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Introduction
Pollution is the introduction of a contaminant into the environment. It is created mostly by
human actions, but can also be a result of natural disasters. Pollution has a detrimental effect
on any living organism in an environment, making it virtually impossible to sustain life.
The different types of pollution
Pollution harms the Earths environment and its inhabitants in many ways. The three main
types of pollution are:
Land Pollution
Land pollution is pollution of the Earths natural land surface by industrial, commercial,
domestic and agricultural activities.
Air Pollution
Air pollution is the accumulation of hazardous substances into the atmosphere that danger
human life and other living matter.
Water Pollution
Water pollution is the introduction of chemical, biological and physical matter into large
bodies of water that degrade the quality of life that lives in it and consumes it.
Pollution can also be the consequence of a natural disaster. For example, hurricanes often
involve water contamination from sewage, and petrochemical spills from ruptured boats or
automobiles. Larger scale and environmental damage is not uncommon when coastal oil rigs
or refineries are involved. Some sources of pollution, such as nuclear power plants or oil
tankers, can produce widespread and potentially hazardous releases when accidents occur.
The best way for you to get involved with pollution prevention is to practice efforts on our
own or join a project or program.
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Land Pollution
Land pollution is the degradation of the Earth's land surface through misuse of the soil by
poor agricultural practices, mineral exploitation, industrial waste dumping, and improper
disposal of urban wastes. It includes visible waste and litter as well as pollution of the soil
itself. As a result of such activities the land becomes contaminated. The main types of land
pollution to be discussed in this report are land pollution from: land degradation, soil
contamination, and dumping of solid wastes.
Land degradation occurs when the land becomes unstable. Land degradation can occur as a
loss of vegetative cover, an undesirable change to the soil (such as a sharp increase or
decrease in salinity), or as soil erosion. The following activities also contribute to land
degradation: deforestation, agricultural depletion of soil nutrients through poor farming
practices, overgrazing (when plants are exposed to intensive grazing by livestock for an
extensive period of time) and over-drafting (extracting groundwater beyond the considered
safe yield), inappropriate irrigation practices, urbanization, quarrying of minerals and ore,
and monoculture.
Land degradation is given a lot of importance in todays world because of the effects it has on
agronomic productivity, the environment, food security, and the quality of life. In placeswhere soil erosion occurs, for example on river banks, the degradation in land quality leads to
decreased productivity. Agronomists and soil scientists consider land as a non-renewable
resource and believe that some harmful effects on land quality are irreversible (Eswaran, Lal
& Reich, 2001). In their report, Eswaran, Lal, and Reich (2001) have also mentioned that the
productivity of some lands has declined by 50% due to soil erosion and desertification.
According to Ian Sample (2007), it is estimated that about 40 percent of the worlds
agricultural land is seriously degraded. Furthermore, soil acidification from fertilizerscontaining nitrogen compounds results in barren soil. Soil alkalinisation and increase in soil
salinity due to improper irrigation practices lead to reduced crop yields.
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Fig. 1-The effects of overuse of chemical fertilizers
Some harmful effects of land degradation as put forth in Eswaran, Lal, and Reichs (2001)
report are given below:
Africa has had a mean loss of 8.2 percent in soil yield In South Asia, annual loss in productivity is estimated at 36 million tons of cereal
equivalent valued at US$5,400 million by water erosion, and US$1,800 million due to
wind erosion.
It is estimated that the total annual cost of erosion from agriculture in the USA isabout US$44 billion per year, i.e. about US$247 per hectare of cropland and pasture.
On a global scale the annual loss of 75 billion tons of soil costs the world aboutUS$400 billion per year, or approximately US$70 per person per year.
Major causes of land/soil pollution in Bangladesh
Severe land degradation affects a significant portion of the Earth's arable lands, decreasing
the wealth and economic development of nations. As the land resource base becomes less
productive, food security is compromised, and competition for dwindling resources increases
the likelihood of famine and potential conflict.
Before moving on to soil pollution, a brief definition of soil is relevant. Soil is the thin layer
of organic and inorganic materials that covers the Earth's rocky surface. The organic portion,
which is derived from the decayed remains of plants and animals, is concentrated in the dark
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uppermost topsoil. The inorganic portion made up of rock fragments, was formed over
thousands of years ago by physical and chemical weathering of bedrock. Productive soils are
necessary for agriculture to supply the world with sufficient food.
Soil pollution generally refers to the presence of toxic chemicals (pollutants or contaminants)
in soil in high enough concentrations to be of risk to human health and/or the ecosystem.
