Download - Bioenergy from ag_waste
Bioenergy from Agricultural Wastes
Bioenergy from Agricultural Wastes
PRESTED BY-DEEPAK KESHRIPRESTED BY-DEEPAK KESHRI
World Energy Prospects World Energy Prospects
60%63-
160%
Increase in
Population Energy demand
Source: •CIA's The World Factbook• World POPClock Projection, U.S. Census Bureau • Energy Sources, 26:1119-1129,2004
World's Population
10
6.7
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
2008 2050Year
Po
pu
lati
on
(b
illi
on
)
Other concernsOther concerns
Pollution Climate change Resource depletion
Pollution Climate change Resource depletion
Renewable energy sourcesRenewable energy sources
Summary of energy resources consumption in United States, 2004
Source: USDA-DOE, 2005, http://www.eere.energy.gov/biomass/publications.html.
•By 2030, bio-energy, 15-20% energy consumption
OverviewOverviewBioenergy history Ag wastes and other
biomassBiomass to Bioenergy
Conversion processesPros & Cons
ApplicationsBiofuelsBioheatBioelectricity
Bioenergy history Ag wastes and other
biomassBiomass to Bioenergy
Conversion processesPros & Cons
ApplicationsBiofuelsBioheatBioelectricity
Some U.S. bioenergy
history
Some U.S. bioenergy
history
1850s: Ethanol used for lighting (http://www.eia.doe.gov/ kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/ethanol.html#motorfuel)
1860s-1906: Ethanol tax enacted (making it no longer competitive with kerosene for lights)
1896: 1st ethanol-fueled automobile, the Ford Quadricycle (http://www.nesea.org/greencarclub/factsheets_ethanol.pdf)
1850s: Ethanol used for lighting (http://www.eia.doe.gov/ kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/ethanol.html#motorfuel)
1860s-1906: Ethanol tax enacted (making it no longer competitive with kerosene for lights)
1896: 1st ethanol-fueled automobile, the Ford Quadricycle (http://www.nesea.org/greencarclub/factsheets_ethanol.pdf)
Bioenergy is not new!
More bioenergy
history
More bioenergy
history
1908: 1st flex-fuel car, the Ford Model T1919-1933: Prohibition banned ethanol unless
mixed with petroleum WWI and WWII: Ethanol used due to high oil
costsEarly 1960s: Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol industrial
fermentation discontinued in USToday, about 110 new U.S. ethanol refineries in
operation and 75 more planned
1908: 1st flex-fuel car, the Ford Model T1919-1933: Prohibition banned ethanol unless
mixed with petroleum WWI and WWII: Ethanol used due to high oil
costsEarly 1960s: Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol industrial
fermentation discontinued in USToday, about 110 new U.S. ethanol refineries in
operation and 75 more planned
(photo from http://www.modelt.org/gallery/picz.asp?iPic=129)
Ag wastes and other biomassAg wastes and other biomass
Waste BiomassCrop and forestry residues, animal
manure, food processing waste, yard waste, municipal and C&D solid wastes, sewage, industrial waste
New Biomass: (Terrestrial & Aquatic)Solar energy and CO2 converted via
photosynthesis to organic compoundsConventionally harvested for food, feed,
fiber, & construction materials
Waste BiomassCrop and forestry residues, animal
manure, food processing waste, yard waste, municipal and C&D solid wastes, sewage, industrial waste
New Biomass: (Terrestrial & Aquatic)Solar energy and CO2 converted via
photosynthesis to organic compoundsConventionally harvested for food, feed,
fiber, & construction materials
Agricultural and Forestry Wastes
Agricultural and Forestry Wastes
Crop residuesAnimal manuresFood / feed processing
residuesLogging residues (harvesting
