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BOTANY2010
is for Master Gardeners
Dan Culbert, Extension Agent III – Environmental HorticultureUF/IFAS – Okeechobee County
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What is Botany?
And for that matter, what is Horticulture?
Horticulture is the Art & Science of growing
plants
using intensive rather than extensive inputs
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Plant Classification(Taxonomy)
There are many methods for identifying or grouping plants for communication
There are lots of systems of classification Which ones can you think of?
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Life cycle
Annual Short-lived plant. The
entire life cycle is completed in one growing season.
Biennial Two seasons to complete
life cycle Perennial
Live from year to year, either woody or herbaceous.
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Morphology or appearance
Evergreen, deciduous Woody, herbaceous Vines, trees, shrubs Opposite or alternate leaves Fruit, seed, etc. types
We’ll get to more “mor-phology” in a minute!
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Environmental
Xerophyte, halophyte, hydrophyte Hardy, tender Temperate, tropical, subtropical Warm season, cool season
When do you plant cool season crops in southern Florida?
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Usage
fruit, vegetable, ornamental
What is the difference between a fruit and a
vegetable?
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Common names
Define: rose
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Scientific nomenclature Kingdom Animalia Others Plantae Division (several, those with horticultural interest -)
Pterodophyta - ferns Spermatophyta – seed bearing plants Class Gymnospermae – naked seeds Angiospermae Subclass Monocotyledonae (monocots) - 49,000 types Dicotyledonae (dicots) - 237,000 types
And this is only half of it . . . .
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The Family Tree of Plants
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Plants without seeds
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Seed Plants without Fruit
Cycads and Conifers
produce separate male & female cones =
dioecious
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Plant ID by the numbers:
One or Two, and threes or fours/fives
A big first step in plant ID is to determine if it is more like a palm or an oak,
i.e., a corn plant or a petunia
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Once more - is it a Monocot or Dicot ?
Number of cotyledons in seed
Venation pattern Number of flower parts Arrangement of
vascular bundles
Do I need to know all this stuff?
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Scientific names Order Family - ‘aceae’ usual ending
First place you may start in identification
Genus Species
Authority - Cultivar- cultivated variety Variety - botanical variety etc.
Binomial nomenclature –
Genus and species
You can thank Linnaeus for all
this!
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CULTIVAR = CULTIVATED VARIETY
“Assemblage of cultivated plants which is clearly distinguished by any characters and which, when reproduced (sexually or asexually) retains its distinguishing characters.”
- Liberty Hyde Bailey
*Botanical varieties naturally breed true from seed
*Cultivars are asexually cloned or by controlled sexual crossing of breeding lines
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Tomato Lycopersicon esculentum L. Big Boy
Order SolanalesFamily SolanaceaeGenus Lycopersiconspecies esculentumBotanical variety esculentumNaming authority L. [ for Linnaeus]Cultivar Big Boy
Scientific names may tell you something about the plant.
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Even more on scientific nomenclature
Most commonly used system of nomenclature System is not static As you move down though the sections, plants
are more closely related Based on flower and plant morphology
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It’s all in the Family
Being able to identify an unknown plant to its family is a valuable skill
Look at botanical characteristics and see if it reminds you of another plant
Look at references under the name of the family to speed up your search
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Common Plant Families
Anacardiaceae Apocynaceae Cruciferae Fagaceae Gramineae Labiatae Leguminosae Rosaceae
The rose is a roseand was always a rose;But the theory now goesThat the apple's a rose,
And the pear is, and so'sThe plum, I suppose.The dear only knows
What will next prove a rose.You, of course, are a rose,but were always a rose.
- Robert Frost, "The Rose Family”
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More Common plant families
Asteraceae Brassicaceae Poaceae Clusiaceae Lamiaceae Fabaceae Arecaceae Apiaceae Zamiaceae
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A family portrait
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What makes a plant a plant and not an animal?
