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BIOHAZARDBIOHAZARD
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Biohazard Defined…
“Those infectious agents presenting a risk of death, injury or illness to employees.”
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Two Main Infectious Agents
Viruses Smallest infectious organisms Take over cells, including reproductive mechanisms,
and multiply inside of “host” cells Few viral infections can be treated with anti-viral
drugs
Bacteria Single-celled microorganisms Produce toxins that damage cells Most bacteria can be treated with drugs
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Infectious Disease Developed complacency in 2ND half of 20th century
because of successful medications & vaccinations
Est. 17 million a year pass away from diseases
Bacteria & viruses develop mechanisms to resist drugs
They survive and continue to multiply Antibiotics or antiviral medications either kill or inhibit
growth Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
recommends using antibiotics only when needed
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Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
CDC focuses on disease prevention and control, health promotion and education activities, & environmental health
Is the leading federal agency for health & safety, since 1946, and is an agency of the Dept. of Health & Human Services
Excellent source for information about diseases
www.cdc.gov
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Main Concerns Today
TB
HIV
AIDS
Hepatitis
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Tuberculosis (TB) Mycobacterium tuberculosis, slow growing
organism
Not as easy to transmit as the common cold, contracted likely from family & friends
Breathing in respirable size water droplets in the air containing the TB virus via coughing, sneezing, & talking, etc.
If droplet nuclei reach the alveoli an infection develops
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History of TB
Until mid 1800’s, was thought to be hereditary
1865 Frenchman Jean-Antoine Villenin proved TB is contagious
1882 German scientist Robert Koch discovered the bacteria that causes the TB disease
Until the 1940’s & 1950’s people that could afford it were put in sanatoriums
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TB History cont., In 1943 American scientist Seman Woksman
discovered Streptomycin drug to kill the TB bacteria
Between 1943 & 1952 two more drugs discovered, people were being cured
By mid 1970’s sanatoriums were closed
Since 1980’s TB is returning, building a resistance to current drugs
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TB Today
In 1995, TB killed more than 3 million people worldwide
Believed to be 2 billion carriers worldwide
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TB Stages 1) Latent – dormant, virus becomes active at
later stage if untreated, detected by tuberculin skin test
Treatment… Isoniazide (9 months), Rifenpin (2 months)
2) Active – contagious, shows up on chest x-ray
Treatment… isolation for 1st 2 weeks until chest x-ray is clear, medication for 9-12 months
People who have Latent TB are not infectious
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TB Risks & Problems People who are at high risks of contracting TB
A.I.D.S & H.I.V. Diabetics & alcoholics People living in high population facilities Smokers (pipe, cigarettes, cigars, marajuana, etc.)
TB problems in immigration areas of U.S., people coming from former Soviet Union, etc.
Not treated Mistreated Don’t take the medications
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Blood borne Pathogens
“Microorganisms such as viruses or bacteria that are carried in blood
and cause disease”
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Sources of Infection Items caked with dried blood (PPE)
Sharps – needles, scalpels, broken glass, etc.
Body fluids – semen, vaginal secretions, saliva, etc.
Pathological and microbiological wastes
Others – eyes, mouth, cuts in skin, body openings
Careless behaviors
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Sources of Infection cont.,
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Sources of Infection cont.,
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Human immunodeficiency virus (H.I.V.)
Attacks & breaks down the body’s immune system
Detected by screening test called ELISA, confirmed by Western Blot test, which is 98% accurate
Can take from 6-8 weeks to several months to develop antibodies that are detectable in tests
Can take up to 10 years for symptoms to develop, some much sooner
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HIV Infection…
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HIV cont.,
How spread and/or contracted
sexual intercourse, transfusions, hypodermic needles, mucous or broken skin sites
At risk employees
health care workers, public safety (police, fire personnel, etc.)
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Stages of HIV Disease1) Flu-like symptoms; fever, headaches, fatigue, etc.