and clearing)Wood processing mill residuesPaper & pulping waste slurries
Crop residuesAnimal manuresFood / feed processing
residuesLogging residues (harvesting
and clearing)Wood processing mill residuesPaper & pulping waste slurries
Municipal garbage & other landfilled wastes
Municipal garbage & other landfilled wastes
Municipal Solid Waste Landfill gas-to-energy
Pre- and post-consumer residuesUrban wood residues
Construction & Demolition wastesTree trimmingsYard wastePackagingDiscarded furniture
Municipal Solid Waste Landfill gas-to-energy
Pre- and post-consumer residuesUrban wood residues
Construction & Demolition wastesTree trimmingsYard wastePackagingDiscarded furniture
U.S. DataU.S. Datacrop residue
animal manure
forest residue
MSW, C&D
Category Millions of dry tons/yr
U.S. (%)
Crop residues
218.9 43
Animal manures
35.1 7
Forest residues
178.8 35
Landfill wastes
78 15
%
(modified from Perlack et al.,
2005)
(modified from Perlack et al.,
2005)
Ohio data
(modified from Jeanty et al., 2004)
Ohio data
(modified from Jeanty et al., 2004)
crop residue
animal manure
forest residue
MSW, C&D
Category Billions of BTUs
Ohio (%)
Crop residues 53,717 18
Animal manures
2,393 1
Forest residues 33,988 12
Landfill wastes 199,707 69
%
Biomass to BioenergyBiomass to BioenergyBiomass: renewable energy sources
coming from biological material such as plants, animals, microorganisms and
municipal wastes
Biomass: renewable energy sources coming from biological material such as plants, animals, microorganisms and
municipal wastes
Bioenergy TypesBioenergy TypesBiofuels
LiquidsMethanol, Ethanol, Butanol,
Biodiesel
GasesMethane, Hydrogen
BioheatWood burning
BioelectricityCombustion in Boiler to TurbineMicrobial Fuel Cells (MFCs)
BiofuelsLiquids
Methanol, Ethanol, Butanol, Biodiesel
GasesMethane, Hydrogen
BioheatWood burning
BioelectricityCombustion in Boiler to TurbineMicrobial Fuel Cells (MFCs)
Conversion ProcessesConversion Processes Biological conversion
Fermentation (methanol, ethanol, butanol)
Anaerobic digestion (methane)
Anaerobic respiration (bio-battery)
Chemical conversionTransesterification
(biodiesel)Thermal conversion
CombustionGasificationPyrolysis
Biological conversionFermentation (methanol,
ethanol, butanol)Anaerobic digestion
(methane)Anaerobic respiration (bio-
battery)Chemical conversion
Transesterification (biodiesel)
Thermal conversionCombustionGasificationPyrolysis
Wet biomass(organic waste, manure)
Solid biomass(wood, straw)
Sugar and starch plants(sugar-cane, cereals)
Oil crops and algae(sunflower, soybean)
Biomass
Biomass-to-Bioenergy RoutesBiomass-to-Bioenergy Routes
EthanolButanol
Methyl ester(biodiesel)
Pyrolytic oil
BiogasH2, CH4
Fuel gas
Sugar
Pure Oil
Conversion processes
Ele
ctric
ityH
eat
Ele
ctric
al d
evic
esH
eatin
g
Liqu
id b
iofu
els
Tra
nspo
rt
Biofuels and Bioenergy Application
Anaerobic
fermentation
Gasification
Combustion
Pyrolysis
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis
Extraction
Crushing
Refining
fermentation
Transesterification
Photosynthesis
6CO
2 +
6H
2O
C
6H
12O
6 +
6O
2
co2
Advantages of Biomass Advantages of Biomass
Widespread availability in many parts of the world
Contribution to the security of energy supplies Generally low fuel cost compared with fossil fuels Biomass as a resource can be stored in large
amounts, and bioenergy produced on demand Creation of stable jobs, especially in rural areas Developing technologies and knowledge base
offers opportunities for technology exports Carbon dioxide mitigation and other emission
reductions (SOx, etc.)
