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Funding Conservation Success Bruce Sandoval, P.E. NRCS Idaho State Conservation Engineer
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Funding Conservation Success
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Funding Conservation Success
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A note before we begin • Start w IWM and an assumption of a Hydraulic Limiting scenario. • this makes sense because if you don’t get IWM and irrigation scheduling
right, you’re almost always getting the nutrient/constituent side wrong also. typical thing here is wasting plant nutrients by losing them out of the
root zone via deep percolation bad economics bad from a resources perspective because it increases risk that ground
or surface water quality will be negatively impacted
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Funding Conservation Success
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Funding Conservation Success
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Step 1. Have a plan
• annual loading
• how to execute on a daily basis
Step 2. Begin executing the plan
Step 3. Adjust……change course based on
• actual hydraulic loading
actual irrigation system performance
actual rain and/or ground water contribution
• actual climatic conditions and crop performance
disease
insect/pest
weather like frost, wind, heat, etc
Sufficient water & nutrients?
• actual (calculated) evapotranspiration
Step 4. Measure soil moisture, calibrate and reset
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Funding Conservation Success
Step 1. The Plan. It should be based on a Mass Balance
In – Out = Storage
out in
Change in storage
? – for a yearly time step, what is a good assumption for ∆storage
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01234567
Inch
es p
er
mo
nth
Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct
Month
Monthly Irrigation Water Requirement
Gross
Net
Table 4-5 Estimated Seasonal and Monthly Consumptive Use of Crops
for Climatic Zone 1A CUCUMBERS
GROSS NET
Spring date May 10 2.66 1.35
June 5.22 3.97
July 6.82 6.15
August 5.59 4.81
Fall Date Sept. 20 1.58 0.80
Seasonal Totals 21.87” 17.08”
Annual basis
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Annual basis
ET in Non Growing Season
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annual loading analysis can help with crop selection
Average growing season ET for a healthy crop
Alfalfa grass 31 inches
Sugar beets 28 inches
Grass pasture 26 inches
Silage corn 21 inches
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Step 2. Execute on a daily basis • must know more about the black box (the root zone)….. • and what’s coming in and going out….. • so we can decide how much and when to irrigate
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Funding Conservation Success
Daily Water Balance in the Root Zone
SW
out in Crop root zone
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SOIL • storehouse of plant nutrients
• anchor for roots
• RESERVOIR FOR HOLDING WATER Need to get the water into the soil
Need to know how much it can hold
The Root Zone
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For Irrigation Purposes
• almost always talk of soil and soil-water in terms of depth Soil depth is 30”
Soil will hold 6” of water
• Also talk of soil water in terms of % (by volume)
• For water, we normally don’t talk in terms of mass or
weight
The Root Zone
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Funding Conservation Success
A Typical Volume of Soil
Pore Space
Air
Water
Solids
The Root Zone
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Funding Conservation Success
gravitational
hygroscopic
Water Holding Capacity
capillary
Saturation
Field Capacity
Wilting Point
Incr
easi
ng
Wat
er C
on
ten
t
Pore Space
MAD
only use this “depth” of water for
scheduling irrigations (unless we
screw up and let it get too dry)
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Funding Conservation Success
MAD
• Management Allowable Depletion
• Expressed as % of the Water Holding Capacity
• For many crops, it varies with stage of growth
• Ideally irrigation is started right before MAD is reached
• A little bit like a safety factor (for the engineers)
The Root Zone
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So what’s a typical maximum application depth based on 2nd year alfalfa in a fine sandy loam? In other words, if you let soil moisture get depleted to the point of MAD, how much should you apply?
