Download - Brief History of Plastination in Kyrgyzstan
7/23/2011 1Toledo
Georgii Belov, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Pathologic Morphology, Kyrgyz-Russian Slavonic University,
Dinara Idarova, Institute of Polymeric Technologies, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
Brief History of Plastination
in Kyrgyzstan
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Reasons for Locating the Centre for Plastination in Kyrgyzstan.
Secular society structure.
Unusual burial traditions.
Strong level of medical education compared to regional standards.
Low labor cost for medical doctors.
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Majority of Kyrgyz people identify with
Muslim religion.
Christianity is the second most common
religion.
However, the societal and political structure is
very secular.
Traditions, rather than religion, define
behavior.
Secular society structure
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Burial Traditions in Kyrgyzstan Historically, bodies of the
deceased were not buried.
Remains were kept in ceramic vessels.
Burana tower, main shrine of Kara-Khanids of Balasugan, holds many such vessels from 9-13th centuries A.D.
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Burial Traditions of Kyrgyzstan
In Muslim traditions, bodies
are buried on the day of
death before sunset.
By contrast, nomadic
Kyrgyz people awaited
relatives of the deceased to
come to the funeral.
Kyrgyz people employed
primitive embalming
methods and death masks.Golden death mask of Shamsin
clad.
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~2,500 Medical Doctor graduates
per year for a population of
~5,000,000.
Many graduate leave Kyrgyzstan for
better opportunities.
Medical education in Kyrgyzstan
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Majority of medical doctors are employed by the state.
State salary for a pathologist is $1200 per annum (2002).
Kyrgyzstan was deemed a favorable location for the Centre for Plastination.
Medical system in Kyrgyzstan
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Soviet LegacyKyrgyz Medical Academy has a history of scientific work pertaining to medical displays/museums.
Yuri Lopuhin, graduate of Kyrgyz Medical Academy and later at Moscow Medical Institute of Pirogov, was responsible for care of Lenin’s mummy in Red Square.
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Recent History of Plasitinaion
New developments in morphological specimens are associated with the plastination methods developed and patented by Dr. Gunther von Hagens.
Centre for Plastination in Kyrgyzstan was opened in 1997, at the department of topographical anatomy, State Kyrgyz Medical Academy .
Many medical doctors and biologists were trained for preparation of plastination specimens.
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Recent History of Plasitinaion
In 1998, the first hall of the
Plastination Museum was opened.
In 2000, the second hall was
opened.
This has been the largest investment
project in medicine in Kyrgyzstan.
The newest technologies of
sectional, 3-dimensional and
corrosion anatomic specimens
developed by Dr. Gunther von
Hagens have been introduced for
teaching and research process.
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The Museum of Plastination in Bishkek
The Museum of
Plastination
established in
Bishkek has more
than 1500
plastinated
specimens, including
15 whole anatomic
bodies.
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Teaching specimens
plastinated in Kyrgyzstan.
Focus on detailing of nervous, circulatory, and muscle system.
The Museum of Plastination in Bishkek
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Initially, the plastination process was done by the existing staff in the morphology department and even medical students (Centre of Plastination).
Later, the Institute for Morphology and Polymer Technology was created and separate staff was engaged for the Institute. Management, bookkeeping, and museum professionals were hired.
I, Georgii Belov, was the Director of the newly created Institute.
I worked in that function from January 2002.
The Museum of Plastination in Bishkek
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The Museum of Plastination in Bishkek
The Museum became a place for training of first year students, but also for practicing physicians and surgeons.
Mobile training sessions on several topics were organized for students of other universities, schools, and colleges.
Many foreign guests, physicians and laypersons, people of different faiths expressed their delight.
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Visitors to the museum in 2003 were surveyed anonymously.
500 visitors:
234 – medical students
74 – other higher education
students
83 – high school students
40 – medical doctors
34 – other medical professionals
35 – unrelated to medicine
As seen from the graph on the right, 486 visitors agree to the need for the museum for medical education, 4 disagreed, and 10chose not to answer.
Survey: Need for the Center for Plastination to the Medical Education
97%
1% 2%
Yes No chose not to answer.
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Survey: Attitude Towards Utilization of Plastinated
Specimens
90% showed positive response.
