/
"/. P*!+* +*+*! /+/
"//. P*!+* &m+oo%o!/$
"///.P*!+* +*+*! &/*/&* !*%//
/F. P*!+* +*+*! +o/* ++
&&
&*+9m* /%
M*+9m %/+%/& + &
%/*
M* /& *+ /mo% & *+ "%+ %/*#
Mm %-G*
Mm o m?/
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
!2 Interpretasi
I*+&+/ /% o%* m*!*! /+ !/*-
!/* %m + + om*// * m*#+* %m
*+ %/* 7"% + !:/8 *!* m*!%* m*
+ om*// /+.
A*+ +/"/+/ #*! m%/+* :m* & &/*!+ /*+&+/ /%
M*#+* &*#+*, &/+/w
+ o*& *!* m*!!** o%* #*! +*//, m*!
* + o*+ %*# +
m/*!**# +*& m*!
m* * +9* %.
M*!/*+&+/* *
!:/ &+/ !:,
+, &+, 9%, +*
& *+ "%+ %/*#.
Mm&9% m ++ *!/ +
* o*+.
&,isi_Kemahiran_Aras_Tinggi_TERBARU_jus._Layout 1 12/16/13 2:32 PM Page 32
Nm*
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m/
m/ o%*2 Ekstrapolasi
E+&o%/ /% m/*#*! m%/+* /*+&+/
++&/ m%m&/ m%m+
m*!!** &*!+* ++*+ m*#%/* &m%*#*! . '% /*/ * +
&m%* #*! m*!**!/ //+ %m* #*!
#*! +&+ %m +
om*// **. Km/*
?%m*#.
/& m%
/*/ m*!/%* m%*,
/*:* + *!!*S!/ o*+o, m/ +/ o%*# m** *m + *!
* &m+/*,
&*!%m*, o, +*
*+ m*#%/* &m%* .
+
+ + +* %. D%m /+/ /*/, m/ m*!!** /, o*&, &/*/&,+o/, m, &o *
A*+ +/"/+/ #*! m%/+* !/*# #*! +% /&%9/:m* & &/*!+ *+ m*!+/ ++&o%/ /% &m%* %m /+/ .
Mm+ /m&%* w%T/*! % m/ !/
/& &m+/*, &*!+* * &*!%m*
Mm+ m%* *+, + + !:
Mm+ 9*!* * *+/** %m + /+/
,. Aplikasi
A&%// /% o%* o!*/+/: %m m*!!** &/*/& *!*%// +*+*! + m%
m*#%/*+ +!* & &/*!+ /*/ % &+/
#*! /+
M*!*% &+/ +!* /+m
/. m**+* 9*/ ** +!* #*!//*
//. m*!+&/* & #*!
+/ /+*///. m*#* m% %m
*+ + o #*!m /%/*
%m /+/ . M*!/*!+/ &/*/& +
P &/*!+ /*/, m/ +% &*mm&*#/ &*!+* /
!*%// #*! /+**+ /!**
* &*!%m* %&.
&-
M%*
m%
&*#%/*
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
A*+ +/"/+/ #*! m%/+* &%// &/*/& * !*%// &*#%/*m% /%
Ko%* m*!*% &+/
&/*/& + !*%// #*!
/+* *+ m*#%/*
m% %m /+/
M**+*
%/*!*!* &/*/& +
!*%// /+ / *+
/!**
M**!* :*om*M*!*% &+/
&*!%/* +*+*!
!*%// *+
m*#%/* m%
Mm/*
9+/:// +& +
+/** + &+* %m m%
#*! *!* m*!!**
&/*/& + !*%//
#*! **
#*! *!*m*!!** &/*/& +
!*%//
Mm%* & #*!
* % *!*
m*!!** &/*/& +
!*%// **
&
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-. Analisis!2 Analisis Perkaitan
A*%// /% o%* o!*/+/: *+ mm/* + +om*// & %m* +
!/*-!/**# /*!! + *+ &+%/* *+ %m* + !/* #*! mm/* +om*// /+ &+ /%/+ *!*
9%.
B%oom m-m *!***# mm!/* m/*m*!*%// & +/! &/*!+//+ *%// %m*, *%//
&/+* * *%// o!*//.
a2 Analisis Elemen
A*%// %m* /% m/*
m*!*% &+/ & &oo
#*! +&+ %m +
+ om*// &+/ *!!&*, &**!*, /:+, :*!/, */%/
* !/*#.
A*+ +/"/+/ #*! m%/+*m/* m*!*%// %m*/%
M*!m * m*!*% &+/ :+ /&
&*#+* + om*// M*!m /m&%*
/& &*#+* #*!m*#oo*!*#
M*!*% &+/ *!!&* #*!+/ /*#+* &%//+ %m + om*//
M*!*% &+/ mo+/: %m%/*
&/
A*%// &/+* /% m/*mm&%/+* %/*! /+**+ %m* + !/*
%m + + om*// &+/
&/+*
/&o+/ *!* &m+/*,
*!!&* *!* 9, *
/+ * !/*#.
A*+ +/"/+/ #*! m%/+*m/* m*!*%// &/+*/%
M*!*% &+/ &/+* 9*!* /m&%*
M**+* /*/&o+/ *!* m%m+#*! //* * *!!&*#*! /+
M*!*% &+/ + & #*! %"* *!* &*/%/*
M*!*% &+/ &/+* * /+ %m +
&/+/w 9
M*!*% &+/ &/+* * * %m:*om* o*om/
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
*2 Analisis
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. Sintesis
a2 Penhasilan Set Komunikasi
S/*+/ /% m/* o!*/+/:#*! m*!!*!* %m*-%m* * !/*-!/**+ mm*+ + +om*//. P/*!+ /*/ m%/+*
&o m*#* *m*!!*!* + *+ mm*+ ++, &m*+ o #*! +/ 9%%m*#.
=an 0nik
P/*!+ /*/ /+* *!*
m/* *+ m*!/%*
&o &+/ %/*,
+%/*, /, &/m* +
!/*#.
A*+ +/"/+/#*!
m%/+*
B*/*! *!* m/* m/* &*!/%* +
o!*/+/:, m/* /*+/ %/ /:+ &m//* & *
om*// #*! */ /%
+/:, //+ 9w&* + M*!m* / &m* m/ ! **/.
B%oom m-m *!***# mm!/* m/*
/*+/ & +/! &/*!+, //+ &*!/%* + om*// #*!*/, &*!/%* *!* + +o&/ * &*!/%* + +
&+%/* & +.
&5
&*%/* + &**!* o!*// #*! /
M*%/ &*, /+,*!* + &//
M*/&+ %!
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
!2 Penhasilan (adanan Satu
Set
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/. Penilaian
P*/%/* /% m/* o!*/+/: #*! &%/*! +/*!!/ %m To*om/ B%oom.P*/%/* /% o%* mm+ &+/m*!* *!* m*!!** * /+/ #*! &/w/ *+ m**+* /*, +&+*,&*, ** +*+*! */%/, m*, &*&+, &*#%/*,
&o, &o * !/*#.
B%oom m-m *!* *-
**# mm!/* o%**+ mm+ &*/%/* &
&/*!+, //+ &*/%/* *
"/* %m* * &*/%/* * "/* %*.
a2 Penilaian Berdasarkan E$idens
>alaman
P/*!+ /*/ /% m/*
!2 Penilaian Berdasarkan E$idens
Luaran
P/*!+ /*/ /% m/*mm+ &+/m*!* +&
+ /% 9 */+/ * &/w/* #*! /mo% /*/"/ #*! m/ %m
/*! **. A*+ +/"/+/#*! m%/+* m/* m*/%/
* "/* %* %
m m + & + / m * ! * *!* m*/%/ %/+/ /%m*!!** m%m+ %m ++ om*//.
