Breeding beans for nutritional quality, drought tolerance and
productivity in Kenya
Paul Kimani1, A. Warsame1, P. K. Waidhima2, M. Njiru2 and J.W. Mwangi1
1Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection,College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi
2 Trufoods LtdNairobi, Kenya
First Bio-Innovate Regional Scientific ConferenceUnited Nations Conference Centre (UNCC-ECA)Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 25-27 February 2013
Contents
• The Hidden Hunger problem• Objectives & Strategy• Population development and Selection• Results highlights• Future Directions• Acknowledgements
2
The ‘Hidden Hunger’ problem• Micronutrient deficiency affects over 2 billion people in the world• Serious health challenge affecting vast areas of Africa- mainly resource poor
women and children• Fe, Zn, protein and Vitamin A deficiencies most frequent• Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) prevalence :
– Eastern/Southern Africa: 6- 88%– West/Central Africa: 7-58%– Lowest: 8 % Ethiopia– Highest: 67% Tanzania, 69% Burundi and 88% in Malawi
(IDRC, 2001)• Biofortified cultivars are probably the most effective, sustainable
and potentially long-lasting strategy for reducing micronutrient deficiencies in Africa– Breeding programs can introduce and disseminate new bean cultivars with
natural ability to concentrate high iron and zinc in their seeds to ensure: Regular access Low cost Sustainable Main demerit: cost of cultivar development
3
Objectives & StrategyGoal: Contribute to reduction in micronutrient malnutrition (‘hidden hunger)
in SSA which affects more than 2 billion people world wide
Objectives:• Transfer high Fe , Zn trait to commercial cultivars and landraces• Combine with resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses: root rots,
angular leaf spot, anthracnose, bean common mosaic virus, common bacterial blight, drought tolerance and canning quality
Strategy:• Crosses among mineral dense lines and sources of resistance to biotic
and abiotic stresses with commercial cultivars Mineral x (biotic/abiotic x commercial cultivars)
• Screen for high mineral density in advanced lines and populations segregating for resistance to multiple resistance to biotic and abiotic stress factors and farmer/consumer preferred traits
4
Population development & Selection
2009-
2010F1-F4
• 47 Population Bulks advanced to F4 generation• Fe & Zn Mineral analysis• Disease screening
2011F5-F6
• LR 2011: Disease screening & SPS• SR 2011: Drought evaluation at Kabete Field Station
2012
F7-F8
• LR 2012: Drought testing under stress and non-stress conditions at Kabete and Thika
• SR 2012: AYT at Kabete, Thika, Meru, Nakuru and Tigoni
5
New F2 and F3 PopulationsCross No of F2 and F3
Populations
MLB 49 89A X KAB 31 10
Maharagi Soja x KAB 22 7
Nakaja X KAB 21 8
AND 620 x KAB 29 6
Simama x KAB 15 7
Gofta x KAB 36 9
TOTAL 47
• KAB – single and double cross male gametes with genes for:– Resistance to biotic stresses– Drought– Growth habit– Tolerance to low soil fertility– Commercial grain types
• Fe & Zn sources- 2800 landraces, accessions, varieties, breeding lines screened for Fe & Zn (2001-2008)
– AND 620 and Maharagi Soja had the highest Fe concentration across locations and seasons (>70ppm)
– VNB 81010 had the highest Zn concentration in all test sites and seasons (>35 ppm)
6
KAB male gametic combinations- 39
Cross No Genotype Pedigree
Stand at harvest
Yield/plot [g]