Cell walls
Ability to make own food
Special kinds of anatomical (plant) parts
http://www.botany.wisc.edu/art/images/arts/jpegs%20blowups/BPphotoart/corns.jpg
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Gross Anatomy
Major plant organs include:
roots
stems
leaves
reproductive organs:flowers or cones
fruits and seeds
Know the Node!
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This Bud’s for You!
New growth comes from Buds, or meristems.
Apical meristems
Lateral or auxiliary meristems
Crown buds
Root tips
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Roots Functions
absorption of water & nutrients anchoring conductance storage
Fibrous roots Taproot
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Roots Morphology
primary root/secondary roots tap root/fibrous roots adventitious roots root hairs
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Small absorbing roots Lateral roots Sinker roots Taproot
Types of Tree Roots
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Tree Root SpreadWhether a younger or an
older plant, roots extend ...
… 2 to 4 times beyond the drip
line.
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Roots can be Special
Pneumatophores = Knees
Rhizomes are roots
Tubers are stems
Stolons (runners) are above ground stems
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Stem
Functions Conductance Support Photosynthesis Gas exchange
lenticels Morphology
Nodes/internodes Modifications
tendril thorn
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Phloem – tubes that conduct food & hormones produced by the plant, from leaves to entire plant
Xylem – tubes that conduct water and minerals from roots to entire plant
These tissues are formed by the vascular cambium
Stem: Movin’ on up (and down)
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Shoot Elongation from a low growing point
pushing upwards. Leaf Growth
Occurs from one bud, one growing point.
Diameter Growth Stem diameter is
determined within growing point - no cambium layer.
Stem Growth - Monocots
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Palms are different!
Palms only have one bud at the top of the stem
Many palm roots do not have the ability to branch if they are cut
Boot
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Stem Growth - Dicots
Shoot Elongation Shoots grow in height
at branch tips Leaf Growth
Occurs from the buds, making new cells.
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Stem Growth - Dicots (herbaceous vs. woody)
Woody stem growth:• Between wood & bark is a thin
layer of dividing cells (cambium)
Herbaceous stem growth: Bundles arranged in a ring
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Weed Eater damage = dead plant
Phloem – just beneath the bark transport of food & other
products made by the plant down to the roots
No food to roots – roots die – plant dies
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Girdling = dead plant
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Leaf Functions
Collection of light Photosynthesis Gas exchange Storage
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More Leaf Functions
Collection of light Photosynthesis Gas exchange Storage
What’s a C3 plant?
What’s a C4 plant?
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Leaves are different
Monocot Leaf Chief veins are parallel or
nearly so. Typically grasses, palms
Dicot Leaf Veins form a net-like pattern. Commonly referred to as
“Broadleaves”.
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Getting Attached
Morphology Blade/petiole Shape of blade Margin Attachment to stem Number and
arrangement of leaflets
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Leaf Shapes are Simple
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I’m Getting Edgy!
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Leaf Me Alone!
How many leaves are on
this slide?
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Flowers Function
Control pollination Develop into fruit and seed
Morphology We need many slides for
this!
Remember – much of the classification of plants is based on floral morphology
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Flower morphology
petals - corolla sepals - calyx receptacle pistil ovary/ovules style stigma stamen filament anther pollen
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Pollen Grains
Peas, if you please…
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More-phology
Complete has petals, sepals,
stamens and pistils Perfect
has both stamens and pistils
staminate pistillate
Flower types monoecious dioecious
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Fruits and seeds
Function seed dispersal seed protection contain genetic
information for next generation and structures to create new plant
Morphology Ovary development Cotyledons/endosperm,
embryo
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Seed Parts
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Dry fruits
Fleshy fruits
Dehiscent or indehiscent
Multiple/aggregate
Fruity, seedy words…
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And what kind is this?
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So when someone brings me a plant, how do I get to the scientific name?
Dichotomous keys Plant ID books Glossaries of terms Websites
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Back to Plant ID: Who ya gonna call?
The first line of assistance is your county agent.
Other local experts are available
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Who ya gonna call?
Herbarium – sent to UF though
Extension office. IFAS Form 3100/03-2002 requiredNo fee (right now)
Distance Diagnostic & Identification System
http://ddis.ifas.ufl.edu
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DDIS Report
Report will include: Grower Information Where/when collected Plant/Weed characteristics Photos must be high quality
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Plants & their Environment
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Plant Growth Plants make their own food - by
converting energy from sunlight.
All living things require energy, not just for growth and reproduction, but also for the maintenance of life.
To produce food, plants require energy, carbon dioxide, water, and the essential nutrients.
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Plants and energy (simplified)
Photosynthesis The process of turning light
energy into energy that can be transported and stored by the plant
Why not just use the energy directly?
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Eeek! Chemistry!
6 CO2 + 12 H2O + light + chlorophyll =
C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2
What does this mean to you?
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Eeek! Chemistry!
6 CO2 + 12 H2O + light + chlorophyll = C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2
C6H12O6 is the general formula for carbohydrates Sugars can be transported Starches can be stored
Both are forms of carbohydrates – as anyone on the Atkins diet can tell you!
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More energy stuff Respiration
Breaking the carbohydrates into a form of energy the plant can use
Although we think of respiration in humans as breathing, breathing is really the gas exchange that supports respiration.
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And more chemistry
C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2 + mitochondria =
6 CO2 + 12 H2O + energy in a useable form
Does anything about this formula look familiar?
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A Balance
Photosynthesis Produces food Energy is Stored Occurs in Cells with
Chloroplasts Oxygen is released CO2 is used Occurs in light
Respiration Uses food for Energy Energy is released Occurs in all cells Oxygen is used Water is produced CO2 is produced Occurs in Dark or Light
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What’s all this used for, anyway?
Plant growth and development Cell division Cell elongation
Where does growth occur in plants? Meristems
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Plants and the environment
Light Water Nutrients Temperature Air
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Light Color
Why don’t plants grow well in green light?
Intensity Shade plants & full sun plants
Duration Total amount in a day Photoperiod and flowering
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Water
90% of the plant is water Water is a carrier for
nutrients Water is essential in chemical
reactions – like? Too much water will
suffocate plant toots Too little water will cause
wilting and death
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Nutrients Required for growth
Environmental elements: C, H, O
Macro N, P, K, S, Mg, Ca
Micro Mn, Mo, Zn, Bo, Fe, Cu, Cl
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TemperatureHeat and cold effect the rate of chemical reactions and
therefore, plant growth.
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Air
Source of some nutrients Gases for chemical
reaction Even some plant
hormones are gases
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Soil AerationRoots must have oxygen:
for respirationto absorb essential elements.
Pores in the soil hold air.Oxygen is most available in the top 18” of soil.
oxygen carbon dioxide
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Have you gone fruity yet?
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Activity
(1) Using a Plant Key for Identification
or
(2) Start Your own Plant ID Notebook: press a plant complete the Plant ID Note Sheet
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Acknowledgements:
This presentation was adapted from a PowerPoint originally developed by: Dr. Elizabeth Lamb, Cornell University IPM program – formerly @ UF/IFAS IRREC
Other contributors include: Adrian Hunsberger, Miami Dade Extension Agent Kim Gabel, Hort. Agent - Monroe County (THE KEYS) Stan Rosenthal, Extension Agent – Forestry, UF/IFAS Leon
County Extension Jim Chatfield, Extension Specialist, the Ohio State University Paul Baumann, Weed Specialist – TAMU Oregon State Univ. Master Gardener Botany page:
http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/botany/index.html
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Questions?
Thanks for your Attention!
Call or Write if you have more questions: Dan Culbert, Okeechobee Co. Extension Service 863-763-6469 [email protected]