Widespread availability in many parts of the world
Contribution to the security of energy supplies Generally low fuel cost compared with fossil fuels Biomass as a resource can be stored in large
amounts, and bioenergy produced on demand Creation of stable jobs, especially in rural areas Developing technologies and knowledge base
offers opportunities for technology exports Carbon dioxide mitigation and other emission
reductions (SOx, etc.)
Environmental Benefits
Drawbacks of BiomassDrawbacks of Biomass
Generally low energy content Competition for the resource with
food, feed, and material applications like particle board or paper
Generally higher investment costs for conversion into final energy in comparison with fossil alternatives
Generally low energy content Competition for the resource with
food, feed, and material applications like particle board or paper
Generally higher investment costs for conversion into final energy in comparison with fossil alternatives
ApplicationsApplications
Biofuel Applications: LiquidsBiofuel Applications: Liquids
Ethanol and Butanol: can be used in gasoline engines either at low blends (up to 10%), in high blends in Flexible Fuel Vehicles or in pure form in adapted engines
Biodiesel: can be used, both blended with fossil diesel and in pure form. Its acceptance by car manufacturers is growing
Ethanol and Butanol: can be used in gasoline engines either at low blends (up to 10%), in high blends in Flexible Fuel Vehicles or in pure form in adapted engines
Biodiesel: can be used, both blended with fossil diesel and in pure form. Its acceptance by car manufacturers is growing
Process for cellulosic bioethanol
Process for cellulosic bioethanol
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/abcs_biofuels.html http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/abcs_biofuels.html
Why Butanol? Why Butanol?
More similar to gasoline than ethanolButanol can:
Be transported via existing pipelines (ethanol cannot)
Fuel engines designed for use with gasoline without modification (ethanol cannot)
Produced from biomass (biobutanol) as well as petroleum (petrobutanol)
Toxicity issues (no worse than gasoline)
More similar to gasoline than ethanolButanol can:
Be transported via existing pipelines (ethanol cannot)
Fuel engines designed for use with gasoline without modification (ethanol cannot)
Produced from biomass (biobutanol) as well as petroleum (petrobutanol)
Toxicity issues (no worse than gasoline)
Triglyceride consists of glycerol backbone + 3 fatty acid tails
The OH- from the NaOH (or KOH) catalyst facilitates the breaking of the bonds between fatty acids and glycerol
Methanol then binds to the free end of the fatty acid to produce a methyl ester (aka biodiesel)
Multi-step reaction mechanism: Triglyceride→Diglyceride →Monoglyceride →Methyl esters+ glycerine
Triglyceride consists of glycerol backbone + 3 fatty acid tails
The OH- from the NaOH (or KOH) catalyst facilitates the breaking of the bonds between fatty acids and glycerol
Methanol then binds to the free end of the fatty acid to produce a methyl ester (aka biodiesel)
Multi-step reaction mechanism: Triglyceride→Diglyceride →Monoglyceride →Methyl esters+ glycerine
GlycerineMethyl Ester
Triglyceride
Methoxide
Biodiesel from triglyceride oilsBiodiesel from triglyceride oils
Biodiesel ProductionBiodiesel Production
Biodiesel, Biodiesel, glyceringlycerin
Fuel GradeFuel GradeBiodieselBiodiesel
Fertilizer Fertilizer KK33POPO33
waterwater
Catalyst MixingCatalyst Mixing
MethanolMethanol
NeutralizationNeutralization
Acid (phosphoric)Acid (phosphoric)
Biodiesel,Biodiesel,impuritiesimpurities
Methanol RecoveryMethanol Recovery
Crude GlycerineCrude Glycerine
RecoveredRecoveredmethanolmethanol
Wash waterWash water
Phase SeparationPhase Separationgravity or centrifugegravity or centrifuge
