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Biodiversity and
Evolution
Chapter 4 (Miller & Spoolman)
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Core Case Study: Why Should We
Care about the American Alligator?
Largest reptile in North America
Only predator = humans (and giant pythons in the everglades now)
1930s: Hunters and poachers
Importance of gator holes and nesting mounds
Serve as freshwater reservoirs
1967: endangered species
1977: comeback, threatened species
1-2 million gators in FL now
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4-1 What Is Biodiversity and Why
Is It Important?
Concept 4-1 The biodiversity found in genes, species, ecosystems, and
ecosystem processes is vital to sustaining life on earth.
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Biodiversity Is a Crucial Part of the
Earth’s Natural Capital
Vital renewable resource
Fuels processes of energy flow and nutrient cycling
Species diversity
# or variety of species in the world or particular region
Ecosystem diversity
Different biotic community types or habitats within a specific area
Functional diversity
Variety of processes: matter cycling, energy flow, species interaction in food webs
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Natural Capital: Major Components of
the Earth’s Biodiversity
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Animation: Evolutionary tree of life
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Active Figure: Matter recycling and
energy flow
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4-2 Where Do Species Come
From?
Concept 4-2A The scientific theory of evolution explains how life on earth
changes over time through changes in the genes of populations.
Concept 4-2B Populations evolve when genes mutate and give some individuals genetic traits that enhance their abilities to survive and to produce offspring with
these traits (natural selection).
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Biological Evolution by Natural Selection
Explains How Life Changes over Time
Biological evolution Life (populations) changes over time
due to mutation of genes in individuals
Natural selection (superior genetic traits are chosen through the individual whom then passes the trait on) Charles Darwin (1859 Origin of
Species)
Alfred Russel Wallace
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Six Major Kingdoms of Species as
a Result of Natural Selection
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Taxonomy = Classification
SPECIES
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The Fossil Record Tells Much of
the Story of Evolution
Fossils
Physical evidence of ancient organisms
Reveal what their internal structures looked like
Fossil record is incomplete
Only represent ~1% of all species that ever lived
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Fossilized
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The Genetic Makeup of a
Population Can Change
Populations evolve by becoming genetically different NOT INDIVIDUALS (Sorry you can‟t be born human and eventually evolve into a wizard)
Genetic variations First step in biological evolution
Occurs through mutations in reproductive cells (random changes/error in DNA)
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Individuals in Populations with Beneficial
Genetic Traits Can Leave More Offspring
Natural selection: acts on individuals
Second step in biological evolution
Adaptation may lead to differential reproduction
Genetic resistance
When environmental conditions change, population will…
Adapt
Migrate
Become extinct
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Evolution by Natural Selection
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Important!!
Genes mutate, individuals are
selected, and populations evolve
that are better adapted to survive
and reproduce under existing
environmental conditions
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Case Study: How Did Humans Become
Such a Powerful Species?
Three human adaptations
Strong opposable thumbs
Walk upright
Complex brain
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Comparison – What do you see
different?
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Adaptation through Natural
Selection Has Limits
Genetic change must precede change in the environmental conditions
Gene must exist first so that individual can be selected to live and pass on gene
Reproductive capacity
Quick vs Slow?
r verse k species??
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Three Common Myths about
Evolution through Natural Selection
“Survival of the fittest” is not “survival of the strongest” (reproductive success!)
Organisms do not develop traits out of need or want (I want to be 3 inches taller and weigh 30 pounds less = NO!!)
No grand plan of nature for perfect adaptation (random, random, random!)
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Animation: Adaptive trait
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Animation: Modeling genetic drift
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Animation: Disruptive selection
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Animation: Evolutionary tree
diagrams
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Animation: Change in moth
population
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Animation: Stabilizing selection
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4-3 How Do Geological Processes and
Climate Change Affect Evolution?
Concept 4-3 Tectonic plate movements, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and climate change
(GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES) have shifted wildlife habitats, wiped out
large numbers of species, and created opportunities for the
evolution of new species.
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Geologic Processes Affect Natural
Selection
Tectonic plates affect evolution and the location of life on earth
Location of continents and oceans
Species physically move, or adapt, or form new species through natural selection
Earthquakes
Separating/Isolating species
Volcanic eruptions
Destroy habitats/wipe out species
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Movement of the Earth’s
Continents over Millions of Years
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Climate Change and Catastrophes
Affect Natural Selection
Ice ages followed by warming temperatures
Collisions between the earth and large asteroids
New species
Extinction
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Changes in Ice Coverage in the Northern
Hemisphere During the last 18,000 Years
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Science Focus: Earth Is Just Right
for Life to Thrive
Certain temperature range (thanks to distance from sun)
Dependence on water (temperature range keeps most water liquid)
Rotation on its axis (keeps even temperature around the earth)
Revolution around the sun
Enough gravitational mass
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Animation: Continental drift
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Animation: Stanley Miller's
experiment
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4-4 How Do Speciation, Extinction, and
Human Activities Affect Biodiversity?
Concept 4-4A As environmental conditions change, the balance between formation of new species and extinction
of existing species determines the earth’s biodiversity.
Concept 4-4B Human activities can decrease biodiversity by causing the
premature extinction of species and by destroying or degrading habitats needed
for the development of new species.
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How Do New Species Evolve?
Geographic isolation
Reproductive isolation
Takes a
Long time
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Geographic Isolation Can Lead to
Reproductive Isolation
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Extinction is Forever
Extinction
Entire species GONE!
Endemic species
Only found in one area
Particularly vulnerable
Of the more than 2,840 native or naturalized vascular plants that constitute the Florida flora, an estimated 11% are endemic to FL
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Golden Toad of
Costa Rica,
Extinct
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Extinction Can Affect One Species
or Many Species at a Time
Background extinction
1 to 5 species go extinct for each million species on earth
Mass extinction
How numbered is debated: 3–5 mass extinctions??
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Science Focus: We Have Two Ways to
Change the Genetic Traits of Populations
Artificial selection
Select ideal breeding pairs
Genetic engineering, gene splicing
Changing DNA to get the desired trait
Consider
Ethics
Morals
Privacy issues
Harmful effects
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Genetically Engineered Chickens
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Animation: Speciation on an
archipelago
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Animation: Transferring genes into
plants
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4-5 What Is Species Diversity and Why Is It Important?
Concept 4-5 Species diversity is a major
component of biodiversity and tends to increase the
sustainability of ecosystems.
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Species Diversity: Variety, Abundance of
Species in a Particular Place
Species diversity
Species richness (how many types)
Species evenness (numbers of 1 type)
Diversity varies with geographical location
Most species-rich communities
Tropical rain forests
Coral reefs
Ocean bottom zone
Large tropical lakes
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Variations in Species Richness
and Species Evenness
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Science Focus: Species Richness
on Islands
Species equilibrium model, theory of island biogeography
Rate of new species immigrating should balance with the rate of species extinction
Island size and distance from the mainland need to be considered
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Species-Rich Ecosystems Tend to
Be Productive and Sustainable
Species richness seems to increase productivity and stability or sustainability
“Does not have „all its eggs in one basket‟”
How much species richness is needed is debatable
Seems the more biomass = more CO2
and N2 consumed
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4-6 What Roles Do Species Play in
Ecosystems?
Concept 4-6A Each species plays a specific ecological role called its niche.
Concept 4-6B Any given species may play one or more of five important
roles—native, nonnative, indicator, keystone, or foundation roles—in a
particular ecosystem.
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Each Species Plays a Unique Role
in Its Ecosystem
Ecological niche, niche
Pattern of living (within their habitat = where a species lives)
Generalist species
Broad niche (live a lot of places, tolerates variation in food and enviro. conditions)
Specialist species
Narrow niche (“Picky” about habitat, food, and climates)
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Specialist
Species and
Generalist
Species
Niches
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Raccoons all over the place!
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Case Study: Cockroaches-
Nature’s Ultimate Survivors
Cockroaches
Generalists
High reproductive rates
Giant panda and tiger salamanders
Specialists
Low reproductive rates
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Cockroach
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Specialized Feeding Niches of Various
Bird Species in a Coastal Wetland
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Niches Can Be Occupied by
Native and Nonnative Species
Native species; normal to area (sometimes dated in USA as species here before the arrival of Columbus)
Nonnative species; invasive, alien, or exotic species
May spread rapidly
Not all are villains (important!)
2nd Short Term Project Assignments!! YAY, you know you‟re excited!!
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Indicator Species Serve as
Biological Smoke Alarms
Indicator species
Can monitor environmental quality
Trout (need clean water w/ high levels of DO)
Birds (susceptible to loss of habitat and introduction of pesticide)
Butterflies (each species is usually dependent on specific plant. E.g Passiflora suberosa in FL is favored by Gulf Fritillary, Julia Heliconian, and Zebra Heliconian caterpillars)
Frogs (susceptible to changes in water and air quality)
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Case Study: Why Are Amphibians
Vanishing? (1)
Habitat loss and fragmentation
Prolonged drought
Pollution
Increase in UV radiation
Parasites
Viral and fungal diseases
Climate change
Overhunting
Nonnative predators and competitors
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Case Study: Why Are Amphibians
Vanishing? (2)
Importance of amphibians
Sensitive biological indicators of environmental changes
Adult amphibians
Important ecological roles in biological communities
Genetic storehouse of pharmaceutical products waiting to be discovered
Non native Cuban tree frog
verse native FL tree frog
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Life Cycle of a Frog
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Keystone, Foundation Species Determine
Structure, Function of Their Ecosystems
Keystone species
Pollinators
Top predator
Foundation species
Create or enhance their habitats, which benefit others
Elephants
Beavers
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Case Study: Why Should We
Protect Sharks?
Keystone species Eat dead and dying fish in the ocean
Strong immune systems
Wounds do not get infected
Almost never get cancer
Could help humans if we understood their immune system