1639 MLB 49/89A x KAB 44 MLB 49/89A (CANADIAN WONDER x MEX 54)F1 // (CANADIAN WONDER x VUNINKINGI)F1 46 393.261640 GOFTA x KAB 37 GOFTA (LYAMUNGU 85 x RWR 719)//(LYAMUNGU 85x SCAM 80CM/15) F1 x UMUBANO) 34 328.69
1641 GOFTA x KAB 49GOFTA (SELIAN 97 x MEX 54//SELIAN 97 x VUNINKINGI)FI x (SELIAN 97 x VUNINKINGI//SELIAN 97 x RWR 719)F1 31 230.82
1642 SIMAMA x KAB 48 SIMAMA (CANADIAN WONDER x MEX 54 // CANADIAN WONDER X VUNINKINI)F1 x AND 1055) 34 156.891643 AND 620 x KAB 27 AND 620 (LYAMUNGU 85 x VUNINKINGI)//(LYAMUNGU 85 x MEX 54)F1 x RWR 719) 46 349.391644 AND 620 x KAB 25 AND 620 (LYAMUNGU 85 x VUNINKINGI)//(LYAMUNGU 85 x RWR 719)F1 x MEX 54) 44 442.441645 AND 620 x KAB 48 AND 620 (CANADIAN WONDER / MEX 54 x AND 1062)F1 x UMUBANO) 60 334.871646 MLB 49/89A x KAB 29 MLB 49/89A (LYAMUNGU 85 x VUNINKINGI)F1 xAND 1062) x MEX 54) 30 116.361647 GOFTA x KAB 25 GOFTA (LYAMUNGU 85 x VUNINKINGI)//(LYAMUNGU 85 x RWR 719)F1 x MEX 54) 41 206.321648 NAKAJA x KAB 27 NAKAJA (LYAMUNGU 85 x VUNINKINGI)//(LYAMUNGU 85 x MEX 54)F1 x RWR 719) 66 387.251650 MLB 49/89A x KAB 30 MLB 49/89A (LYAMUNGU 85 x VUNINKINGI)F1 x ( MEX 54 x G5686)F1 41 180.651652 NAKAJA x KAB 30 NAKAJA (LYAMUNGU 85 x VUNINKINGI)F1 x ( MEX 54 x G5686)F1 38 376.231653 GOFTA x KAB 26 GOFTA (LYAMUNGU 85 x VUNINKINGI)//(LYAMUNGU 85 x MEX 54)F1 x AND 1055) 37 243.861654 GOFTA x KAB 30 GOFTA (LYAMUNGU 85 x VUNINKINGI)F1 x ( MEX 54 x G5686)F1 39 284.081655 MLB 49/89A x KAB 37 MLB 49/89A (LYAMUNGU 85 x RWR 719)//(LYAMUNGU 85x SCAM 80CM/15) F1 x MEX 54) 36 302.951656 MLB 49/89A x KAB 31 MLB 49/89A (LYAMUNGU 85 x VININKINGI)//(LYAMUNGU 85x SCAM 80CM/15) F1 x MEX 54) 45 388.34
1658 SIMAMA x KAB 49SIMAMA (SELIAN 97 x MEX 54//SELIAN 97 x VUNINKINGI)FI x (SELIAN 97 x VUNINKINGI//SELIAN 97 x RWR 719)F1 30 223.08
1660 MLB 49/98A x KAB 15 MLB 49/89A (GLP 2 x VUNINKINGI)F1 x (GLP 2 x MEX 54)F1 40 341.151661 MLB 49/98A x KAB 27 MLB 49/89A (LYAMUNGU 85 x VUNINKINGI)//(LYAMUNGU 85 x MEX 54)F1 x RWR 719) 30 251.541662 NAKAJA x KAB 36 NAKAJA (LYAMUNGU 85 x RWR 719)//(LYAMUNGU 85x SCAM 80CM/15) F1 x UMUBANO) 41 337.781663 GOFTA x KAB 48 GOFTA/[ (CANADIAN WONDER / MEX 54 x AND 1062)F1 x UMUBANO) * *1664 SIMAMA x KAB 35 SIMAMA (LYAMUNGU 85 x UMUBANO)//(LYAMUNGU 85 x MEX 54)F1 x RWR 719) 26 162.781665 G 2333 x G 10474 G 2333 x G 10474 * *
1666 AND 620 x KAB 49AND 620 (SELIAN 97 x MEX 54//SELIAN 97 x VUNINKINGI)FI x (SELIAN 97 x VUNINKINGI//SELIAN 97 x RWR 719)F1 49 246.19
1667 SIMAMA x KAB 49SIMAMA (SELIAN 97 x MEX 54//SELIAN 97 x VUNINKINGI)FI x (SELIAN 97 x VUNINKINGI//SELIAN 97 x RWR 719)F1 19 149.76
1668 MLB 49/89A x KAB 35 MLB 49/89A (LYAMUNGU 85 x UMUBANO)//(LYAMUNGU 85 x MEX 54)F1 x RWR 719) 28 146.381669 MLB 49/89A x KAB 48 MLB 49/89A (CANADIAN WONDER / MEX 54 x AND 1062)F1 x UMUBANO) 23 119.551670 NAKAJA x KAB 30 NAKAJA (LYAMUNGU 85 x VUNINKINGI)F1 x ( MEX 54 x G5686)F1 30 277.571671 NAKAJA x KAB 22 NAKAJA (LYAMUNGU 85 x RWR 719) F1//(LYAMUNGU 85x SCAM 80CM/15) F1 23 187.821673 AND 620 x BRB 85 AND 620 x BRB 85 42 231.53
1674 AND 620 x KAB 49AND 620 (SELIAN 97 x MEX 54//SELIAN 97 x VUNINKINGI)FI x (SELIAN 97 x VUNINKINGI//SELIAN 97 x RWR 719)F1 38 149.5
47 New Biofort populations with Multiple Stress resistance advanced to F4 generation at Kabete
Variation for Fe & Zn in early generations
Population/male gamete
Fe (ppm) Zn (ppm) Protein (%)
KAB 2 30-105 10-40 18-26
KAB 5 55-125 10-35 19-24
KAB 6 30-130 10-55 17-24
KAB 10 30-115 10-45 19-28KAB 11 40-115 10-40 20-28
KAB 12 35-100 10-40 19-24
KAB 13 50-115 10-60 21-29