A*+ +/"/+/ #*! m%/+*m/* m*/%/ *"/* %m* /%
M*!*% &+/ +&+*,
&m* */ */+/.
H%!/m*&* & +*1
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
R9 5 m**9* &*m/* #*! +% /%* o%
Lo/* A*o*.
Terminoloi Asal
P*/%/*
S/*+/
A*%//
A&%//
K:m*
P*!+*
KATA NAMA
Terminoloi Baharu
M*/&+
M*/%/
M*!*%//
M*!&%//
Mmm/
M*!/*!+
KATA KER4A
7 8erdasar$an Pohl, '999, :earning to Thin$,Thin$ing to :earn, !.;8
R9 5
,1
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Lo/* A*o* m* &*!!** + *m & + 9 *
+& ++/*!!/ %m &m//* o!*/+/: % m*/&+. R9 6m**9* +o*om/ B%oom #*! /m m%.
MEN(IPTA
M*#+* %m* *+ mm*+ / +
++ #*! M/&+, m*!!*!*, m*!, mm/*
PEMIKIRAN
ARAS
TINGGI
MENILAI
Mm+ &+/m*!* * /+/ #*!
&/:/ M*!/+/, mm+ /&o+/, mm/ 9$&*&+,
mm+ &+*
MENGANALISIS
M*/** m%m+ & om&o**-om&o** *+ mmm/ ++ o!*//*# * &*!*
*+ om&o**Mm*/*! ?, m*!, m*#%/* m%,
m*!/*
MENGAPLIKASI
M*!!** m%m+ %m /+/ #*! M**9 , m*9%**, m*!!**
MEMA'AMI
M**!* / + o*&M*!/*+&+/*, m/*!*, mm, m*!%,
m**!*
MENGINGATM*!/*!+ m% m%m+
M*+/:, m*!*% &+/, m*#*/*, m*m, m%%
R9 6
S%/* +o*om/ B%oom, +&+ 9! To*om/ SOLO #*! //* o%
B/!! * ;o%%/ 71
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
a2 Tahap Prestuktural
P +& /*/
!2 Tahap 0nistruktural
D / & / * ! + / * /o*! m/ o%m m + & / + *m % m + , + +
%m* #*! //*++&/ ++ & ++ &, + +
m % m + # * ! o * / + 9 . M / + /
m m & * # / : m *
#*! m*%m * m* +*+*! &/+*++.
o*! m/ +/ mmm/ *!
&m%*, m%m+ + & # * !/m*. M%m+#*! /%/+ +/ /+*,+ / + * *
+&/.
*2 Tahap Multistruktural
M/ / &/*!+ /*/m m / % / / m m & *
m*!*!/+* *#
m%m+ + + ?++&/ &*!* ++%*# *! +&+.M/ &# mm+/m&%* * + %/ m%m+ #*!o*/+. I*/"/ 9! &#mm/* &o* +&m% *!* &++!/ #*! +&/.
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d2 Tahap Relational M / m m & * # /
:m* #*! m*%m+& m%m+, + +%m* #*! /m* + & # m * ! * ! / + *
m m%m+, + +%m* ++
& * +* /#*! m* + o*&.M/ o% :// /*+/:, mm+ /m&%**!* * *m%m+, + + *#*! /m*.
,-
e2 Tahap A!strak
Lan)utan
M/ &#* :// o*&+%,mm& m*!*!/+-* * 9 %m
& #*! **++&/ 9! %m /*!
/ % 9*!*.M/ &+ mm+! * % / / , : / /
/ * + / : *
+ / : , & +m*!* *!* + / : , m m + / & o + / , m * /
/ m & % * *m*&**# &/+/ .
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
1.-., >omain A"ekti"
To*om/ #*! %?/m /!**!/ &**!* o*+ #*!m*! om/* :+/: +% //*o% K+wo%, B%oom * M/71
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1.-.- >omain Psikomotor
To*om/ #*! %?/m /!** !/ &**!* o*+ #*!m*! om/* &/omo+o //* o% A*/+ 'ow 7128. To*om//*/ mm&*#/ %/m //+
//. P!*
/. P!*:%+/:
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Psikomotor
". P!*m/ /". K&#*
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&&/
D &+m / + m*! &!* mm #*! &++ //o% +/& *-* #*! *om%. P** ! % &*+/*! %m
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& &*!9/ * &*+/ %/* &+/ Ew Bo*o, '%#*, (!*
* %/*-%/* ++&/ &*!!***# +/ m%. Pm/* /*+m*
&*+/* *# m*o/ * + mm/* +o*om/ #*! &+mm&+/*!+* /*! &*+/* / */ /*/.
,/
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
1. Konteks
Ko*+ + +9 % +m&+ &*+/* + o*+ /+/%**. I m&* !/*-!/* ++*+ m+ &%9* */*% &+/ /& S+* P%9*. Ko*+ %?/m*# /*#+*m*!/+ w* ++*+ %m + /*!. U*+ mm+/* %/&+*#*! m*#%, o*+ /*# /!/* & &o*+.
1./ Aras Kesukaran
D/+*+* * +/! &
P/*!+ &*!+* + m/* 7 :e"el of $nowledge or s$ills8
K%?/m* 7 (amiliarity8
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R9 > m**9* +/! & #*! /&+/m*!* %m m**+* * + /+m KBAT.
Aspek
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atau Kemahiran
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Semakin ke kanan, semakin tinggi kemahiran berfikir diperlukan oleh murid
untuk menjawab item/soalan, maka semakin sukar aras kesukaran item/soalan
berkenaan.
,3
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1.3 Kata Tuas
K+ +! /% + 9K+ +! mm&*#/
#*!
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:*!/ *+ #*! m*!!** /+mm*#+* +!* **. K+ +!#*! * /m&/* o% mm#*!*o% &*%/ /+m. K+ *m* +!*
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++ %/ 9%.
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
(ontoh Kata Tuas
Bil. Kata TuasRespons =an >iharapkan
1
2
A*%//*
A*!!*
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+ &*!+*
3 A& Mm/* m%m+ #*! +
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M*!m* &*#+* #*! o% /9/* /&o+/ /**#
Mm+ &*!m&/* !/ + */%/ &9/+* ++*+
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1>
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Mm/ &*&+ m m*#oo*! +mm*!*!
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
36
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M*#/* *!* + &# m*!* &**9$+o%o
42 L*!&* M*!//* m%m+$*/%/ #*! &/:/ &*! & 9%$9$#+ #*!//*
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52
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P** Mm+ &*#/*
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55
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M**+m* !/* + m*!/+** &o #*! +%M%* &o m*#m*! *!*m*!!** + &m+/
56 P/*!+* Mm+ &m/*!+* & &m*!/+ $+& ++*+
5> P/%/ M**+* m%m+ #*! +/ 5=5<
P%o+Rm%*
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61
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64 S** Mm/ &**!*$/ #*! o%
65
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6> S/& M*!*% &+/ /*/"/ %m o*+ ++*+6=
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S* Mm+ + +* *!* m*!!**$&/*/&$&%*$+m*
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
6<
>0
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Mm/ &**!*$/$&*&+ #*! o%/&%//* %m + /+/ *!*
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+m/*o%o!/M%+* /mo% #*! /*/
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>>
T*+*
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m*!m/% / & & !/ &+/m*!*M*#+* **$+&+* +*!* mm/* +/M*#+* :+ *!* oo*!* +m*9%* + *!* Mm/* + *!* m**9* $ *+ m*m/*#M** + *+ om*// &
+ *+ om*// %/* +*& m*!