PurificationPurification(washing)(washing)
Catalyst NaOHCatalyst NaOH
Crude Biodiesel (methyl ester)Crude Biodiesel (methyl ester)Crude glycerinCrude glycerinExcess methanolExcess methanolCatalyst KOHCatalyst KOH
Raw OilRaw Oil
Transesterification Transesterification ReactionReaction
Biofuel Applications: GasesBiofuel Applications: Gases
Hydrogen: can be used in fuel cells for generating electricity
Methane: can be combusted directly or converted to ethanol
Hydrogen: can be used in fuel cells for generating electricity
Methane: can be combusted directly or converted to ethanol
Bioheat ApplicationsBioheat ApplicationsSmall-scale heating
systems for households typically use firewood or pellets
Medium-scale users typically burn wood chips in grate boilers
Large-scale boilers are able to burn a larger variety of fuels, including wood waste and refuse-derived fuel
Small-scale heating systems for households typically use firewood or pellets
Medium-scale users typically burn wood chips in grate boilers
Large-scale boilers are able to burn a larger variety of fuels, including wood waste and refuse-derived fuel
Biomass Boiler
(for more info: Dr. Harold M. Keener, OSU Wooster, E-mail [email protected])
Bioelectricity ApplicationsBioelectricity Applications
Co-generation: Combustion followed by a water vapor cycle driven turbine engine is the main technology at present
Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs): Direct conversion of biomass to electricity
Co-generation: Combustion followed by a water vapor cycle driven turbine engine is the main technology at present
Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs): Direct conversion of biomass to electricity
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs)Microbial fuel cells (MFCs)
Electrons flow from an anode through a resistor to a cathode where electron acceptors are reduced. Protons flow across a proton exchange membrane (PEM) to complete the circuit.
PE
M
Bio-electro-chemical devicesBacteria as biocatalysts convert the
biomass “fuel” directly to electricityOxidation-Reduction reaction
switches from normal electron acceptor (e.g., O2, nitrate, sulfate) to a solid electron acceptor: Graphite anode
Bio-electro-chemical devicesBacteria as biocatalysts convert the
biomass “fuel” directly to electricityOxidation-Reduction reaction
switches from normal electron acceptor (e.g., O2, nitrate, sulfate) to a solid electron acceptor: Graphite anode
It’s all about REDOX CHEMISTRY!
Microbial fuel cells in the lab Microbial fuel cells in the lab •Two-compartment MFC • Proton exchange membrane:
Nafion 117 or Ultrex• Electrodes: Graphite plate
84 cm2
• Working volume: 400 ml
ANODE CATHODE
Membrane
Anode
Cathode
Ano
de
Proton ExchangeMembrane
Cat
hod
e
Anodecompartment
Cathodecompartment
Cellulose
β-Glucan(n≤7)
β-Glucan (n ≤7)
Glucose
Cellodextrin
β- Glucan (n-1)
n≥2
n=1
6CO2 + 24e- + 24H+
Butyrate
4CO2 + 18e- + 18H+
Propionate
Acetate
3CO2 + 28e- + 28H+
2CO2 + 8e- + 8H+
O2
H2O
e-
e-
Not to Scale
Bacteria Cell
BacteriaCell Wall
H+ e-
H+ e-
H+
e-
e-
H+
My own MFC storyMy own MFC storyUndergraduate in-class presentation, 2003
Bond, D.R. Holmes, D.E., Tender L.M., Lovley D.R. 2002. Electrode-reducing microorganisms that harvest energy from marine sediments. Science 295: 483–485.
Extra-curricular student team project, 2004-2005USEPA - P3 first round winner 2005#1 in ASABE’s Gunlogson National Competition 2005
Research program, 2005 to present3 Ph.D. students, 2 undergrad honors theses, 4 facultyOver $200,000 in grant fundingHigh school science class project online resource
Undergraduate in-class presentation, 2003 Bond, D.R. Holmes, D.E., Tender L.M., Lovley D.R. 2002. Electrode-reducing
microorganisms that harvest energy from marine sediments. Science 295: 483–485.
