Download - biological control -save our world
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WHAT ARE BIO CONTROL WHAT ARE BIO CONTROL AGENTS ? AGENTS ?
A system of controlling plant pests, A system of controlling plant pests, nematodes and diseases without the use nematodes and diseases without the use of chemicals, by employing of chemicals, by employing
predators, predators,
microbes, microbes,
parasites that feed upon them. parasites that feed upon them.
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Trichoderma sppTrichoderma spp
The fungal genus The fungal genus TrichodermaTrichoderma contains contains species that have the potential to be of species that have the potential to be of economic importanceeconomic importance
Species in this genus are useful in the Species in this genus are useful in the biological control of soilborne diseases biological control of soilborne diseases (19) and tree decays. (19) and tree decays.
Some species produce useful bio Some species produce useful bio chemicals and antibiotics and others are chemicals and antibiotics and others are involved in plant disease . involved in plant disease .
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Evaluation of Trichoderma spp as biocontrol against nematodeThe implementation of Trichoderma in IPM can
be achieved using a soil treatment which reduced amounts of fungicides
Trichoderma harzianum & T. lignorum isolates were tested for their nematicidal activity against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica It is suggested that the main antinematode activity caused by
T. harzianum takes place in the soil and not within the roots.
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MycoparasitismLytic enzyme
chitinase
Induced systemic resistance
AntibiosisTrichodermin , dermadin,
trichoviidin
Competition Solubilization & sequestration of inorganic
plant nutrients
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Antagonistic fungus
Many species of Trichoderma viridae Trichoderma harzianum Trichoderma koningi Trichoderma longibrachiatum Trichoderma hamatum
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Commercial formCommercial form
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Bacteria –Bacteria –PPseudomonasseudomonas fluorescensfluorescens Members of the genus display the following Members of the genus display the following
defining characteristics:defining characteristics:- Rod shaped - Rod shaped - Gram-negative - Gram-negative - One or more polar flagella, providing motility- One or more polar flagella, providing motility- Aerobic, although some species have been - Aerobic, although some species have been
found-to be facultative anaerobes found-to be facultative anaerobes (e.g. (e.g. P. aeruginosaP. aeruginosa) ) - Non–spore forming - Non–spore forming - Positive catalase test- Positive catalase test
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BIO FILM FORMATION
Slime production also contributes to surface-colonising biofilms which are difficult to remove from food preparation surfaces
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MECHANISM OF ACTIONMECHANISM OF ACTION
Antibiotic-mediated suppressionAntibiotic-mediated suppression -phenazines, tropolone, pyrrolnitrin-phenazines, tropolone, pyrrolnitrin Siderophore – mediated supressionSiderophore – mediated supression -produce fluorescent siderophores which -produce fluorescent siderophores which
link with supression abilitylink with supression ability Induced systemic resistanceInduced systemic resistance -activates multiple defence mechanism-activates multiple defence mechanism
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Some keys APPLICATION: - Soil-borne pathogens are controlled with the use of seed
treatments or hopper-box applications and foliar pathogens by spray applications
PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS: • Storage conditions: - Store in a cool, dry place in a sealed container ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND NON-TARGET
TOXICITY: - P. fluorescens. occurs widely in nature and is not
expected to have any adverse effects on non-target organisms.
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P. P. fluorescencefluorescence
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Pasteuria penetransPasteuria penetrans
Very effective against root knot nematodes Very effective against root knot nematodes in many crops. in many crops.
The lifecycle has four stagesThe lifecycle has four stages
-spore formation-spore formation
-vegetative growth-vegetative growth
-fragmentation-fragmentation
-sporogenesis-sporogenesis
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characterscharacters
Pasteuria penetransPasteuria penetrans and related forms are and related forms are considered as potential biological control agents considered as potential biological control agents of phytoparasitic nematodes.of phytoparasitic nematodes. Host adhesion is one of the most critical steps Host adhesion is one of the most critical steps in the life-cycle of in the life-cycle of PasteuriaPasteuria.. The endospores are released in soil by The endospores are released in soil by decaying hosts decaying hosts The endospore represents the parasite durable The endospore represents the parasite durable stage as well as the infective propagule stage as well as the infective propagule responsible for transmission. responsible for transmission.