2) After anti-bodies develop, immune system & body tissues begin to become damaged
3) 1st usual symptoms appear; swelling of the lymph glands in the throat, armpits, or groin areas
4) Serious damage develops; yeast infections & viral infections in anus & genitals, other severe infections
5) AIDS develops
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Overview History of AIDS1926 – Scientists believe HIV spread from monkeys to
humans between 1926 – 1946
1959 – The first proven AIDS death was a Congo man
1978 – Gay men in U.S., Sweden and Haiti begin showing signs of AIDS
1980 – 31 deaths in U.S. from AIDS
1982 – CDC links the disease to blood, President Reagan hasn’t recognized AIDS yet
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AIDS History cont.,
1987 – Reagan acknowledges AIDS, V.P. Bush is ridiculed calling for mandatory testing (gay disease)
1988 – 107,000 diagnosed cases of AIDS in U.S., about half of those died
1993 – About 250,000 people have died from AIDS since 1980 in the U.S.
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
AIDS is the last stage of the HIV disease
White blood cell count is below 200 per milliliter
Presence of a severe condition or infection develops
Basically waste away, no current cure for AIDS
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Symptoms of AIDS
Thrush – white coating around mouth, tongue
Rapid weight loss
Severe diarrhea
Abnormal bruising
Discolored and/or bleeding growths
Deep, dry coughing
Fevers and night sweats
Personality changes
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AIDS Statistics
36 million currently living with HIV/AIDS worldwide
22 million have passed away since the beginning
Last year (2000), 3 million people passed away
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Hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver disease
Types… A, B, C, D, E
A, B, & C viruses most common
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Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)
Food borne
Preventable
Vaccine available, 3 series shot
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HAV cont.,
HAV virus found in stool of persons infected
Usually spread by mouth
Found in poor sanitary conditions, or where personal hygiene is not good
HAV is also found in drinking water and water supplies where stool feces is mixed in
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People at Risk for HAV infections Travelers
Share household with someone infected with HAV
People who eat in public
Men who have sex with other men
Children
Healthcare professions
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Symptoms & Prevention for HAV
Eyes turn yellow, dark urine, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, etc.
Is most contagious in person before symptoms appear
Can get Immune Globulin vaccine
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Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Blood-borne, not food-borne like HAV
HBV can be a lifelong infection
Is preventable with vaccine, but it is not curable once contracted
Symptoms (6 weeks to 6 months) – fever, chills, joint & muscle pain, abdominal cramps, Jaundice, abdominal cramps
HBV Can cause cirrhosis, liver cancer, and death
Killed more than a million people in 1995
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Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Related to types A & B
Blood-borne
Ranks 2nd to alcoholics for liver damage, alcohol speeds up progression
New, 1992 was the main discovery period, need more time to research
No current medication, no cure, leads to early death Interfuron can help some cases
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Outcomes for A, B, & C viruses
Type A – preventable, curable
Type B – preventable, incurable
Type C – no vaccine, incurable
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Suggestions for Types A, B or C
Stop drinking alcoholic beverages
Avoid medications that are at risk to liver damage
Eat well, exercise, and rest
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Other Infectious Diseases Whooping Cough
Develop a series of short, convulsive coughs followed by a whoop
Measles Develop small red spots, fever and flu-like symptoms
Cholera A severe, contagious infection in the small intestine
Salmonella Causes food poisoning
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Global Outlook on Public Health Population increases
Increased # of environmental and political refugees
Biosphere’s life-support systems have been disrupted
Increased private cars emitting toxins
Increased worldwide travel, helps spread disease
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Regulations Applies to one or more employees
Bloodborne Pathogens - 29 CFR 1910.1030 Exposure Control Plan, required by OSHA
Requires employers to identify in writing where occupational exposures to blood occurs
Recordkeeping Medical records of an employee who sustained an
occupational exposure related to Biohazards, must be kept for the term of employment plus 30 years
Hazard Communication – WAC 296-62-054
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Worker Protection Wash hands thoroughly with antiseptic soap
Wear appropriate PPE Gloves, gowns, masks, mouthpieces, etc. Cover exposed cuts, abrasions, wounds, etc.
Remove PPE without touching contamination
Decontaminate work surfaces with appropriate disinfectant
Biohazard warning labels Flourescent orange or orange-red Red bags or containers appropriate substitutes
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Disposal or Cleaning of Contaminated Materials
Clothing should be washed at 160 F or higher for at least 25 minutes
Store used sharps in puncture resistant, leak-proof container
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Biohazard Symbols
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Sources of Information Ann Riley – Director of Health Department
Randy Kaiser – Safety and Health at Hospital
Class Text
Pamphlets at Red Cross Office
Internet websites
Other books at CWU Library