Additionally, even when the levels of contaminants in soil are not risky, soil pollution may
still occur simply due to the fact that the levels of the contaminants in the soil exceed the
levels that are naturally present in the soil. Though, not common in Bangladesh but
radioactive materials and disease-causing agents in the soil are also considered as soil
pollutants. Soil pollution has adverse effects on plant growth and animal health.
Soil pollution is caused by the presence of xenobiotic (human-made) chemicals or other
changes in the natural soil environment. It is typically caused by excess application of
pesticides, herbicides or fertilizer, industrial activity (discharge of industrial waste into the
soil), seepage from landfills, seepage of contaminated water into the soil, rupture of
underground storage tanks, and agricultural chemicals. The most common chemicals
contributing to soil pollution are petroleum hydrocarbons, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
(such as naphthalene), solvents, pesticides, lead, and other heavy metals. A lot of developing
countries have relatively lax laws regarding soil pollution.
Bangladeshi farmers use fertilizers. The overuse of NPK fertilizers reduce quantity of
vegetables and crops grown on soil over the years. It also reduces the protein content of
wheat, maize, grams, etc., grown on that soil. The carbohydrate quality of such crops also
gets degraded. Excess potassium content in soil decreases Vitamin C and carotene content in
vegetables and fruits. The vegetables and fruits grown on over-fertilized soil are more prone
to attacks by insects and disease.
Contaminated or polluted soil directly affects human health through direct contact with soil
or via inhalation of soil contaminants which have vaporized; potentially greater threats are
posed by the infiltration of soil contamination into groundwater aquifers used for human
consumption, sometimes in areas apparently far removed from any apparent source of above
ground contamination. Health consequences from exposure to soil contamination vary greatly
depending on the type of pollutants, pathway of attack and vulnerability of the exposed
population. Chronic exposure to chromium, lead and other metals, petroleum, solvents, and
many pesticide and herbicide formulations can be carcinogenic (producing or tending to
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produce cancer), can cause congenital disorders (disorders existing at birth, sometimes before
birth, or even during the first month of life), or can cause other chronic health conditions.
Chronic exposure to benzene at sufficient concentrations is known to be associated with
higher incidence of the disease leukemia. Mercury is known to induce higher incidences of
kidney damage, some of which is irreversible. Organophosphates and carbonates can induce a
chain of responses leading to neuromuscular blockage. Many chlorinated solvents induce
depression of the central nervous system. There is an entire spectrum of further health effects
such as headache, nausea, fatigue, eye irritation and skin rash for the above cited and other
chemicals. At sufficient dosages a large number of soil contaminants can cause death by
exposure via direct contact, or via inhalation or ingestion of contaminants in groundwater
contaminated through soil.
Next we see the effects of dumping wastes and littering, which are very common in
Bangladesh. In general, solid waste includes garbage, domestic refuse and discarded solid
materials such as those from commercial, industrial and agricultural operations. They contain
paper, cardboards, plastics, glass, old construction material, packaging material and toxic or
otherwise hazardous substances. Since a significant amount of urban solid waste tends to be
paper and food waste, the majority is recyclable or biodegradable in landfills. Similarly, most
agricultural waste is recycled and mining waste is left on site.
Fig. 2- Land Pollution
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The portion of solid waste that is hazardous, such as oils, battery metals, heavy metals from
smelting industries and organic solvents are the ones that need to be paid attention to. These
can in the long run, get deposited to the soils of the surrounding area and pollute them by
altering their chemical and biological properties. They also contaminate drinking water
aquifer sources. More than 90 percent of hazardous waste is produced by chemical,
petroleum and metal-related industries; small businesses such as dry cleaners and gas stations
contribute to this as well. Solid waste disposal gained huge public attention due to the
notorious Love Canal case in the USA in 1978, where toxic chemicals leached from oozing
storage drums into the soil underneath peoples homes, causing an unusually large number of
birth defects, cancers and respiratory, nervous and kidney diseases.
To minimize the harmful effects of waste disposal, proper methods should be adopted for the
management of waste disposal. Industrial wastes can be treated physically, chemically and
biologically until they are less hazardous. Acidic and alkaline wastes should be first
neutralized; the insoluble material if biodegradable should be allowed to degrade under
controlled conditions before being disposed. If these options are not feasible, the waste can be
buried in locations situated away from residential areasthis is the simplest and most widely
used technique of solid waste management. Environmental and aesthetic considerations must
be taken into consideration before selecting the dumping sites. Some people or firms may
burn the solid wastes, but that contributes to air pollution.