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/++&*Mm+ &+/m*!* +& +
& *!* m*!m/% / &%!/ &
m /*, *, %/* +*!*
-,
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Jadual di bawah menunjukkan hubungkait antara konstruk dengan
kata tugas berdasarkan Taksonomi Bloom yang disemak semula.
Konstruk
Menaplikasi
Menunakan
penetahuan6
!ahan6idea6
stratei6konsep6
prinsip6teoridalam situasi
!aharu
--
Kata Tuas6
Kata Ker)a Proses
M*!/+*! M*!/ Mo M**9 M*! / M*9* / Mm*!*
M*9%** M*#m*! M*!!** M*!/+% M*9% *!*
o*+o M*!*!! Mm/* M*#%/* Mm*/&%/
M*!9 Mm+ +* Mm&+/* Mm?*
M*!!** &*!* *!* m
M*#* m*!/++m*
Mm+ 9/*
M*+9m M*!&/m* M*+9m
Stem
B/ o*+o %/* !/
A /*/ %%m C
A& :+o #*!* * 9/ C
A& o%* #*!* * +*# 9/ C
D/& m%m+#*! , / + +*
K*#+* m*#*! %"* *!* C
A& #*! /&#/o% &*%/ C
A& *!**+ *!* C
A& /$ +m !/ C
A& m%*!*C
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
Konstruk
Menanalisis
Menasinkan
maklumat
kepada
komponen?
komponen
untuk memahami
dan mem!uat
perhu!unan
antara
komponen
Menilai
Me@a)arkan
keputusan atau
tindakan %an
telah diam!ilataupun menilai
idea6!ahan6
maklumat6
kaedah
!erdasarkan
kriteria %an
spesi"ik
Kata Tuas6
Kata Ker)a Proses
M*/** Mm/%/ M*//* M*% M*!/*!* Mm+ */* M*#%/*
m% Mm+ /m&%*
M*!w% &mo%
M*+:/ M*!/+/ M*#oo*! Mm Mm&+** Mw9*
M*!9/ M*!*
o*o*!* Mm+ &+* Mm*
Stem
A& :*!/ C
A& &*&+ *+*+*! C
A& */* *m*!*/ ...C
A& % *!!&*#*! C
Y*! m* %/ /$ &*+/*!$%o!/$
$/ ... C
A &*#%/*#*! / *+ C
A& &*&+ *+*+*! ... C
B!/m* *m*!*%/* C
A& *!* *+*+*! ... C B/ %*
A& * ... + C
A& &* * 9/...C
-
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Konstruk Kata Tuas6
Kata Ker)a Proses
Stem
Mereka*ipta6
Men)ana Idea
Mena!unkan
idea6komponen
denan
menunakan
pemikiran %an
kreati" untuk
menhasilkan
idea6struktur!aharu
M*!!*!* M**! M/*!* Mm/* M*! M *+ M*/&+ M*!o*&/* M*!*%o!/ Mm+ !m*
m*+%
Bom*// M*!&/m* Mm+ /&o+/ M*:/*/*
o&/ M*m/ M*%/
Bo% * m
*+. C
(** **// *+
A& #*! % 9/ C
B!/m* %!/* o% +
*+ C
B!/m* * o% m*!9/ C
B& * o% C
1.5 Respons Murid
A&/% mm/* /+m, &*%/ /+m m+/ mm//* :om+ &o* #*! &% //* o% m/. )om+ &o* o% // %m *+/o+omo * &o%/o+omo.
D/o+omo /% m/
mm/ 9w&* +% +
%, + m *+
9w&* +% * oo*!$+/ m *+ 9w&*
%. R&o* /o+omo
% /* *!*
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-/
Po%/o+omo /% m/
mm/ &o* &%!/.
R&o* &o%/o+omo %
*+ /+m$+!* &o*
+ &+/ o%*m*9%** 9/ 9/ $&/m*,
mm&m* +/*,m*!/%* # %/*,m*%/ %&o* 9/*, /%
*!* +%/ * &o+:o%/o.
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
M/ * mm/* &%!/ 9w&*$m*!**! &%!/m*!/** 9w&* +%/.
R&o* /*/ * mm*+ ! mm/* &+*$m &m*#*! / !/ m*!*!* %+ %m &*!*.
1.7 Item
1.7.1 Konsep Item
I+m /% & + %+ #*!/!** *+ m*&+*&o* /& m/ !/"/* /% &m%9* #*!
o% /&+/m*!* %m &*+/* + o*+ + &m/* o*#.
1.7.& Komponen Item
T// /&
78 R*!*!*$+/m%
M*!**!/ m%m+ %m *+ &+/*, 9, 9%,%%.
7///8 P*!!** &%!/ *+ m%m+ 7mi>ed te>t 8 &+/!:, 9%, &+/*, :o+o, %%.
7/"8 P*!!** + #*! %/*!
/+* *+ + m %/*7multi!le te>t 8.
78 T!*
A& #*! &% //* !/
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B!/m* mm/*&o*.
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7/8 P*!!** + &**#$ +* 7continuouste>t 8. S+ #+ % */++/% * /*# #+-#+//* *+ m*9/ +
&*!!*.
7//8 P*!!** + * +* 7non continuous te>t 8.
78 P+* Pm*$SmP*o* 7!/ /+m 9+/:8
K &m/* o m m*!!** &*o* *%/+/%+ / o%/+/.
;o*+o om&o** /+m %&+/ /+
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(ontoh Komponen Item
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
(ontoh Komponen Item Su!)ekti"
S+m 7R*!*!*$+/m%, * * +!*8
M%m+ /+ /+* *!* + * +/+/%*o*om/.
Mm**!*! *!* m*/*!+
+*, * &++% m*! :
* /? +*/ *+ m*!*!* &/*9m*.
7/8 A& * +/+/%* o*om/ ++C1 m
7//8 B!/m* - #*! /*#+* &+m*!w% * +/+/%* o*om/ ++C
6 m
P+* Pm*
7/8 I*:%/
7//8 )1 M*/* :'1 Ko &/*9m* m*/*!+'2 Jm% &/*9m* 9+'3 Jm% +*!* m*/*!+
) - :+' - /*
)2 M*/* /? +*/'4 K&#* * &!*!*
mm/ &/*9m* 9+'5 Jm% &/*9m* 9+
'6 Pm/*+* %/ 9+'> P*w* w*! %m
o*om/ 9+m/mm 6 m
-7
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1.7., Item Peninatan dan Item
Pemikiran
I+m o% /%/://* !/P*!/*!+* 7 Recall tem8 *Pm//* 7Thin$ing tem8.
I+m P*!/*!+* /% /+m #*!mm%* &*!/*!+* *+ m*9w*#. I+m &*!/*!+*m&* /+m * *m/ +/ mm%* KBAT *+
a2 Kelan*aran
Ko%* #*! /&m* m%%/ &*!/%* / #*! *#, &*&+, &**!* * ://* #*! /&m* m%%/%/*, !:/ + +%/.
!2 Kelu@esan
Ko%* m*!m*!* +mm&%!/* + /
m*&+* &o*, *# &**!*, ://* %mmm%* # /*!+*.
I+m Pm//* /% /+m #*!mm%* %o* m*!&%//*
m/* :// *+ m*9w*#.
M/ &% m%* & &o + +/*!+ &m//* &+/
m*!&%//, m*!*%//, m*/%/
&%!/ , +!o/ * &.
*2 Ke)elasan
Ko%* m*!/* /, &*&+, &**!* * ://* *!* +&/*/ /+m+/.
d2 Keaslian
* m*9* / %mm*#%/* + +!* #*!//. Km/* :// % %
* &%!/. Pm//* +/: *
&m//* /+/ % *+ 9*/
m/* :// #*! &%/&m*!* %m // &%9.