• Root zone for IWM purposes about 4 feet • Water holding capacity about 15% (or about 1.8 inches per foot) • Let’s use MAD of 60%
4 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 ∗ 12𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
𝑓𝑡∗ 0.15 ∗ 0.60 = 4.3 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
The Root Zone
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Funding Conservation Success
The Root Zone
Labs & Consultants, Universities, State agencies… NRCS • local office staff • Irrigation Guide • Web Soil Survey
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Funding Conservation Success
IWR = ETcrop + DP + RO - P SW - GW + L
ETcrop
P IWR
DP GW
RO
SW L
Crop root zone
Back to Step 2, Executing on a Daily Basis…..a closer look at what’s coming in
and going out of the root zone
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Funding Conservation Success
IWR = ETcrop + DP + RO - P SW - GW + L
ETcrop
P IWR
GW
RO
change in
soil moisture
Crop root zone
Going in • Precipitation • Ground water • Irrigation Water Requirement
Going out • Evapotranspiration • Runoff • Deep Percolation • Leaching Requirement
L DP
& in out
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Precipitation • Rain gauges • Weather stations
Estimate Groundwater with • Depth to water table • Soil type
& in out
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The USDA is an equal opportunity provider, employer and lender.
Runoff is bad • Irrigation system uniformity is not as assumed • Risk to water quality goes up • NRCS Idaho can provide some advice
Deep Percolation is bad • Risk to water quality goes up
Leaching may be required for crop production but… • Risk to water quality goes up
ET for irrigation scheduling • Various ways & sources • AgriMet an excellent source
& in out
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Funding Conservation Success
The AgriMet System & in out
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Funding Conservation Success
The AgriMet System & in out
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Funding Conservation Success
& in out
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Funding Conservation Success
& in out
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Funding Conservation Success
& in out
? Can you change the application rate of a pivot by adjusting its speed (changing the % timer)
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Funding Conservation Success
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So how do we keep track of this Water Balance on a daily basis?
“Checkbook method” Water is analogous to money Root zone is the account Soil moisture is the balance Helps keep track of what goes in and what goes out Irrigation is done when the soil-water content in the root zone reaches the MAD level
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Funding Conservation Success
0 10 20
Day
Available
Soil
Moisture
Field Capacity
M.A.D.
Example Levels for
Pivot or Micro
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Check soil water levels
Step 4. Check the soil and reset
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Funding Conservation Success
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The USDA is an equal opportunity provider, employer and lender.
My Farming Experience • Mostly an annual process but, especially with potatoes, we did some
in-season management (adjusting the original plan) • Relied heavily on past experience • Nitrogen the primary decision driver but P, K, and micronutrients also
were considered • Only sampled soil prior to potatoes. Fertilizer dealer “field man”
would take the samples, get analysis done by a lab, then provide recommendation for commercial fertilizer. We often applied less.
• Later we’d have the field man gather “petioles” and adjust chemigation and/or have “foliars” applied
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My NRCS Experience • Mostly related to IWM • Also “waste storage facilities”
Solids stacking, composting areas, etc Liquid storage facilities, most often earthen ponds These facilities require a Nutrient Management Plan
• Helped with the Idaho Nutrient Transport Risk Analysis Nitrogen Phosphorus Surface waters Ground waters
• Nutrient Management (Practice Standard 590) “An annual nutrient budget for N, P, and K must be developed that considers all potential sources of nutrients including …green manures, legumes, crop resides, compost, animal manure, organic by-products, biosolids, waste water, organic matter, soil biological activity, commercial fertilizer, and irrigation water.”
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Funding Conservation Success
INTRA
Index
Fertilizer and Manure Application
Rate Additional Mitigating Practices
LO
W
P can exceed the crop rotation’s P
requirement.
N rates can not exceed the N
requirement for the crop grown
following application.
Restrictions limited to mitigating INTRA
Nitrogen leaching risk factors that score HIGH
or VERY HIGH in the Ground Water Quality
Risk Assessment evaluation.
MO
DE
RA
TE
P cannot exceed the rotation’s crop
P uptake rates.
N rates can not exceed the N
requirement for the crop grown
following application.
Appropriate in-field Conservation Practices to
control runoff/erosion (e.g. residue and tillage
mgt) OR filtering practices (buffers) are needed
to prevent off-site transport.
The field must be prepared to prevent runoff
from the field following application and prior to
incorporation.
HIG
H
P cannot exceed the rotation’s crops
P removal rates.