7% were neutral.
3% were against.
.
90%
3% 7%
positivt against neutral.
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Multiple Response Survey: Preferred tools for Independent Learning Anatomy. 88% favored human
anatomical specimen (including plastinated specimens).
3% were against using human specimens.
17% also favored anatomical atlases.
12% also favored other graphic tools.
16.5% also liked artificial models of organs.
234 medical students from the original data were surveyed.
0 20 40 60 80 100
favored human anatomical specimen
against using human specimens
also favored anatomical atlases
also favored other graphic tools
liked artificial models of organs
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Plastinated Human Specimens versus Other Human Specimens
7% of medical students (surveyed in the previous
graph) did not favor plastinated sepcimens over
traditional preparations.
This is due to the fact that the Department of
Pathological Anatomy at the State Medical Academy
has a unique collection of specimens. These
specimens were collected over a long period of time
and represent very unusual pathologies.
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Multimple Response Survey: Benefits of Plastination
Specimens over Specimens Prepared in Formalin
Lack of smell and other undesirable sensory inputs (touch) – 54.7%.
Longevity and ease of use –49.5%
High illustrative quality –33.2%
Higher tolerance, among first-year students, allowing to overcome the psychological barrier–29%
No benefits – 2.6%
Same sample set of 234 medical student visitors.
Survey allowed for multiple responses.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Lack of smell and other undesirable
sensory inputs
Longevity and ease of use
High illustrative quality
Higher tolerance
No benefits
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95.3% recommended periodic renewal/addition of specimens.
71% wanted direct involvement in preparation of specimens.
92% agreed that visits to the Museum increase awareness about healthcare among general public.
73.8% agreed that the Museum should be open to general public.
Only 9.4% believed that access should be limited to medical profesionals and academic visitors.
Multiple Response Survey: Recommendations/Comments
for the Plastination Museum
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Survey: Attitude Towards Donation of Body (Not Specified Use). 21% of non-medical professionals visitors were open to body
donation.
11% of non-medical professionals were against.
8% of medical professionals were open to body donation.
15% were against.
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Involvement of Politicians The legal basis concerning
anatomic specimens in Kyrgyzstan was imperfect in the early 2000’s.
President (rector) of the State Medical Academy in Kyrgyzstan was also a senator in the Kyrgyz Parliament.
He actively questioned the misuse of the money provided by the World Bank for the medical reform in Kyrgyzstan.
Retaliatory involvement of politicians in research and teaching process broke off all activity on plastination.
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Politicians Involvement in the Centre for Plastination
Senior Advisor to the
President (1999-
2005)
O.I. Ibraimov
Representative to the Kyrgyz
Parliament, Leader of Afgan War
Veterans Party (2000-2010).
Currently arrested and being
prosecuted for corruption.
President of the
State Medical
Academy
I. Akylbekov
Died 01/16/.2010
Chief of Stuff,
President’s Office
(2002-2005)
K. D. Djanuzakov
Currently arrested and being
prosecuted for corruption.
Senior advisor wanted the President of the Medical Academy removed due to his activities as a senator, questioning grant allocations.
The Centre was used to the remove the President of the Academy through criminal proceedings on organ trafficing.
The Centre was accused of acting as a front for stealing and exporting human organs to Germany.
After the President of the Academy was removed and the Centre was closed, criminal proceedings halted.
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Current State of Education Using Human Specimens.
Use of human organs, including surgical amputated material and placenta, are restricted by health legislation.
Quality of teaching and learning the anatomy has decreased.
The sanitary and technical state of morgues has worsened, and problems of temporary storage and burial of unclaimed corpses remain unsolved.
It isn’t work for visitor
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Current Focus on Animal Specimens.
Some of the trained personnel are currently working on a private enterprise with a focus on animal specimens.
Technologies by Dr. Von Hagens are being used and further developed, but only with animal specimens.
Scientific work is focused on perfecting corrosion-based plastination methods.
Historically, animal species were used as models for human diseases. This technology furthers this tradition but allows for superior and unmatched illustrative quality.
Focus on animal species is not limited to anatomy. Specimen developed with this technology can be employed in evolutionary biology, experimental pathology.