Pm//* +/: % /:+
!*+/:. I m%/+* &*!/%*
Ko%* m*!/%* +/, &*&+ * ://* #*!
, % / * *#m&%* /*/"/ 9 #*!m*!!***#.
O% /+ +/& /+m #*! m*!9/m/* :// m/ &%%
& /+/ +&*
&*!/* / #*! + Situasi6stimulus di!ekalkan+& + om*//.Pm//* +/: o% /%/+ m%%/ + Set penetahuan6kemahiran
/+/ &+/ %**,%w*, 9%* * %/*.Kw9* &m//* +/: o%
/%/+ m%%/ &+*9 ++*+.
9
+ Peluan !ai pen)anaan idea
+ Peluan menhasilkan produk
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
S%/*# Pm//* K/+/ % /:+ "%+/:. I m%/+* *%//#*! o9+/:, 9/+ * !/!/ +& +/& m%m+, + * om*//.
Pm//* /+/ o% /%/+ m%%/ /+/ &+/ o9+/:*, 9/+* *
!/!/*. Kw9* &m//* /+/ o% /%/+ m%%/ &+*9 ++*+.
1.7.- Item
*/ #*! //* + m*!m* &o* *//. O% "/* /&o% *!* ! * !m m o /+m mm&mm/* m%m % ! & /*/"/ +*+*! &m*!*//*# /&& o!*/+/:, :+/:, m/* * /&.
I+m o9+/: / /!** *+ m*+/ &*!+*, :m*,m/* /*+%+% * m/* ://.
K &*o* /% */ m //+ *# m%/+* + 9w&* +%, + m *+ 9w&* +% * oo*! m *+ 9w&*%. R&o* m/ % /:+ /o+om.
Kekuatan u)ian o!)ekti" se!aai instrumen pentaksiran
Mm& m%/&+/ o #*!
%
M #*! /&*+*
/!** ://*
P*o* o% /%*
*!* &+ * ://*
E"/* /&o% *!*! * !m m
o /+m mm& mm/
m%m % !
& /*/"/ m*!*/
&m*!* //*# /
& o!*/+/:, :+/:,
m/* * /&
Kelemahan u)ian o!)ekti" se!aai instrumen pentaksiran
H9 **!*
*+ m*
M/ +/ &+
m*!m* / *//
* &o* +
1
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1.7.-.1 4enis Item
Item =an Ber!entuk
Memilih Respons
• Aneka Pilihan
• Aneka Gabungan
• Penegasan/Alasan
• Padanan
• Benar/Palsu
• Isi Tempat Kosong
• Pernyataan Betul/Salah
1.7. Item Su!)ekti"
Item =an Ber!entuk
Menemukakan Respons
• lsi Tempat Kosong
• Objektif Bergred
(?raded =b%ecti"e)
I+m 9+/: /% /+m #*! mm** 9+/"/+/ %m &o* #*!//*. I+m /*/ /!** &# %o* o% mm&m* %m*
&*!+* * m/* #*! /m/%//.
;%o* o% mm/* &o* *!* m*!m* &%!/ 9w&*
#*! /:+ &o%/o+om. O% /+, /+m /*/ mm& //* *+ m*!9/
+& o!*/+/: #*! %/ +/*!!/ &+/ m*+/ m/* m*!*%//,
m*/*+/ + mm+ &+/m*!* +*+*! + & #*!mm%* %o* m*!&%//* m/* ://.
I+m 9+/: 9! mm/* * #*! ! % & %o* *
9 / !/ mm&m* &o*, ++&/ 9! &*9*! + &*
&o* /+.
&
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
1.7..1 4enis Item Su!)ekti" I+m &o* + / *+ m*! o*+ #*! mm%*
I+m 9+/: +// /& +/! m/ m*!!** & *+, //+ I+m R&o* T om/*/ m/* &+/7 E>tended Res!onse8, I+m R&o* m*!/*+&+/, m*#%/*T 7R+/+ R&o*8 * m% * mm+ &+*.I+m B++ 7S++8.
78 I+m R&o* T
I+m &o* + % o*+o/+m 9+/:. I+m &o* +
/:+ &o%/o+om * m*!**!
M/&* !/+, 9 * /*/++% & &%* +!*,+/m% * &om&+ #*! //. I+m
9*/ /*/ mmo%* m/mm&m* &o &m//* /+/* +/: m & &*+/.
&%!/ m*!/** 9w&* P*o* o%/+/ %/ //& m/ +%/. I+m /!** *+ &o* #*!/*/ mm/* * & + * m/ &%m/ *+ m**! *mm*+ 9w&*. M/ m*!m* /, &*&+ *+*!!&* m, m*!o!*///, mm/* 9 #*! %o!/,mm*+*!* &*/%/*
&m//*, + m*!/+* &m//** &*.
Kekuatan item respons ter!uka
M*!*% &+/, mm/%/,
m*!o!*// *
mm&m*
+ & + /
%m *+ +om*//
M*#+ *m*!!*!* &%!/
&*!+*, / *
m%m+ /& &%!/
m &m%9*
m*!*%&+/ * mm/%/ // */ /& &*!+* *//,m*#* / * // /+ *+*# m*%/*# *!* #*! %o!/ * &+ /:m/. O%/+, &+* &m* #*!//* &%% 9%, +&/*/* om&*/:.
M*!/%* +
/ #*! %/
Mm+ &+/m*!*
* &*/%/* +*+*!+ / +
m%m+
M*o/ &%!/ &/%/*,
+ &*+*
!/ m*#%/* m%
,
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Kelemahan item respons ter!uka
P*o* &o* &%9
/%* 9+/:
* o% mm/* *
%o
Mm%* m #*!
&*9*! *+ mm/ o
*/*! *!* /+mo9+/:
Mm%* &m/ #*!+%+/ *+ mm/ o
!2 Item Respons Terhad
Mm%* m/ m*%/*!* *+ +%/* #*!
9% * o% /.
B*+ +%/* #*!
*! 9% *
/ * m*#*
&m/ m*!&/
m% *+ mmm/
/ + m%m+ #*!
/m&/*. I*/ m*!/*
o% m*99* o
m/.
I+m &o* + &% **!* m*!* *+ *&o* m/. B*+ &o* /*# /* m%%/ o& #*! /o%* m #*! /&*+*.
M*% &*9*!*# &o* % / !/ *!* 9w&* #*!//*. B/*# /+m /*/ mm%* m/ mm/* &o* %m+ :, + & #+, + + &*!!*. I+m KBAT 9*/ /*/mm%* & m*!9/ m/* &%//, m/* mm+&+*, m/* m*#%/* m% * m/*-m/* %/*.
D*!* m*!* *+ * &*9*!*# &o* m/, &m*%/ +% * &+ m*/*!!/* o%&#* o 9/*.
I+m /*/ /!** &# m/ o% mm&m* %m* &*!+* * m/* #*! /m/%//. M/ o% mm/ &o**!* m*!m* &%!/ 9w&* #*! /:+ &o%/o+om. O% /+,/+m /*/ mm& //* *+ m*!9/ +& o!*/+/: #*! %/ +/*!!/&+/ m*+/ m/* m*!*%//, m*/*+/ + mm+
&+/m*!* +*+*! + & #*! m* mm%* m/m*!&%//* m/* ://.
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
P*o* o9+/: ! * &*o* *%/+/% %/ / /!***+ &o* #*! ! + / m* 9/+* * +&+* &o*
% /+m*.
Kekuatan item respons terhad
B&# mm:o* +!* /+m & +
+9* #*! .
