Download - BIO/PLS 210 Jan Smalle [email protected] Website: Smalle Lab (jasmal3/) [email protected]
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BIO/PLS 210
Jan Smalle
Website: Smalle Lab(http://www.uky.edu/~jasmal3/)
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Syllabus
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How to download the lectures?
http://www.uky.edu/~jasmal3/
TEACHING
PLS 210 Resources
Download Lectures
Go to:
Click on:
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The lectures
PDF file available before (download, print, study…)
Quiz during the lecture
Results of the quiz discussed at the beginning of the next lecture
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PLS/BIO210 Grades distribution over the past 7 years:
A: 21% (16-28%)
B: 21%
C: 28%
D: 22%
E: 8% (0-13%)
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The Chemistry of LifeChapter 2
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David Latimer and his bottle garden
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Photosynthesis and Respiration
Photosynthesis:
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy C6H12O6 + 6O2
Respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
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Atomic Particles
Particle Charge Mass Units Location
Proton + 1 Nucleus
NeutronNo
electrical charge
1 Nucleus
Electron -Negligible(0.0005 units)
Orbitals around nucleus
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Twelve Most Common Elements in Living Organisms
Element Symbol Number of Protons
Hydrogen H 1
Carbon C 6
Nitrogen N 7
Oxygen O 8
Sodium Na 11
Magnesium Mg 12
Phosphorus P 15
Sulfur S 16
Chlorine Cl 17
Potassium K 19
Calcium Ca 20
Iron Fe 26
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hydrogen
carbon
• Hydrogen has one proton and one electron located in one orbital surrounding the nucleus.
• Carbon has six protons and (thus) six electrons. One electron pair is located in the inner orbital. The other four are distributed over four outer orbitals organized in a tetrahedron structure.
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hydrogen
carbon
• Carbon has six protons and (thus) six electrons. One electron pair is located in the inner orbital. The other four are distributed over four outer orbitals organized in a tetrahedron structure.
• Electrons of the Carbon atom are distributed over two energetically different electron shells.
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Covalent Bonds
• Single bond– Atoms share two electrons– Represented by single line (-) in
structural formula
H - C - H
H
H
Methane
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Overall Photosynthesis Reaction
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy C6H12O6 + 6O2
Carbon dioxide Water Glucose Oxygen
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Overall Photosynthesis Reaction
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy C6H12O6 + 6O2
24 C-O bonds+
12 H-O bonds
36 covalent bonds
7 C-O bonds+
5 C-C bonds+
7 C-H bonds+
5 H-O bonds+
12 O-O bonds
36 covalent bonds
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Overall Respiration Reaction
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
24 C-O bonds+
12 H-O bonds
36 covalent bonds
7 C-O bonds+
5 C-C bonds+
7 C-H bonds+
5 H-O bonds+
12 O-O bonds
36 covalent bonds
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hydrogen
carbon
• Carbon has six protons and (thus) six electrons. One electron pair is located in the inner orbital. The other four are distributed over four outer orbitals organized in a tetrahedron structure.
• Electrons of the Carbon atom are distributed over two energetically different electron shells.
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Electron energy levels
Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Inner shell
(Low potential energy)
Outer shell
(high potential energy)
Nitrogen(N)
NucleusElectron
Carbon: six protons and six electrons
Nitrogen: seven protons and seven electrons
Oxygen: eight protons and eight electrons
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Carbon (C) Carbon (C)
Inner shell
(Low potential energy)
Outer shell
(high potential energy)
C-C bond
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Carbon (C) Carbon (C)
C-C bond
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Electron energy levels
Carbon (C) Oxygen (O)
Inner shell
(Low potential energy)
Outer shell
(high potential energy)
Oxygen has 8 protons in its nucleus. The result is a higher positive charge that exerts a stronger attraction force on the electrons of the outer shell. On average, these electrons will be located closer to the nucleus (compared to Carbon).
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Carbon (C) Oxygen (O)
Inner shell
(Low potential energy)
Outer shell
(high potential energy)
C-O bond
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Carbon (C) Oxygen (O)
C-O bond?
No !
Yes !
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C-O bond?
No !
Yes !
C O
- Oxygen has a higher electronegativity than Carbon (Oxygen nucleus has 8 protons compared to 6 in the carbon nucleus. The higher proton number results in a higher positive charge).
- Electron pair is pulled towards the O nucleus
- Bonding electron pair contains a lower level of potential energy compared to when it is in the middle between nuclei (see waterfall analogy).
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High potential energy
Earth center
Gravitational force
Low potential energy
Waterfall analogy
LAKE
RIVER
C
O
C
C
High potential energy
Low potential energy
Electrical force
Electrical force
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C
O
C
C
Carbon-Carbon bonds contain useful energy
Bonding electron pair of C-C contains more energy than C-O pair
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Hydrogen (H) Carbon (C)
Inner shell
(Low potential energy)
Outer shell
(high potential energy)
H-C bond
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Hydrogen (H) Carbon (C)
Inner shell
(Low potential energy)
Outer shell
(high potential energy)
The potential energy of the bonding electron pair of a H-C bond is defined by the distance to the C nucleus. The distance to the H nucleus is in this case irrelevant since the single electron orbital of the H atom already defines the lowest possible energy state of an electron (or electron pair).
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H-C bond
The potential energy of the bonding electron pair of a H-C or H-O bond is defined by the distance to the C or O nucleus. The distance to the H nucleus is in this case irrelevant since the single electron orbital of the H atom already defines the lowest possible energy state of an electron (or electron pair).
H-O bond
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H
O
H
C
Carbon-hydrogen bonds contain useful energy
Bonding electron pair of C-H contains more energy than H-O pair
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C
C
Basis of photosynthesis:Light energy is used to transform C-O and H-O bonds into C-C and H-C bonds + Energy
C
O
+ Energy
Basis of respiration:Energy is liberated by transforming C-C and C-H bonds into C-O and H-O bonds
+ +
C
C
+ +
Increased potential energy
Decreased potential energy
H
C
H
C
H
O
C
O
H
O
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Photosynthesis and Respiration
Photosynthesis:
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy C6H12O6 + 6O2
Respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy