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Bioenergy/Biofuels
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Location of Biofuel Production Facilities
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First Generation Biofuels: Fuels from food crops Second Generation Biofuels: Fuels from non-food biomass Third Generation Biofuels: Fuels from algae and other microorganisms
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Source: Renewable Fuels Association (2016)
Historic U.S. Ethanol Production, 1980-2015 16 billion
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U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard Volumes by Year
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Number of Second Generation Biorefineries by World Region
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Operating Second Generation Biorefineries in the United States
American Process
Thomaston, GA
Wood chips Commercial 2013 N/A
Ensyn Dooley Cty, GA
Tree tops/limbs Commercial 2017 20
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Biomass is seen as playing a particularly important role in
energy uses that are difficult to electrify, such as aviation, long-
haul trucking, and heat production in certain industrial
sectors. Source: White House report to the UNFCCC: United States
Mid-Century Strategy for Deep Decarbonization. (2016)
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Annual U.S. Consumption of Aviation and Diesel Fuel
Fuel Type
Current Biofuel Consumption
(annual)
Fossil-based Fuel Consumption
(annual) Aviation fuel -- 22 billion gallons Diesel fuel 130-140 million
gallons 61 billion gallons
(39 billion gallons for long-distance highway travel)
Source: EIA (2016)
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Biochemicals
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Of all goods manufactured in the U.S., 96% incorporate a
chemical product, accounting for almost $3.6 trillion of the
nation’s GDP.
(Milken Institute, 2013)
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Cargill and McKinsey & Company have indicated that there is potential to produce
two-thirds of the total volume of chemicals from bio-based material, representing over
50,000 products, a $1 trillion annual global market.
(Nelson, P. et al. 2010. The Bioeconomy: A New Era of Products Derived from Renewable Plant-Based
Feedstock, Chapter 1.)
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Bioplastics
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Global bioplastics production capacity is forecast to rise from 1.7 million metric tons (mmt) in
2014 to 6.1 mmt in 2021.
Source: European Bioplastics (November 2016)
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Biomass Value Pyramid
Pharmaceuticals Specialty chemicals
Food Feed Food
Performance materials Fermentation Chemicals & Commodity chemicals Materials Fertilizer
Fuels Heat Bioenergy Electricity
Adde
d va
lue
Increasing volume
Source: Eickhout, B. 2012. A Strategy for a Bio-Based Economy. EU Free Alliance. (www.bio-basedeconomy.nl)
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Considerations Regarding Biomass Feedstock
Source: Golden, J. and Handfield, R. 2014. Opportunities in the Emerging Bioeconomy. USDA Biopreferred Program.
Most expensive Transportable (energy dense) Easily refined
Moderately expensive Transportable and storable Easily converted to sugar
Moderately expensive Direct source of fermentable sugar Immediate processing req.
Cheapest feedstock Transport limited, storable Most difficult to process
Considerations Feedstock Crops
• Soy • Palm • Jatropha
• Corn • Cassava
• Sweet sorghum • Sugarcane • Sugar beet
• Biomass sorghum • Perennial grasses • SRWCs • Wastes and residues
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Considerations Regarding Biomass Feedstock
Wood has a more complex chemical structure, providing more interesting
opportunities for use in producing broad range of chemicals.
Photo: ESF, State University of New York.
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The Emerging Bioeconomy
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The annual U.S. bio-based economy has been variously estimated at:
Economic Impact Employment Source
$ 50 billion 250,000 (direct, limited
industry definition)
Joint Agency Report (2016)
$393 billion 4,220,000 (direct & indirect, limited industry
definition)
USDA (2015)
$1.25 trillion 6,100,000 (Includes broad
industry definition and direct & indirect employment)
U.S. Biotechology Industry Organization (2012)
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The annual U.S. bio-based economy has been variously estimated at:
Economic Impact Employment Source
$ 50 billion 250,000 (direct, limited
industry definition)
Joint Agency Report (2016)
$393 billion 4,220,000 (direct & indirect, limited industry
definition)
USDA (2015)
$1.25 trillion 6,100,000 (Includes broad
industry definition and direct & indirect employment)
U.S. Biotechology Industry Organization (2012)
Includes Fuel, Power, and Products. Ethanol alone in 2016 estimated to be responsible for 85,967 direct jobs, 271,440 indirect jobs, and $44 billion contribution to GDP. (Renewable Fuels Association 2016)
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The annual U.S. bio-based economy has been variously estimated at:
Economic Impact Employment Source
$ 50 billion 250,000 (direct, limited
industry definition)
Joint Agency Report (2016)
$393 billion 4,220,000 (direct & indirect, limited industry
definition)
USDA (2015)
$1.25 trillion 6,100,000 (Includes broad
industry definition and direct & indirect employment)
U.S. Biotechology Industry Organization (2012)
Includes: Farming and Forestry, Biorefining, Biobased Chemicals, Enzymes, Bioplastic Bottles and Packaging, Forest Products, and Textiles. Does not include Energy, Livestock, Food, Feed, and Pharmaceutical industries.
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The annual U.S. bio-based economy has been variously estimated at:
Economic Impact Employment Source
$ 50 billion 250,000 (direct, limited
industry definition)
Joint Agency Report (2016)
$393 billion 4,220,000 (direct & indirect, limited industry
definition)
USDA (2015)
$1.25 trillion 6,100,000 (Includes broad
industry definition and direct & indirect employment)
U.S. Biotechology Industry Organization (2012)
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Biomass Value Pyramid
Pharmaceuticals Specialty chemicals
Food Feed Food
Performance materials Fermentation Chemicals & Commodity chemicals Materials Fertilizer
Fuels Heat Bioenergy Electricity
Adde
d va
lue
Increasing volume
Source: Eickhout, B. 2012. A Strategy for a Bio-Based Economy. EU Free Alliance. (www.bio-basedeconomy.nl)
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Summary