Kelemahan item respons terhad
R&o* m/ %+. O% /+ /+m 9*/
/*/ *! &# *+
m*+/ m+*!*
&m//* m/
*2 Item !erstruktur
T/ &+
m*!m&%* "/*
#*! m*&/ +*+*!
m/* :// m/
Km*!/** *#
mm/* &o*
m*
I+m ++ % o*+o /+m 9+/: #*! mm** 9+/"/+/%m &o* #*! //*.
I+m ++ /% + // +!* /+m #*! /m* *!**
7/8 T&+ &/+* *+ +/& +!* *!* +/m%
7//8 T&+ &/+* *+ +/& // +!* /+m * &o* +/ #*!
//* m&* %* &o #*! **
I+m ++ mm*+*!* + /+/ + * & &%9
#*! m*!*/ &%9 mm/* &o* m&/ /+/ &m%9*-
&*!9*. I+m ++ o% 9! /!** *+ m*+/ &*!+* * m/* %m + & m %m /+/#*! m, om&%, %?/m * * %?/m. S+/m% #*! %?/m /!**
% %m *+ !m 9, 9%, + %/, !m :o+o * &+/*.
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1.7.3 Rumusan
Se*ara umumn%a item %an !aik perlu mempun%ai *iri !erikutC
T&+ m*+/ & #*!
* /+/
T!* * * 9%
A#+ &*, &+, 9% *+ & m
K*/ 9w&* +/ /:+
&#*!, +%% mm, &%/*!
&*9*!, &%/*! m*o*9o%, &%/*!
%*!&
S+m +/ mm/ &**7%8 & 9w&* 7%/*!
/+m8 + wo o/+/o*
R*!*!* :*!/. I+mm+/ /* &*!*!*
T/ *!+/: !*
T+ +%
L / *!*oo+ m m&%*
M*!!** /+/% #*! /,+/*/ * /+/m mm
T%* +/ //&% / m*-m* m
/
T/ / 9*+/*, +*/,
m&%* o/o-o*om/, %o/
!o!:/
T/ m*#*+ % */+/:
!m, #, +*/ 7+*/8
P/%/* 9w&* omo!* /!/ &*9*! &/%/* 9w&*,
9*/, m&%*
M*#o% & #*! &*+/*!
/ !/ o*+ * /+/.
T/ w9 m*#o% & #*!
+%% +&*/% * +/
mm&*#/ &*+/*!*
J% ++ , #+,&/, +/%
T* *, : , :
/% *% +&+
Bo% m*//m/*/* m/
#*! %/** &#*. B*
/+m +%% **! //+ /+m
#*! /9*! o% /9w o%
m m/ + /+m +%%
#*! +/ o% /9w
o% m m/
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
1.19 Peraturan
Pemarkahan
B!/ /+m o9+/:, *# 9*/ #*!mm/%/ &o*, &+*
&m* /% om* #*!
P+* &m* /% m*!**!/ 9w&* m+m.
om* #*! m*!**!/ 9w&*$o*+o 9w&*, &***+ m*o &o* %o* *
&m!/* o !/ +/&+!* #*! +&+ %m +/&/+m.
S m*#, &m*m%/+* &o &**+*
&*+* o !/ +/& &o*#*! /&m* o% %o*.O% /+ % &*+/*! *+m**9* *!* 9% *+&/*/ &-& #*!/*/ %m +!* /+m ** +*+*! &o* /+/&m*.
B*+ 9w&* #*! /% 9!/+* !/ 9* &
B!/ /+m #*! m*!m*&o*, &+* &m*m*!**!/ &%!/ o*+o
9w&*. P+* &m* !//+m o9+/: ! m*!**!/
9w&* m+m. J/ 9w&*m+m +/ /&o%, &**
m*o &o* %o* *//*.
P+* &m* !/ /+m9+/: m*!**!/ o*+o
9w&*, &** *+ m*o&o* %o* * &m!/* o
!/ +/& +!* #*! +&+%m +/& /+m.
1.19.1 Tu)uan Men%ediakanPeraturan Pemarkahan
&m/ m m*/m*!* 78 M**+* +%*o #*! //* &
9w&* %o* #*! /&/.
P** * 9w&*$o*+o 9w&* * mm*+ &m/m%* &m/* *!*9 +%* #*! +/*!!/ *+
m*9m/* /%* %m
7consistency8 &m* *+o*! &m/ + &o*! &m/ + *+m&%* &m/
78 M**+* +&+* &m/*m
&*+/*. '% /*/ 9! &+ 78 M**9* & #*!mm+/* + &o* /+* //* o #*! mw%&* /&/ o% &m/#*! %/**.
/m/%/ m mm+ &+/m*!* +*+*! 9w&*#*! /m* o% m/
78 Mm/ &*** +Tm* &%, 9w&* /+ *m*9/ &** 7 guide8 * *9* %m &&/*.
&m+* & +/& & +!*
3
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E%7128 m*#+* O% /+, &/*/& &m/* o *
o%&#* 9/* o%/+*+* o% +/! :+o. S+ mm/ m *!+m+ /&+/ *+ mm+/**+*# /% o*/+*/ * 9/* /+ * o% /&#/.o9+/:* & &m/ /&
9w&* m mm/ * 1.19.& Kaedah Pemarkahan6mm/ m. Ko*/+*/ Penskoran
&m/ mm/ m m+% &*+/*!. M*!/+ Hoo 71
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
R/ &% % &** &*o* *+ m*/%/ &+/ m/ * &* /+/ #*! %. I m&* %+ *+ m*!
&o* + /% 9 m/ %m &*+/* +*+/ 7&*+/* #*!m*/%/ * /+/ %m o*+ +!*8. R/ mm&/*/*
+& &+/ m/ * & +/& /+/ !/ & #*!/+/.
R9 10 m**9* o*+o / &*/%/* + /+m.
ASPEK
Aspek 1
Aspek &
(emerlan
3?52
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?/2
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Aspek
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setiap tahap !ai aspek tertentu
R9 10
P #*! %m /&+o
78 K/+/ + // +/*! %
S% m$o % %m *+
#*! +&+ %m + 1. Penskoran
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&. Penskoran Analitikal P*o*
/*/ m*!!**
Point-score-method 2
R/ /*/ / /!** *+&o* #*! ! + / m*9/+* * +&+* &o*% /+m*. P*o**%/+/% /%* *!* o //* m*!/+ &o/*-&o/* #*!+% /+*+* *+ +-++!* /+m.
&*+* &m/* o #*!
m*!m/% / m+ &o* %* * + &/w/#*! +% /++&*. P-
& #*! /&+/m*!*%m m**+* &/w/ /*% &+/, m/* &%!/+& &*&/* /+*+*.
T& &m/* o /*/ /*%/!/ !. 7;o*+o !
;*# % *!* m*!* m%*!, &9/*, /,+ */ m 7chec$ list 8. T/&-+/& + &o/* /+ /+*+* &%
mm*, * %m8. Pm/* mm/ 7mm, m%/+
o*#. So //* % + m**!8 &o* %o**!* * &o/*-&o/* %m&o* %o* +*& m*!m/% /&o* %*.
Jm% %* m *m**+* *o*!%o* */*! *!* &+/%o* %/*.
7R9 o*+o / J% 18
,. Penskoran 'olistik Holistic26Penskoran Mutu KeseluruhanGlobal 2
P+* o%/+/ % /&
&+* ( o%o #*!mmw m %* +&*#. R/ /*/ / &/%
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%*, m/*m*/m*!* ! !/ &o* /+
* &/w/ #*! /++&*.
S+/& &/w/ ! &% +&+ + 9%+ o #*! mm?* &%!/
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7R9 o*+o / J% 28
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
1.19., Prosedur Penskoran
T&-+& &*&/* +%/++&* m*!/+ ! m%*!,&9/*, /, mm* *%m * 9%+ o !/! /+.