Mineral analyses• Wet digestion (perchloric acid and nitric acid digestion)• AAS mineral determination
Five New populations were outstanding for vigour, drought tolerance and yield potential
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BF08-01-79
BF08-01-49
BF08-01-50
BF08-01-18
BF08-01-29
BF08-01-80
BF08-01-54
BF08-01-60
BF08-01-90
BF08-01-47
BF08-01-62
BF08-01-92
MAHARAGI SOJA
MLB 49-89A
NUA 1
AND 620
GOFTA
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
3110 2991
3412 3338 3315 3197
2523
3082 3016
3536 3562
2820
1245
15811297 1235
1707
Fig 1. Mean grain yield of F7 lines from population BF08-01 grown at Thika and Kabete, LR 2012
Line/Genotype
kg h
a-1
BF08-03
10
BF08-03-44
BF08-03-63
BF08-03-65
BF08-03-13
BF08-03-54
BF08-03-20
BF08-03-58
BF08-03-60
BF08-03-01
MAHARAGI SOJA
MLB 49-89A
NUA 1
AND 620
GOFTA
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
3076 3011
27462538
28323007
27302961
2468
1245
1581
1297 1235
1707
Fig 1. Mean grain yield of the top F7 lines from population BF08-03 grown at Thika and Kabete, LR 2012
Line/Genotype
Gra
in y
ield
kg
ha-
1
BF08-07
11
BF08-07-116
BF08-07-70
BF08-07-74
BF08-07-118
BF08-07-75
BF08-07-119
BF08-07-21
BF08-07-100
BF08-07-80
BF08-07-84
BF08-07-112
BF08-07-22
MAHARAGI SOJA
MLB 49-89A
NUA 1
AND 620
GOFTA
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
3741
3079
43363980
3556
3018
4577
3845
2635
45434369
3306
12451581
1297 1235
1707
Fig 3. Mean grain yield of the top F7 lines from population BF08-07 grown at Thika and Kabete, LR 2012
Line/Genotype
Yiel
d , k
g ha
-1
BF08-13
12
BF08-13-181
BF08-13-111
BF08-13-121
BF08-13-51
BF08-13-92
BF08-13-136
BF08-13-136
BF08-13-40
MAHARAGI SOJA
MLB 49-89A
NUA 1
AND 620
GOFTA
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
3162 30433291
3077
24992833 2833 2784
12451581
1297 1235
1707
Fig 4. Mean grain yield of the top F7 lines from population BF08-13 grown at Thika and Kabete, LR 2012
Line/Genotype
Yiel
d, k
g ha
-1
BF08-16
13
BF08-16-55
BF08-16-14
BF08-16-42
BF08-16-16
BF08-16-47
BF08-16-78
BF08-16-21
BF08-16-82
BF08-16-30
BF08-16-49
BF08-16-36
BF08-16-52
BF08-16-108
MAHARAGI SOJA
MLB 49-89A
NUA 1
AND 620
GOFTA
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
2870
2464
2817
2407
3411
2920 28373103
2652 2574
3090 3062
2568
1245
15811297 1235
1707
Fig 4. Mean grain yield of the top F7 lines from population BF08-16 grown at Thika and Kabete, LR 2012
Line/Genotype
Yiel
d, k
g ha
-1
AYT, Thika 30 Nov 2012
AYT, Meru1 Dec 2012
Outstanding lines were evaluated in Advanced Yield Trials during SR 2012
New Biofort Lines at Kabete Field Station, 20 Feb 2013
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Future DirectionsNew dry bean varieties meant for canning should possess good canning qualities while ensuring uniform and complete water uptake in order to prevent
• Validate Nutritional value (micronutrients) of the new drought tolerant, disease resistant and high yielding Second Generation Biofort lines- Select >90 ppm Fe and >35 ppm Zn- First generation Biofort >70 ppm Fe and 30 ppm Zn released
• Evaluate cooking time, water absorption and canning quality
• Submit for National Performance Trials –for validation and formal release
• Produce certified seed and disseminate with partners
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Acknowledgements
• Governments of Kenya and Sweden
• University of Nairobi• Bean Program Technical staff• TRUFOODS LTD• BioInnovate/SIDA• Ministry of Agriculture• Farmer Groups PVS for drought tolerant canning beans in Mwea
THANK YOU