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Endospore formationEndospore formation
Pasteuria Pasteuria endospore endospore from from Helicotylenchus Helicotylenchus lobuslobus
Pasteuria Pasteuria endosporesendospores
adhering to the cuticleadhering to the cuticle
of of Hoplolaimus galeatusHoplolaimus galeatus
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AM Arbuscular MycorrhizaeAM Arbuscular Mycorrhizae
A symbiotic relationship with legumious A symbiotic relationship with legumious plants.plants.
The VAM fungi penetrate the living cells of The VAM fungi penetrate the living cells of plants without harming them, and form the plants without harming them, and form the typical organs, such as vesicles and typical organs, such as vesicles and arbuscles, in the root .arbuscles, in the root .
VAM fungi-infected plants have high VAM fungi-infected plants have high potential of resistance to soil potential of resistance to soil environmental stresses. environmental stresses.
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ROLEROLE
The known functions of VAM fungi on The known functions of VAM fungi on plants are thatplants are that
1) the absorption of minerals, especially P, is 1) the absorption of minerals, especially P, is promoted, promoted,
2) growth is stimulated, 2) growth is stimulated, 3) high quality of fruits is produced every year, 3) high quality of fruits is produced every year, 4) resistance to environmental stresses is 4) resistance to environmental stresses is
enhanced, and enhanced, and 5) resistance to soil disease is enhanced 5) resistance to soil disease is enhanced
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CONSIDERATIONS
While using care for
Cut down the amount of agrochemicals and chemical fertilizers applied.
Use fermented organic matter.
Use soil conditioners, such as charcoal and zeolite.
Consider the effectiveness of grasses
. Improve soil pH and aeration.
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Commercial formCommercial form
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VAM fungiVAM fungi
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Characters of desirable Characters of desirable bio control agentsbio control agents
An desirable bio control agents should An desirable bio control agents should have following characteristicshave following characteristics
It should not be pathogenic to plants, animals, It should not be pathogenic to plants, animals, human beings and microorganisms.human beings and microorganisms.
It should have broad spectrum of activity in It should have broad spectrum of activity in controlling many types of diseases and must be controlling many types of diseases and must be genetically stable.genetically stable.
It should have fast growth and sporulationIt should have fast growth and sporulation It must be cultured under artificial mediaIt must be cultured under artificial media
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Contd ……….Contd ……….
The innoculam must be capable of abundant The innoculam must be capable of abundant production using conventional methods such production using conventional methods such as liquid fermentation and withstanding term as liquid fermentation and withstanding term storage until applicationstorage until application
It should be amenable for inexpensive mass It should be amenable for inexpensive mass multiplication and economically viable.multiplication and economically viable.
It should have long shelf lifeIt should have long shelf life It must be efficacious under different It must be efficacious under different
environmental conditions.environmental conditions. It should be compatable with bio fertilizersIt should be compatable with bio fertilizers
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Contd….Contd….
It have host susceptibility to the action It have host susceptibility to the action by the seed treating chemicalsby the seed treating chemicalsIt should not be toxic to beneficial It should not be toxic to beneficial organisms in or on the target area.organisms in or on the target area.It should be easily formulated and It should be easily formulated and method of application must be method of application must be convenient and compatible with convenient and compatible with common cultural practices.common cultural practices.
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Contd…
It should easily establish in the soil with high persistence and survival capacity
It should be biologically competitive with microorganisms
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REFERENCE nematologists.org.au/Jan01/paecilomyces. htm Biological control of crop diseases - D. Dinakaran, G.Arjunan, G.Karthikeyan.
www.ibioc.com/biocontrol
nematode.unl.edu/wormepns.htm - www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/pathogens/nematodes.html
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