Extra-curricular student team project, 2004-2005USEPA - P3 first round winner 2005#1 in ASABE’s Gunlogson National Competition 2005
Research program, 2005 to present3 Ph.D. students, 2 undergrad honors theses, 4 facultyOver $200,000 in grant fundingHigh school science class project online resource
http://digitalunion.osu.edu/r2/summer07/nskrinak/index.html
ReferencesReferences Ezeji, T., N. Qureshi, H.P. Blaschek. 2007. Butanol production from agricultural
residues: Impact of degradation products on Clostridum beijerinckii growth and butanol fermentation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 97, 1460-1469.
Jeanty, P.W., D. Warren, and F. Hitzhusen. 2004. Assessing Ohio’s biomass resources for energy potential using GIS. OSU Dept of Ag, Env., and Development Economics, for Ohio Dept of Development. http://www.puc.state.oh.us/emplibrary/files/media/biomass/bioenergyresourceassessment.pdf
Klass, Donald L. 1998. Biomass for Renewable Energy, Fuels, and Chemicals. Academic Press. ISBN: 9780124109506.
Perlack et al. 2005. Biomass as feedstock for a bioenergy and bioproducts industry: The technical feasibility of a billion-ton annual supply. USDOE-USDA. http://www.puc.state.oh.us/emplibrary/files/media/biomass/BiomassFeedstock.pdf
Rabaey, K., Verstraete, W. 2005. Microbial fuel cells: Novel biotechnology for energy generation. Trends. Biotechnol. 23:291-298.
Rismani-Yazdi, H., Christy, A. D., Dehority, B.A., Morrison, M., Yu, Z. and Tuovinen, O. H. 2007. Electricity generation from cellulose by rumen microorganisms in microbial fuel cells. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 97, 1398-1407.
Skrinak, N. 2007. OSU Microbial Fuel Cell Learning Center <http://digitalunion.osu.edu/r2/summer07/nskrinak/index.html>
USDOE Biomass Program. ABCs of Biofuels <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/abcs_biofuels.html>. Accessed April 2008.
Ezeji, T., N. Qureshi, H.P. Blaschek. 2007. Butanol production from agricultural residues: Impact of degradation products on Clostridum beijerinckii growth and butanol fermentation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 97, 1460-1469.
Jeanty, P.W., D. Warren, and F. Hitzhusen. 2004. Assessing Ohio’s biomass resources for energy potential using GIS. OSU Dept of Ag, Env., and Development Economics, for Ohio Dept of Development. http://www.puc.state.oh.us/emplibrary/files/media/biomass/bioenergyresourceassessment.pdf
Klass, Donald L. 1998. Biomass for Renewable Energy, Fuels, and Chemicals. Academic Press. ISBN: 9780124109506.
Perlack et al. 2005. Biomass as feedstock for a bioenergy and bioproducts industry: The technical feasibility of a billion-ton annual supply. USDOE-USDA. http://www.puc.state.oh.us/emplibrary/files/media/biomass/BiomassFeedstock.pdf
Rabaey, K., Verstraete, W. 2005. Microbial fuel cells: Novel biotechnology for energy generation. Trends. Biotechnol. 23:291-298.
Rismani-Yazdi, H., Christy, A. D., Dehority, B.A., Morrison, M., Yu, Z. and Tuovinen, O. H. 2007. Electricity generation from cellulose by rumen microorganisms in microbial fuel cells. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 97, 1398-1407.
Skrinak, N. 2007. OSU Microbial Fuel Cell Learning Center <http://digitalunion.osu.edu/r2/summer07/nskrinak/index.html>
USDOE Biomass Program. ABCs of Biofuels <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/abcs_biofuels.html>. Accessed April 2008.
For more info (or to request reference
list)
For more info (or to request reference
list)
Ann D. Christy, Ph.D., P.E.
Associate ProfessorDept of Food, Agricultural, and
Biological Engineering
614-292-3171Email: [email protected]