![Page 1: Biology, monitoring and management of banana aphid – vector of banana bunchy top virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051314/54c6b1e04a795955138b457b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Biology, monitoring and management of banana
aphid – vector of banana bunchy top virus
![Page 2: Biology, monitoring and management of banana aphid – vector of banana bunchy top virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051314/54c6b1e04a795955138b457b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Global distribution of banana aphid
Pentalonia nigronervosa
(source: CPC 2007)
Putative area of origin: Papua New Guinea, Eastern Indonesia
Little is known about timing invasion outside of its area of origin
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International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
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International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
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International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Minor hosts (at least 14)
Xanthosoma mafaffa (cocoyam), Zingiber officinale (ginger),
Aframomum daniellii, Costus afer, Alocasia spp, Alpinia spp,
Elettaria cardamomum (cardamom) , Heliconia, Strelizia reginae
(Queens bird-of-paradise), Hedychium coronarium, Canna spp.
Major hosts
Musa (banana and plantain), Musa textilis (manila hemp or abaca),
Colocasia esculenta (taro)
Host plants
Cardamom Cocoyam Ginger
Musaceae, Araceae, Commelinaceae, Zingiberacea
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International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
First
Second
Third
Fourth
(1.5 mm)Winged
(migrant)
Up to 30 generations
per year;
Around 25C is best temp
for growth
Life cycle of the banana aphid
Live birth
Parthenogenetic
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International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Control options
Very few attempts at biological control – no
serious efforts at classical biological control
Discouraging results from releases of two non-
naturally associated (Aphidius colemani,
Lysiphlebus testaseipes) parasitoids in South
Pacific
No serious attempt to develop entomopathogens
Host plant resistance – not explored
Several insecticides have been recommended:
Several organophosphate and carbamate
Imidacloprid – non-systemic
No option for small growers; cause
secondary pest outbreaks (e.g.,
mealybugs)
Other methods (hot water treatment of suckers?)
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International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Aphid and BBTD survey in Central Africa
Distribution of BBTD,
severity, virus strains,
spread, etc. – L. Kumar
presentation
Distribution, abundance,
associated natural
enemies of the aphid
Farmers knowledge of
the disease and the
aphid and their methods
of control
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International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Aphid abundance
Wet season
Dry season
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Aphid abundance on banana and plantain
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International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Banana
Plantain
Aphid abundance on banana and
plantain varieties
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0 15 30 45 60
Lo
wer
Mid
dle
Up
per
Can
op
y s
trata
Aphids per stratum
Plantain
Banana
Within-plant distribution of
banana aphid
on banana and plantain
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International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Monitoring aphid abundance on plants
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Genus Frequency Genus Frequency
Pheidole spp 77 Myrmicaria opaciventris 5
Technomyrmex spp 56 Solenopsis geminata 5
Monomorium spp 47 Pyramica spp 4
Paratrechina spp 44 Cerapachys sp 2
Camponotus spp 27 Dorylus sp 2
Crematogaster spp 22 Meranoplus sp 2
Tetramorium spp 20 Oecophylla sp 1
Tapinoma spp 14 Plagiolepis sp 1
Lepisiota spp 11 Cataulacus sp 1
Unknown 9 Polyrachis sp 1
Wasmannia auropunctata 6 Anochetus sp 1
> 24 ant species in 5 families
Ants found on banana/plantain(Central Africa)Pheidole sp. Technomyrmex sp.
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International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Χ2 = 125.3 P < 0.0001 df (1, 860)
Aphids and ants co-occurrence on banana
and plantain
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International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Natural enemies associated with the
banana aphid
Few predators associated with aphid; several species of
coccinelids
Occasional aphid mummies –infected with
entomopathogenic fungi – most likely a Neozygites sp. - in
Cameroon and Gabon.
Surprisingly, no parasitoids were obtained from aphids, but
more detailed regular monitoring need to be conducted.
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International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Banana aphid is widespread
Important in local spread of BBTV
Knowledge gaps to fill:
Aphid dispersal: active, ants
Aphid diversity; association with BBTD strains
Aphid abundance and freq of viriliferous aphis
Exploit variation in banana/plantain genotype suitability to the aphid
to identify sources of resistance
Classical biological control – search natural enemies (predators;
parasitoid, entomopathogens) in area of origin – recently initiated
Ant control where feasible – commercial plantation (ant baits
developed but more testing); reduce aphid populations & dispersal
Summary and research needs
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International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Thank you