N rates can not exceed the N
requirement for the crop grown
following application.
Appropriate in-field Conservation Practices to
control runoff/erosion (e.g. residue and tillage
mgt) AND filtering practices (buffer) are needed
to prevent off-site transport.
The field must have a mitigation plan to prevent
runoff from leaving the field throughout the
year. 1
Idaho’s 2013 590’s Table 2.INTRA Risk Criteria for Fertilizer and Manure Applications
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Funding Conservation Success
C. Phosphorus Risk Assessment Criteria.
(1) P-Index Assessment Requirement. INTRA:
(vi) Include the following risk categories:
» Low risk => Crop P Requirement
» Moderate risk = Crop P Uptake
» High risk =< Crop P Removal
For any risk rating, N ≤ Crop N requirement
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Funding Conservation Success
In – Out = Storage
out in
Change in storage
• Mass Balance where whatever constituent you’re considering is the mass
• And now the balance (concentration of constituent) in storage becomes a driving factor in many risk-based approaches to managing application of nutrients
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Funding Conservation Success
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Funding Conservation Success
• As a farmer I had a Nutrient Management Plan (not an NRCS version ).
• I then set the injection pump to place fertilizer into the irrigation water at a known rate so I could add a target amount of “units” of N or P.
• This is exactly the same as knowing what nutrients are in reuse water!
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Natural Resources Conservation Service
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Step 1: Start With a Soil Test
3.1to 5.5%
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What crops are best for taking up nutrients, and how to figure it out?
As a general rule high producing broadleaf forage crops are good at taking up Phosphorus and Potassium. Corn or other high producing grass crops are typically high users of Nitrogen.
IPNI (International Plant Nutrition Institute) web based nutrient removal calculator. https://www.ipni.net/app/calculator/home
Other nutrient removal calculator applications for phones and tablets. (e.g. PlantCalc and AgPhD Fertilizer Removal tool)
NRCS (Natural Resources Conservation Service) national plants database crop nutrient tool. https://plants.usda.gov/npk/main
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Other noteworthy nutrient removal items:
The more yield that is produced and removed from the field; the more nutrients get removed.
Tissue samples can tell you how much of a nutrient are contained in plant tissues. This is useful for determining nutrient content of the growing crop prior to harvest and removal.
If you don’t remove plant tissue that contains nutrients, those nutrients effectively remain in the soil and should not be accounted for as “gone” from the nutrient balance. Stover, straw, grass or alfalfa not harvested, etc
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Funding Conservation Success
High soil salinity can lead to Decreased availability of soil
moisture to plants Plant toxicity Reduced plant uptake of essential
nutrients Negative impacts to soil structure,
which leads to reduced infiltration capacity and permeability
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Funding Conservation Success
My NRCS experience has been related to effects on infiltration rather than on other presentations of salts and salinity problems
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Funding Conservation Success
Goal of Water Management for Salinity • to maintain the salinity
within limits that neither allow excess drainage nor reduce crop growth.
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Funding Conservation Success
IWR = ETcrop + DP + RO - P SW - GW + L
ETcrop
P IWR
DP GW
RO
change in
soil moisture
Crop root zone
Going in • Precipitation • Ground water • Irrigation Water Requirement
Going out • Evapotranspiration • Runoff • Deep Percolation • Leaching Requirement
L DP
& in out
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Leaching fraction (Lf)
• The ratio of the depth of drainage water, or deep percolation through the root zone, to the depth of infiltrated water
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Leaching Requirement
• The depth of water passing through the root zone needed to prevent yield reduction
• Think of it as intentional deep percolation
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0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Cro
p S
alt
Tole
rance L
eachin
g V
alu
e (
dS/m
)
Salinity of Applied Water (dS/m)
LF=0.05
LF=0.10
LF=0.15
LF=0.20
LF=0.30
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Funding Conservation Success
Some common salt tolerant crops
• barley • wheatgrass • bermudagrass • sugar beets • sorghum • wheat
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Funding Conservation Success