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Brine/Concentrate ManagementTechnologies and TrendsTroy Walker – Hazen and Sawyer
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Acknowledgements
Kevin AlexanderHazen and Sawyer
Buddy BoysenHazen and Sawyer
Rick StoverGradiant
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Agenda
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Drought
Earth Imaging Journal 2013
Population Growth Fresh Water Reduction
Challenging water quality
Alternative Supplies Required
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Considerations for Sustainable WaterSimple Costs Sustainable
Conservation
Traditional Recycled
Groundwater
Urban Runoff
Advanced Reuse
Seawater
Imported
High Recovery
Conservation
Traditional Recycled
Groundwater
Urban Runoff
Advanced Reuse
Seawater
Imported
High Recovery
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Desalination (Salt Removal) Technologies
Groundwater
Advanced Reuse
Seawater
High Recovery
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Solid Growth in Desalination Application
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Salt Removal Technologies
Reverse Osmosis
Electrodialysis
Electrodialysis Reversal
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Electrodialysis
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What Do Technologies Have in Common?
• Low TDS (total dissolved solids) Product Water• 75-85% of Flow• Concentrated Saline Waste Stream• 15-25% of Flow is concentrate waste
Feed Pump
Feed
Concentrate
PermeateSystem
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Main culprits:• Alkaline scales: CaCO3 / Mg(OH)2
• Non-alkaline: CaSO4
• Sparingly soluble: BaSO4/SrSO4/CaF2
• Silica (gel & colloidal)• Ca3(PO4)2 – (Water Reuse)
Control techniques:• Antiscalant (threshold inhibitor)• pH Control (usually acid dosing)• Limit maximum recovery
Why so much concentrate ?Scaling
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For Inland Systems Disposal Can be Highest Cost
Inland desalination operating cost per 1000 gallons of RO permeate - RO with brine disposal to sewer at average US commercial sewage tariffs.
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US Concentrate Disposal
What do we do with Concentrate (Brine) in the USA?
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NormalUp to 85%
Concentrate MinimizationUp to 98%
ZLDNo Brine
Costs of Increasing Recovery
Reverse OsmosisEDR
CCD, Batch ROMembrane DistillationControlled Scale RO, Interstage Lime, Many Others
EvaporationThermal – Brine Concentrators and Crystallizers
SYSTEM COMPLEXITY
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What Does Increasing Recovery Cost ?
6.7
20
40
100959085
Controlled Scaling RO3 Stage
RO
CCD/Desalitech
InterstageLime
Batch RO
10
60
Brine Conc./
Crystallizer
1.2 MGD 0.8 MGD 0.4 MGD 0.0 MGDBrine Flow Decreases
Salt
Conc
entr
atio
n Fa
ctor
Water Recovery
COST
$
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Minimizing the Concentrate
Strategies to Increase Recovery
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Controlled Scaling RO• Achieves 93% water Recovery – WRD Vander Lans, CA• Scale is controlled by permeate flushing• Dispose of membranes every 2 years
Primary RO Controlled Scale RO
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Hybrid Membrane NF
• Achieved 98% Recovery – Signal Hill, CA• Scale is controlled by passing salts in stage 1,2• Stage 3 concentrates silica and CaCO3
3rd Stage1st Stage To ProductTank and PS
To LACSD Sewer
From Well
2nd Stage
Low Rejecting Membrane High Rejecting Membrane
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Signal Hill – Hybrid Membrane Approach
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PeriodicBrine Waste
CartridgeFilter
Reverse Osmosis
Brine RecycleSystem
AcidAntiscalant
RO FeedPump
Closed Circuit Desalination(CCD)
• Achieving 96-97% Recovery on WW Effluent Conc.• Pilots at Gila Bend, AZ, Padre Dam MWD
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Interstage Lime• Achieved 95% water Recovery – Phoenix Pilot• Solids Contact Clarifier• Silica Removal was better than predicted
Lime Sludge
RO FeedPump
Primary RO
HighPressure ROMF
Lime
MF
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Interstage Pellet Lime
Lime Sludge
RO FeedPump
Primary RO
HighPressure
RO
MFLime
CaCO3Seeds
• Crystalactor – Interstage Lime Pellet• Installed at Chino Desalter Authority –
Chino, CA• $50M for 1.7 MGD of Treatment
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Zero Discharge Desalination (ZDD)
• Veolia/Kruger• Dr. Tom Davis
UTEP
Capelle et al, AMTA 2013
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ZDD
Primary RO
EDM
Primary MF
BackwashRecovery System
FromEQ
To WWTP
Solids to
Landfill
Sodium Chloride Salt
Recycle
Solids Collection and
Handling
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Concentrate
Well Pump
CartridgeFilter
Reverse Osmosis
V-SEP
VSEP Feed Pump
Vibratory Shear Enhanced Process (V-SEP)
• Use proprietary vibration to reduce boundary layer• Tested by USBOR in Tucson
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Disc Tube Reverse Osmosis
Concentrate
Well Pump
CartridgeFilter
Reverse Osmosis
DTROFeed Pump
Crosstek
Crosstek
Used currently in landfill leachate
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Membrane Distillation
• Use Temperature Differential
Concentrate
Well Pump
CartridgeFilter
Reverse Osmosis
VMDFeed Pump
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Humidification - Dehumidification
Gradiant – Carrier Gas Extraction
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Well Pump
CartridgeFilter
AnionExchange
High RecoveryRO
CausticCationExchange
Concentrate
HERO is a registered trademark of Debasish Mukhopadhyay
High Efficiency RO HERO™ by Aquatech
• Remove Cations first, then Anions• Caustic to keep silica in solution• 98% or greater
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OPUS ™ - Kruger Process
Water Source
Feed Pump
CartridgeFilter
Media Filtration
Ion Exchange
High RecoveryRO
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Forward Osmosis
Pendergast, 2018 (Oasys) Mostly Oil and Gas
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Concentrate Disposal
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Concentrate Pipelines
Menifee/Perris I Desalter
Perris II Desalter
SJVRWRP IPR
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Deep Well Injection
• El Paso has injection for K. Bailey Hutchison RO Plant
• 22 miles from plant• 3 mgd• 3,800 ft deep• $19 M construction (20%)
LevelTransmitter
FlowTransmitter
Monitoring Well
From TreatmentPlant
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Pond Evaporation
Evaporation Ponds
• 1-2 inches perday in Arizona
• Intel – Chandlersince 1996
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Semi Enhanced Evaporation
• 6 inches per day in Arizona• Maintained by Equipment
Vendors
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Fully Enhanced Evaporation
• Up to 30 times evapotranspiration
Evaporation Ponds
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Wind Aided Evaporation
• Up to 20 time Eto• Considering at Intel in
Arizona
Evaporation Ponds
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Concentrator Technologies
• Single Effect Evaporators/Multi-Effect Evaporators• Thermal Vapor Recompression• Mechanical Vapor
Recompression
VaporCompressor
Brine Concentrator
Heat Exchanger
Waste Brine
RO Brine
Product Water
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Typical Costs
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Recovery of Products
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Potentially Recoverable Salts
Capelle (UTEP) et al 2013.
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Purity Requirements for Sale
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Enviro Water Minerals – El Paso• Add in three more from memo.
Courtesy Enviro Water Minerals
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Significant Facility
Courtesy Enviro Water Minerals
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Questions?
Troy Walker
Water Reuse Practice Leader | Hazen and Sawyer 1400 E. Southern Avenue, Suite 340, Tempe, AZ 85282480-436-7959 (main) | 480 340-3270 (cell) | 480 648-2629 (fax)[email protected]