Po #*! / % &+/#*! /+
7/8 Pm/ * mm/m&%-m&% /& 9w&*
1.19.- Kesan 'alo 'alo E""e*t2
K* %o m9 :+o #*!mm&*!/ o*! &m/w+ mm/ /& 9w&*,m m*m* +m*!*!* 9m% /& o #*! &++*#.
K* /*/ &+ /*!* *!*- #*! /+
* m*!/+ &* m/*!- 7/8 I*+/+/ %o* //*,m/*! * m**+* !+/& /& * &/w/*
#*! +% /++&*.
7//8 S%& /+, + %!/ m&%*
&m/ * mm/ /&#*! m * %/ %!/,m*!/+ &* m/*!-m/*! * m**+* !
m/%*# m*!!** o !/m*!!*+/* *m %o*.
7//8 Jw&* %o* /&/m*!/+ +-+ /+m &+ m * /-/*#%m + +m&o m 9.
7///8 J/ *# &o* #*!
+/& /& * /&/, &m/ *% &/w/* #*! +% /++&*. %% m9 &+*
7///8 P*/*!*o *+ &m* m% *+
m*!%* +* *- m&%* &m/+ &+ /+/ + &* +/-+/*# &+ /*!* +& #*! m/*/mm.S*# +/ &?*%*!*!.
+%* &m*.
7/"8 B!/ &&/* #*! &*+/*!, &m* /-/*#/+ o% o*! &m/#*! &*!%m*. B/*#
7/"8 S+*# mm+ 9m% /& 9w&* #*! &m* & +-+#*! %/*.
P*o* o%/+/ %* /*/
/ &/% *# &o* %o*
#*! * /&/ ++m 9*/
/+m &o* +. S%/*# &*o* *%/+/% %/ //!** *+ &o* #*! !
+ #*/ 9/+* * +&+*&o* /+m*.
/&*+* % *+ 100/*!! 300 /& !/ o*!
&m/. Ko%/ &m/*o *+ - &m//!** *+ m**+*o%&#* o 9/* !//& 9w&* /+.
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(
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
T0GASAN BERT0LIS
KRITERIA
,MEM0ASKAN2
&
SE>ER'ANA2
1
LEMA'2
SK
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(
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
TA'AP
PENERANGANPEN(APAIAN
>Lemah2
ESanat Lemah2
+ M*!!** #*! /:m/%&o* /+%/ %m :om+ *o+.
T&+ & !/* #*! +/
m*!/+ ** #*! +%.
L&o* #*! +/ %*!&, se!ahaian!esar m%m+ &*+/*! #*! +/ /*#+*.
+ M*!!** #*! *!+ /:m/.L&o* /+%/ %m :om+ *o+.
T&+ !/* #*! +/ m*!/+
** #*! +%.
L&o* +/ %*!&, m&/ m m%m+ &*+/*! +/ /*#+*.
/
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Panduan @alam Pemar$ahan&Pens$oran
1 ar$ah diberi henda$lah ber!andu$an $e!ada !eraturan !emar$ahan dan seadil yang mung$in. ar$ah yang di!eroleh calon henda$lah sete$al yang
mung$in su!aya u%ian itu boleh di!ercayai dan sah bagi memenuhi ob%e$tif
u%ian itu diada$an.
2 ar$ah diberi berdasar$an $ete!atan %awa!an yang diberi oleh calonmengi$ut $ehenda$ soalan atau tugasan ber!andu$an !eraturan !emar$ahan.
7i$a %awa!an yang diberi tida$ mengi$ut $ehenda$ soalan atau tugasan,
walau!un dari segi fa$ta betul, mar$ah tida$ a$an diberi.
3 7umlah mar$ah yang diberi bagi sesuatu soalan bergantung $e!ada tugasan yang di$ehenda$i oleh soalan dan !eraturan !emar$ahan. Sema$in rencam dan
su$ar sesuatu tugasan atau soalan itu, sema$in banya$ mar$ah di!eruntu$$an.
4 ar$ah yang diterima oleh calon se!atutnya sama walau!un $ertas %awa!annya di!eri$sa oleh !emeri$sa yang berlainan. =leh itu, bagi memasti$an !er$ara ini, !emeri$saan henda$lah sentiasa di%alan$an dengan meru%u$ $e!ada
!eraturan !emar$ahan yang disedia$an.
5 ar$ah yang diterima oleh dua orang yang sama $ebolehannya dalam !er$ara yang diu%i se!atutnya sama banya$ walau!un $ertas %awa!an mere$a
di!eri$sa oleh !emeri$sa yang berlainan. =leh itu, !enyelarasan !emeri$saan
ber!andu$an !eraturan !emar$ahan henda$lah dila$sana$an sebelum !roses
mar$ah diberi.
6 ar$ah diberi$an $e!ada %awa!an soalan yang menun%u$$an bu$ti !enguasaan $onstru$ yang diu%i sama ada tentang $onse!, fa$ta atau!un
$emahiran. 7i$a terda!at bu$ti tersebut, ma$a mar$ah henda$lah diberi$an tan!a
ragu6ragu.
> Pemberian mar$ah tida$ di!engaruhi oleh !er$ara lain yang tida$ ber$enaandengan tugasan atau soalan yang diu%i. Antara !er$ara yang
tida$ ber$enaan ialah as!e$ tulisan, $esila!an membaca
soalan, !engenalan calon dan emosi !emeri$sa.
//
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BAB 2PENULISAN ITEM
KEMA'IRANBER)IKIR ARAS TIN((I
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2.0 PENULISAN ITEMKEMA'IRAN BER)IKIR ARAS TIN((I
&.1 Penulisan Item K/* *+
m*!!** &&+/:
P*%/* /+m mm%* %m +/*.om/*/ &%!/ m/* #*!&+ // m%%/ %+/* #*!/*+*/: * /+/% * 9! m%%/
&*!%m*. Po /*/ 9!
mm%* +/"/+/ * +/&/+m #*! //* m*!/+&/://*# mm&*#/ &**++*+ %m + 9/*.
T/ + :om% *+ m*!/%* + /% */ #*!
!, !/+ 9!% *!* &*!/%* /+m #*! /. P/*/& * &** &m/**/+m o% /!** !/
&** m mm/* /+m,
B/& + *+ mm+ &* *m%** + 9*!* #*! %/*.
)o & : #*!* /&+/ /& /#*! * +/*
&** / ++.
B *+ m*9/*/ m*!/%* :.
T & &**!*o*! %/*.
M*#oo*! * m*!om+// o*! %/*.
++&/ &+/m*!* %mm*!&%//* &/*/& * &**/*/% #*! * m**+* m /+m #*! //* /+ / +%/*#.
D%m &*%/* /+m KBAT, &*%//+m *% *+/
:// / % o+. O% /+, +/+
+m #*! &% %m // &*%/ /+m KBAT % &+/ /+
/5
&.& Pia@aian Penulis Item
S+/& &*%/ /+m m+/%mm&*#/ // #*! /+
2.2.1 Mm&*#/ &*!+* * &mm* +*+*! o*+ #*! /
P*%/ /+m m+/% m*!+/*!* / o*+ + &#*! * / &# /+m#*! //%* *-* &+m*! & #*! /&*.'% /*/ mm%* &*%/ /+mm*!+/ o*+ !/ +m+ &%9* &+/ #*! +%/++&* %m J% S&/://U9/* m+ &%9* ++.
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
2.2.2 Mm&*#/ &*!+** &mm* +*+*!
**!* m+ &%9*
P*%/ /+m #*! m*%/ /+m *+ m*!9/ &*&/* %o* %m
&*!* o*+ !/ +m+ &%9* m+/% mm&*#/:m* +*+*! :%:, m+%m+* o9+/: m+ &%9* /+. '% /*/
&*+/*! !/ mm+/* ***!*. P*%/ /+m m+/%m*!*% &+/ +m&+ o*+ /+
* /+/ m %m */+,+m, o*+ * !/*#. S%/***!* m+ &%9*, &*%//+m 9! m+/% mm&*#/* +*+*! /m&%// * 9!% +*!!&* #*! %% +&+%m m+ &%9* /+.
2.2.3 Mm&*#/ &*!+* * &mm* +*+*! 9*/ /+m,// /+m, &/*/& &m/**
/+m * +*/ m*/%/m% /+m
D%m &o &m/** /+m, &*%/ /+m &# *+m*!&%//* &*!+* +*+*!
9*/ /+m #*! * //%* *mm+/* /+m /+ mm*/ < ///+m %/+/. S%/* /+, &*%/ /+mm+/% mm&*#/ m/* *+ m*/%/ m% /+m #*! //**#
*// * /+m #*! //* o% &*%/ %/*.
2.2.4 K+/:
P*%/ /+m m+/% +/: *mm&*#/ # /m!/*/ #*! +/*!!/+ &+/m*!* #*! / %mm*!&%//* &*!+* *m/* +*+*! &*%/* /+m.
2.2.5 M/ %m om*// "%
P*%/ /+m * 9 m*!+/ m* &+*, ++&/
9! &+ m*!!** m* &+* /+ *!* +%. P*%//+m 9! &% mm&*#/ m/**+ m*#* &+* &#&+ om*// m*!/+ &#*! /+* *!* /*!* +&+ m*!/*. S%/* /+,
&*%/ /+m &% +*+*!m*!/** &%!/ /*+&+/
#*! o% /+ +*+*! &+*+ : #*! /!** %m /+m.
2.2.6 M/ %m &*!9* * &m%9* / /%/ 9
P*%/ /+m m+/% +%/+ %*!*! * m/ %m &o
&*!9* * &m%9* / /%/ 9 !/ mm+ &+/m*!*
&o:/o*%.
2.2.> Mmm/ &/o%o!/ &*//* +*+*! /*/"/#*! * m*/ 9/*
P*%/ /+m m+/% m*!+/ &m*!* m*+% %o* #*! /9/*+ m*!/* *m** * /+m #*! /+%/*#.P*%/ /+m m+/% &+m*9*!* &m*!*
m*+% /*/ *+ m*!%* %o*mm+ & +:/*7ambiguity8, mm/* &**7clue8 & 9w&*, + m*! + / % 9*!*. P/*/ mm%* &*%/ /+mmm/* &+/m*!*
& o:/o*%.
/7
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&., Idea Penulisan Item
K*#* &*%/* /+m m%*!* / #*! +&+ &
&*%/ /+m. J% S&/:// U9/*
7JSU8 * /!** *+ mm/* !/ &** +*+*!&/:// /+m #*! * //*.I !/ /+m m*!**!/ &#*! * /+/ * +9 +o*+ #*! * /+/. ;o*+o/ &*%/* /+m % &+/
M*!/* &%*!- &%*! *+ m%*9+* &%9* %& +m+S/9/% P%9* M%#/.
2.3.1 Sm I
D%m * * +/ &*!/%* / +om+/ !/ &*%/ /+m. I m+/ //&++ / * %m &o /*/
&%*! / +/m% + /*&//% m+.
Po mw9* / /*/*% /*!*! m%%/ *-
* &+/ 9*, !/ &** , 9*%, m9%,
!m 9, mo%, %m /+,m/ %+o*/, %&o* 9/*,9/* 9, , *o+
&/*!*, m/*, + ++/+/ * %/*-%/*.
2.3.2 Pm/%/* I
Mm/*** Po *+ mm/%/ / 9%*
+*+*! - *+ *+ *!* &o *+
m*!!%* m9 mm/* /+m. Km/* %mmm # +. mm/* /+m 9! !*+*!& &+/m*!* %m
L?/m*# %m &o &m/** &m/%/* /.
/+m, / !/ /+m /*/ +/ D%m &m/%/* /, &*%/ /+m/++*. S%%*# + /w9 m*+ %m
m+/% m*!m/% / / !//*, +&+*, *,
&m//**#. P*%/ /+m * &*+/*!* 7im!ortance8 *mm+ &+/m*!* / !/ o%* /+m /+m*!* /+m /+ & +9/*. S/**# /+m /+ &+
:*!/ !/ /+m 9/* m &*%/ * m** &o
m*//m/*/* %o*.
I /+m /+ /+* / &/%m*&+/ JSU. I /+m 9!
m*%/ /+m /+ m*!/+ &/://. &++*# /&/%/ *!* * &*+/*!* + & #*! * /9/ *% *!* o9+/: m+
&%9*. A/ %/, / /+m #*!
/&/%/ /+ m+/% m*!m/%/ &#**# *+
39
m*//m/*/* %o*.
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
&.- >e"inisi Kemahiran Ber"ikir Aras Tini
NotaC
Km*+/* 9! * m*m */ o%* #*! m*!9/m/* :// +/*!!/ %m PBS * &&/* wm
/+m+/ %m +m&o +/! +* * +*!. So%*/*/ * * +o*om/ B%oom #*! m*!9/ m/*
m*!&%//, m*!*%//, m*/%/, * m*9*. P*+/*
* /& *!* mm* m/* +/: * &*#%/* m%.
B 4 Pm%9* M/, %m* 6, PPPM 2013-2025
31
T & + & % ! / : / * / /
- m / * : / - / # * !
/ - m - - * o % + o - o & m / - /
+ * + *
! m - *
- m / * : / - / .
P * & +
+ o - o & m
/ - / * & + / ( o !
7 1 < > 0 8 , E w B o * o 7 1 < > 6 8 ,
M # 7 1 < > > 8 , ; : : 7 1 < = = 8 ,
/ * * + R # * R ! ! / o 7 1 < = 4 8
* J o * B % % 7 1 <
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D:/*// Km*+/* P*//* M%#/ &% m*!m/% / /*&+
/& &%!/ & * +oo-+oo &m// ++. O% /+ KBAT/+/:* !/
Fkeupa%aan untuk menaplikasikan
penetahuan# kemahiran dan nilai dalam mem!uat penaakulan
dan re"leksi !ai men%elesaikan masalah# mem!uat keputusan#
!erino$asi dan !erupa%a men*ipta sesuatu.
7B!/* Pm*!** K/%m, Km*+/* P*//* M%#/, 20138
M KBAT :o &
Menaplikasi
Ko%* o!*/+/: #*!m*!!** &/*/& *
!*%// +*+*! ++& + m% +
/+/ .
KBAT
Menanalisis
M*/* + m*++
Menilai
Mm+ &+/m*!* * /+/ *
+* m%%/ &m/* * /+/*.
Men*ipta
M*#+* %m* *+
m%m+ & !/*
#*! %/ /%, m**+* !/m* !/* ++
%* + m+%m+ /+* *+
+ m %/*.
mm*+ + m*#*,
m*9*, m**! +m*!/%* m% %m*& o + ++
#*! .
B* &*&+ * /* /& +oo-+oo &m// / +,KBAR // !/ m/* #*! /&%* o% /*/"/%m m*!/ KBAT.
3&
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
&. Konsep Item
Mentaksir KemahiranBer"ikir Aras Tini
I+m KBAT m&* /+m-/+m#*! m*+/ m/* o!*/+/:m*!*%//, m*/%/ * m*/&+.H%!/m*&* /+m KBAT 9!
o% m*+/ m/* o!*/+/: &%// %m /+/ *+ m*#%/ m% /&*/*. I+m-/+m KBAT m*!9/&#* m/ *+ m*!&%//
&*!+*, m/* * m*/%/%m mm+ &*%* *:%/ !/ m*#%/* m%,mm+ &+*, /*o"/ *
&# m*/&+ +.
