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Biological CommunitiesBiological Communities
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Community InteractionsCommunity Interactions
• Coevolution-Adjustments between Coevolution-Adjustments between members of an ecosystem members of an ecosystem
• Adaptations-Change that increases Adaptations-Change that increases chance of survivalchance of survival
• Symbiosis-Two or more species Symbiosis-Two or more species ““live live togethertogether””
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Predation Predation
• Benefits one harms the other (+/-)Benefits one harms the other (+/-)
• One organism kills another for foodOne organism kills another for food
• Ex: Snake eating a mouseEx: Snake eating a mouse
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ParasitismParasitism
• Benefits one harms Benefits one harms the other (+/-)the other (+/-)
• One organism feeds One organism feeds & usually lives on or & usually lives on or in another organism in another organism (don(don’’t typically kill the t typically kill the host)host)
• Ex: parasite on Ex: parasite on marine fish marine fish
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Mutualism Mutualism
Benefits both (+/+)
Zebra & Bird Bee & Flower
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Camouflage: Poor-will (left), lizard (right)Camouflage: Poor-will (left), lizard (right)
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Aposematic (warning) coloration in a poisonous blue frogAposematic (warning) coloration in a poisonous blue frog
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Deceptive coloration: moth with "eyeballs"Deceptive coloration: moth with "eyeballs"
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MimicryMimicry
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CommensalismCommensalism
Benefits one & the other is neither helped or harmed (+/0)
Clown fish & sea anemone
Crabs & sea anemone
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CompetitionCompetition
• Benefits neither species (-/-)Benefits neither species (-/-)
• Two species directly competing for same resourceTwo species directly competing for same resource
• Niche: organismNiche: organism’’s s ““jobjob”” in an ecosystem in an ecosystem– What does it do? Eat? What does it do? Eat? – Where does it live?Where does it live?
• Ways of dealing with competitionWays of dealing with competition– Different niches: use different resourcesDifferent niches: use different resources
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Biomes: Communities found Biomes: Communities found over large areasover large areas
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Climate: Temperature & PrecipitationClimate: Temperature & Precipitation
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Rain Forest: highest biodiversity Ex: Puerto Rain Forest: highest biodiversity Ex: Puerto RicoRico
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Savannah: grasses & scattered Savannah: grasses & scattered trees, fire Ex: East Africatrees, fire Ex: East Africa
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Coniferous Forest (Taiga): cold & Coniferous Forest (Taiga): cold & wet Ex: Canada wet Ex: Canada
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Tundra: permafrost, very cold, Tundra: permafrost, very cold, high wind, low rainfall, short high wind, low rainfall, short vegetation Ex: Alaskavegetation Ex: Alaska
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Desert: <30 cm rainfall/ Desert: <30 cm rainfall/ yr yr
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Temperate Grassland: (Prairies) Temperate Grassland: (Prairies) moderate climates, rich soilmoderate climates, rich soil
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Temperate Deciduous Forest: Mild Temperate Deciduous Forest: Mild climates, eastern USclimates, eastern US