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Biology and Behavior
Chapter 2
Part II
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A Walk Through the Brain
• The brain stem.• The cerebellum.• The thalamus.• The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.• The amygdala.• The hippocampus.• The cerebrum and lobes of the cerebral
cortex..
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Mapping the Brain Web-site
• http://www.howstuffworks.com/brain.htm/printable
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The Brain Stem
• Pons – involved in sleeping, waking and
dreaming.
• Medulla – responsible for certain
automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate.
• Reticular activating system (or formation)– arouses cortex and screens
incoming information.
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The Cerebellum
• Regulates movement and balance.
• Involved in remembering simple skills and acquired reflexes.
• Plays a part in analyzing sensory information, solving problems and understanding words
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The Thalamus
• Relays sensory messages to the cerebral cortex.• Includes all sensory messages except those from
olfactory bulb.
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Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland• Involved in emotions and
drives vital to survival including fear, hunger, thirst, and reproduction.
• Also regulates autonomic nervous system.
• The pituitary gland is a small endocrine gland which releases hormones and regulates other endocrine glands.
Pituitary Gland
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The Amygdala• Responsible for arousal
and regulation of emotion and the initial emotional response to sensory information.
• Plays important role in mediating anxiety and depression.
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The Hippocampus• Responsible for the
storage of new information in memory.
• Compares information with what the brain has come to expect about the world.
• “Gateway to memory” because it enables us to navigate through the environment.
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The Cerebrum
• Largest brain structure.• Consists of upper part of brain and divided
into two cerebral hemispheres which are connected by the corpus callosum.
• In charge of most sensory, motor and cognitive processes.
• Surrounded by cerebral cortex, a collection of several thin layers of cells (gray matter).
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Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex• Occipital lobes (Latin-in back of head)
– Visual cortex.
• Parietal lobes (Latin-pertaining to walls)– Somatosensory cortex.
• Temporal lobes (pertaining to the temples)– Memory, perception, emotion and auditory cortex.– Left lobe, Wernicke’s area.
• Frontal lobes – Emotion, planning, creative thinking and motor
cortex.– Left lobe, Broca’s area.
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The Corpus Callosum
• Millions of myelinated axons connecting the brain’s hemispheres.
• Provides a pathway for communication between the hemispheres.
• If surgically severed for treatment of epilepsy, hemispheres cannot communicate directly.
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©1999 Prentice Hall
Cerebral Hemispheres
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Are There “His” and “Hers” Brains?
• After analyzing 49 studies of sex differences in brain anatomy, researchers found small differences between the two groups and larger differences within groups.
• There does appear to be sex differences in lateralization of language. Males show left hemisphere activation only. Females, left and right.
• There also appears to be differences in amounts of gray matter. Females have more.
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©1999 Prentice Hall
Genes and Behavioral Genetics
• Genes– The segments of DNA that are located on the
chromosomes and are the basic units for the transmission of all hereditary traits
• Chromosomes– Rod-shaped structures in the nuclei of body cells
that contain all the genes and carry all the hereditary information
• Zygote– A single cell formed from the union of 23
chromosomes from the male’s sperm and 23 chromosomes from the female’s egg
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©1999 Prentice Hall
Genes and Behavioral Genetics
• Sex-linked inheritance– Involves the genes on the X and Y chromosomes– In females, the harmful gene is offset by the gene
that is not harmful – In males, if the single X chromosome carries a
harmful gene, there is no offsetting gene on the Y chromosome because it is very small and carries only the genes needed to create the male body type
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Electroencephalogram (EEG)
• A recording of neural activity detected by electrodes.
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Method for studying body and brain tissue.
• Magnetic fields align certain ions and compounds
• When field is removed, these molecules release energy as radio waves
• Computer calculates tissue density from radio waves.
• Provides clear, 3D images.
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Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
• A method for analyzing biochemical activity in the brain, using injections of a glucose-like substance containing a radioactive element.
• Active areas have increased blood flow.
• Sensors detect radioactivity.
• Different tasks show distinct activity patterns.
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The Origin or the CAT Scan
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The Lesson of Einstein’s Brain
• Like any muscle, a life time of thinking can bulk up your brain as well!