J+ /+, /+m KBAT m%/+*o& #*! %, &%!/* * * *!*!* +
m* ++&/ o% /+/ * &*!+* m /&%9/, m%%/ &*!%m*,
* * !/*# /9/*!/ &%* &*+/*! *+ m*!*! m/ :// #*! %/ +/*!!/. R&o* m/% , +/ &/:/, *
o% m*+/ m+ &%9* %/*.
I+m KBAT m*!%* m/mm/ %/ /& + &*#%/* * ++!/ ++&+ %/ /& + 9w&*.
Jw&* #*! // &% +/ +m+ 9% * m/ &%
&./ (iri Item Kemahiran
Ber"ikir Aras Tini
I+m KBAT m+/ mm*/%* + m&/ %*// /+
78 M*!!** +/m% +*/: *+ m*9*m/* /*:* *
&*%* /+/%
Mm/ m%m+ &*#
& m/ *+ m*9* /78 M*!9/ &%!/ +&$
&m//* o!*/+/:
M*!**! &%!/ *+&o*
78 B* o*+ #*! * %?/m
M*!!** /+/ / % /%/
9 M*!!%* m/ :// %/m*%m * * m*!/*!+ m% & #*!
/&%9/ %m /%/ 9
78 B* /+/ *%m /&* /*
M*oo*! m/ m*!!**/% &m%9* / &%!/
//&%/* /%m *+ m*#%/*m% /&* /*
78 M*!!** /+m +/ %*!
I+m ? +/& +*
m*!!** m/* :// M*!!** * #*! /+/ * +/:. m%*!/ * +,
9, %+/*, %%
3,
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R9 11 m**9* // /+m Km/* B:// A T/*!!/.
M*!!** +/m% +*/: *+
m*9* m/*/*:* * &*%*
/+/
I+m ?
+/& +* M*!!** *
#*! m%*!/ * +, 9,
%+/*, %%.
I+m T/
S+/m%
P%!/
Mm&%!/+ +! *+
m*+/ &%!/ &m//*%m om/*
o!*/+/:
B%*!
ITEM KBAT
T& A
Pm//*
3-
S/+/ S* D%m K/&*
'/*
M* m/ *+
m*#%/* +m% /&*
* *!*
m*!!** &m%9* /&
&%!/ //&%/*/%m
Ko*+B* L?/m
M*!!**/+/
/ % /%/ 9 M*!!%* m/
:// %/ m*%m
* * m*!/*!+ m% &#*! /&%9/ %m
/%/ 9
R9 11
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
&.3 Prinsip Pem!inaan
dan Penilaian ItemKBAT
Pm/** /+m KBAT mm%*om/*/ &%!/ m/* #*!&+ // m%%/ %+/* #*!
/*+*/: * /+/% * 9! m%%/
&*!%m*. Po /*/ 9!mm%* +/"/+/ * +/&
Akur Kurikulum
P #*! /+/ 7o*+8 *
%m & & &*+/* /+/%* 7+9$o*+8 m+/%m&* !/* /&/%m. A& /*/ *!+ &*+/*!* !*+/*! /*# &#*! /+/ /+ % /%m m* /%m 7curricular "alidity8
!/ /+m /+ o% /&+//*.
/+m #*! //* m*!/+
&/://*# mm&*#/ &**++*+ %m + 9/*.
T/ + :om% *+
Akur Peluan
M/ &%*! mm&%9/ &#*! /+/ * /%m#*! +* 7M/%%m*. J *
m*!/%* /+m #*! /. (*. J, 1
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K+&+* * 9%* &%mw/%/
T&+ *!* o*+
T&+ *!* +9$o*+
J% 7+&+ 8
Tepat Konstruk
I+m /+ m*!/* "/* #*!
o% /!** *+ m*+/ o*+ #*! /&*. Ko*+ /% & #*! /+/. S/*#
+!* %m /+m /+ m*#*
m/ !!% mm&m*"/* #*! %"* *!* &#*! /+/ m o /+m /+/*!!& +/ .
Tepat Konteks
T9, +m, /*! + o*+m&* +m&+ &*+/*+ o*+ /+ /9/.
O% /+, % m+ &*+/*! *+ mm+/* w m/ /*!* & + / #*!/+*!*. J/ +/, mm*!/* +/ &+ mm/*&o* #*! mm* *
* +/ m*!/ o*+++&/ /* o*+ #*! /*!
!/ m. D%m &m/** /+mKBAT, o*+ 9! m9 &/+/ #*! #*! %%m &/+* /&*/*.
3/
4elas Komponen
K9%* / !/ , ++!, * *!*!* *o&#*. S** &+* *#+ + !m$9 *%mm/ /#+ #*! 9% +*+*!& #*! /%* o% m/+ !/m* &%* /+/&m*. I+m #*! /+%/ /+
&% mm&*#/ 9 om*//#*! +/*!!/ / !/
Ko%**#
K9%* &/
K+%* +/%
K/* /+m /+ &% /*/%/ *
S/ *!*
*
S/ *!* &*+/*!*
S/ *!* /%*7+/ /8
Sesuai Kesukaran
I+m #*! //* m+/% m*&+/ * #*! /+*%m 9% &/:// 9/* //+m * *,* + +/*!!/. ( %o*! #*! &+ mm/*
&+/m*!* &o:/o*% !/+!o/ * + /+m.
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PENTAKSIRAN KEMA'IRAN BER FIKIR ARAS TINGGI
D%m &m/** /+m + &+/m*!* +*+*! &**+*
* * +/!& //+ &/*!+ &*!+*+ m/*, %?/m* *
Sesuai Adil
L*! 9! /m/% *+ mm+/* w /+m #*! /+%//+ +/ / * +/ mm/
*m*. : 7ad"antage8 /+m+/$+om+/ &
S+/& & ++ /+*+* **# +%/ %
!o%o*!*$%om&o$m ++*+%m m#+ m
%m m*+&* m*!/+ , 9*+/*, +m&+ +/*!!%%* +!o/ *
/+m *!* m*!m/% / &- & /+
A * //+ /+m
+ ++ o*om/. I+m #*! /
* m*99* o%&#*/*+m* * o #*! //%*.
P*/%/* /+m &% /% &o
R m #*! o% /9w mm+ &*!/%* +
S
o% !/* m/.A * //+ /+m
&+*!* #*! o%/9w o% m/* * m%*!
A +/*!!/ //+ /+m
&+/m*!* +& %/+/ /+m#*! //* * &/*/&
&m/** /+m * //-// /+m #*! /. Po /*/ /*!* ++&* m /+m /+
78 D/+/m
T#*! o% /9w o%m/ m%*! 9.
S/ /!***+ &m*!*
/*+m* &*+/** //m&* %m
✓
Sesuai Pentin
O% * &*+/* m&*
& #*! &*+/*! * !*+/*!m % &% *+ /&+/*
w /, // **!* +%-% #*! /+*!* %m/+m % m&* &#*! &*+/*! %m &m%9*m/. P-& #*! m-+m + #*! /*! &m +/ /%/+* /+ o% m*#* &*!/m*
#*! *! /%.
* /+m
78 D%m P+/*)5ee! in "iew 6 5*
M+/ /&// *
/*/%/ m%
78 D/+o%
I+m +/ /+/m
KI
✕
33
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35
P r
o s e s p e n i l a i a n i n i
h a r u s ! e r a k h i r d e n a n
k e t e t a p a n s a m a a d a i t e m i t u C
+ > i t