Download - Budget planning and management
Budget Planning and Management
- Noel Lawas MD -
Definitions• Budget
– A statement containing the list of commitments by a body to provide the required resources with a given monetary value, to perform the activities that are expected to attain a given objective.
– In an organization, the budget is the final act of commitment to the strategies it has set forth to do in the future in order to achieve its desired strategic objectives.
Pre-requisites Before Arriving at an Optimal Budget
• A sound organizational strategic plan that considers the available funds that can be provided at the time these are needed.
• Relevance of the budgeted activities to the attainment of the strategic objectives.
• Outputs of the budgeted activities can be objectively measured and assessed.
• Revenues from activities to be undertaken can be predicted with acceptable degree of accuracy
Strategic Planning Cycle vis-a vis Budget Cycle
Conceptual Framework to Budget Planning in an Organization
Strategic Planof the Organization
Program / Departmental
Plan
OperationalPlan
Budget PoliciesCapital Budget
Medium-termBudget Plan(3 to 5 years)
Annual BudgetPlan
Principles Underlying Budget Planning and Management
• Budget as a control instrument of management– Resource allocation: priority setting and
spending plan– Financial control and planning: containment of
expenditure, financial forecasts– Improving efficiency and effectiveness of
organizational resources/activities– Communication: between different levels/units
of organization and its stakeholders
Principles Underlying Budget Planning and Management
• Types of Budget– Income and Expenditure Budget
• sets out the anticipated (recurrent) costs of the institutions and shows the source of funds to cover them.
• annual income and expenditure budget is often broken down into shorter periods for better monitoring
– Capital Budget• Budget for capital projects and acquisition of equipment or fixed
assets• need separate budget and monitoring because it usually involves
major expenditure items and non-recurrent costs• need to consider the effect of capital investment on recurrent cost • e.g., Vehicles, building hospital, medical equipment
– Cash Budget (Cashflow Forecast)• aims to monitor the availability of cash: whether sufficient cash is
available in the bank to meet the payments needs as they arise• based on the income and expenditure budget and capital budget
Principles Underlying Budget Planning and Management
• Approaches to Budgeting (Process of budget formulation)– Incremental Budgeting
• Increase the amount of budget based on the budget of the previous year
• Idea of historical budgeting: historical funding allocation plus adjustment for inflation, usually based on inputs (personnel, bed) not taking into account actual utilization
• simple and little requirement for management and clinical information: incremental budgeting can be used when annual policy and plan is stable
• perverse incentive and reward for spending more (to get greater budget next year)
• lack of incentive for efficiency and effectiveness: little incentive to improve outputs and outcomes, little incentive for innovation and change in management and service delivery
• cannot reflect changing needs
Principles Underlying Budget Planning and Management
• Approaches to Budgeting (Process of budget formulation)– Zero-based Budgeting
• considers the previous year’s budget as zero• re-evaluates all the projects, and allocate budget
according to priority• takes much time and cost• idea of needs-based budgeting: budgeting based
on the resources required to meet health care needs of population (epidemiological and health profiles, needs for health care and prevention)
Principles Underlying Budget Planning and Management
• Budgeting Systems (Budget allocation structure) – Line-item budgeting
• Distribution of expenditure item by item, to make it possible to control budget expenditure
• budget allocation by input classes: salary, drug, equipment, fuel, etc.• usually short-term, no link to outputs or outcomes• Indicators: total cost, % of labor cost…• Pros
– expenditure list and amount is clear and accurate– clear budget and accounting responsibility
• Cons– Inflexible: hard to deal with unexpected incidents or changing needs– Focusing on budget items and monetary inputs (expense items), not
the result of a project → can fail to achieve initial goals of government programs
– Limited attention to the value for money: difficult to monitor and evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of funding
Principles Underlying Budget Planning and Management
• Budgeting Systems (Budget allocation structure)– Performance-based budget
• budget allocation based on outputs (not outcomes)• budget allocation by programs: maternal health, primary care,
immunization, hospital inpatient care, HIV/AIDS, etc.• Pros
– helps stakeholders understand what organization is doing and why– can better establish long-term plans, and use organizational
resources more flexibly– can include performance objectives in the budget– budget as a management tool: compare actual and planned
performance– e.g., No. of hospital admissions, No. of fully immunized children
• Cons– Setting performance is tough: quality of performance indicator,
consensus on performance measure, track/measure performance, etc.
– may be hard to control public expenditure
Program/Operational Budget Planning Methods
1. Create a chart of accounts for revenue and expense with corresponding account codes– Examples
• Revenue accounts – revenues from drug sales, ancillary services, service fees, rentals, donations, subsidies, retainer fees, etc.
• Expense accounts– Personal Services – salaries, hazard pay, Christmas bonus,
13th month pay, honoraria, etc.
– MOOE – transportation, supplies, utilities, services, communications, repairs, etc
Program/Operational Budget Planning Methods
2. Review budget guidelines and policies that may set the environment for budget planning
– Note the budget amount limits imposed under the budget guidelines
3. Identify sources of revenues and develop forecasts for the period covered.
– Note if the use of revenues for each source has restrictions
Program/Operational Budget Planning Methods
5. For each activity identified in the operational plan, compute budgetary requirements specifically needed to implement the activity. These requirements should consider personal, mooe and finance expenses for each activity.
– Note: Some types of expenses cut across different units and programs (eg. Salaries, utilities). In this situation, each of these expenses are assigned to one program or unit. Example: salary and electricity expenses are assigned to general administrative services program.
Operational Budget Planning WorksheetProgram/ Operational Unit: _________________________
Managing Implementation of Budget
Budget Management System Framework
Government Model Private Model
Fiscal Year Fiscal Year
Am
ount
Am
ount
Working Capital
Allotted budget
Expenditures
Expenditures
Allocated Budget from Income
Budget Management System Flow
Request for ExpenditureVerification of
Budget Allotment
Approval of Request
Earmarking of Funds
Start of Procurement Process
Purchase Order
Delivery of Goods / Services
Obligating of Funds
Payment of Expenditure
Operations Management Budget Management
Verify Availability of Funds
Account Payables
Accounting Mgt
Budget Management Activities During Implementation
• Verification of budget allotment– Expenditure requested is within the approved budget– Availability of funds is confirmed based on the
revenues collected and/or the presence of “Notice of Cash Allocation” for public offices
• Earmarking of budget allotment and available funds– The act of setting aside specific amounts from the
available funds for possible future payments• Obligating of funds
– The act of recognizing specific amounts from the available funds as spent.
Budget Implementation Monitoring Worksheet of a Budget Officer
Dept / Unit: _________________________
Example of a Budget Utilization Monitoring Plan(Tools for Operations Manager)
Example of (Tools for Operations Mgr)