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Air Pollution
Atmosphere is a complex gaseous system that is essential to support life on earth. There are anumber of layers in the atmosphere, namely the Stratosphere, Mesosphere, thermosphere and
Exosphere. The pollution and degradation or depletion of the atmosphere is known as Air
Pollution. Air pollution is best defined as the introduction of chemicals and biological
materials into the atmosphere. This introduction of such elements causes discomfort to
human beings and all sorts of life on earth, causes diseases, damages food crops, natural
environment and also may lead to death of human beings and other living organisms. The two
major concerns of Air pollution is the Indoor air pollution (within a house or a relatively
small closed area) and urban air pollution.
Pollutants
Pollutants are particular substances which causes pollution to occur. These are the
responsible elements that create damage to the atmosphere and hence the life on earth. Below
are the names of those pollutants which are mainly responsible for air pollution.
Sulphur Oxides: especially sulphur dioxide (SO2), which is produced by volcanoesand in various industrial processes. SO2 can also be emitted from combustion of coal
and petroleum.
Nitrogen Oxides: Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) is the most significant air pollutant. It isemitted from high temperature combustion, or naturally during thunderstorms. It is
reddish-brown in color and has a sharp odour.
Carbon Monoxide: is a colorless, odourless, non-irritating but very poisonous gas. Itis a product by incomplete combustion of fuel. Exhaust fumes from motor cars is amajor source of carbon monoxide.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)- is a colorless, odourless, non-toxic greenhouse gas, emittedcombustion, cement production, and respiration.
Ozone: Is a major part of smog and can be found in two places; near the ground(troposphere) and in the lower atmosphere. It should not be confused with the other
Ozone present in the upper atmosphere.
Particulate matter: are solid or liquid matters that are introduced to the air. Theyremain in the air mainly because of their size, which is between 0.0005mm to 0.1mm
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Lead: a blue-gray metal which is known to be very toxic. Chloroflorocarbons (CFC): are gases that are released mainly from air-conditioning
systems and refrigeration. They assist in the depleting of ozone layer which protects
the earth from ultraviolet rays.
The effects of air pollution on humans
Different groups of individuals are affected by air pollution in different ways. Some
individuals are much more sensitive to pollutants than are others. Young children and elderly
people often suffer more from the effects of air pollution.
Short Term effects: includes irritation to the eyes, nose and throat, and upper respiratory
infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia. Other symptoms can include headaches, nausea,
and allergic reactions. Short-term air pollution can worsen medical conditions of people with
asthma and emphysema. In the great "Smog Disaster" in London in 1952, four thousand
people died in a few days due to the high concentrations of pollution.
Fig 3: A photo of the smog disaster in London in 1952
Source: www.eoearth.com
Long term effects: includes chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease, and even
damage to the brain, nerves, liver, or kidneys. Continual exposure to air pollution affects the
lungs of growing children and may negatively affect or complicate medical conditions in the
elderly.
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The effects of air pollution on nature and environment
Acid rain: is rain containing harmful amounts of nitric and sulphuric acids. These acids fall
to the Earth either as wet precipitation (rain, snow, or fog) or dry precipitation (gas and
particulates). Acid rain damages trees and causes soils and water bodies to acidify, It also
speeds the decay of buildings, statues, and sculptures.
Hazeis caused when sunlight encounters tiny pollution particles in the air. Haze obscures the
clarity, color, texture, and form of what we see. These are emitted to the atmosphere by
sources such as power plants, industrial facilities, trucks and automobiles, and construction
activities
Ozone depletion: At ground level, ozone can harm human health. In the stratosphere,
however, ozone forms a layer that protects life on earth from the sun's harmful ultraviolet
(UV) rays. But this "good" ozone is gradually being destroyed by man-made chemicals
including chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, and halons. These are used in
coolants, foaming agents, fire extinguishers, solvents, pesticides, and aerosol propellants.
Crop and forest damage:Ground-level ozone can lead to reductions in agricultural crop and
commercial forest yields, reduced growth and survivability of tree seedlings, and increased
plant susceptibility to disease, pests and other environmental stresses (such as harsh weather).
Global climate change: Humans have disturbed this natural balance by producing large
amounts of some of greenhouse gases. As a result, the Earth's atmosphere appears to be
trapping more of the sun's heat, causing the Earth's average temperature to rise - a
phenomenon known as global warming.
Effects on wildlife: Studies show that air toxics are contributing to birth defects,
reproductive failure, and disease in animals. Persistent toxic air pollutants (those that break
down slowly in the environment) are of particular concern in aquatic ecosystems.
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Human contribution to air pollution (causes of Air Pollution)
Statistics (Nitrous oxide emissions)
Sector NOx Emissions, Gg NO2
Road 28,471
Power Generation 24,792
Deforestation & Savannah Fires 21,450
Industry (excl. refineries) 9,630
Shipping 9,574
Other 32,692
Total: 126,610
As we can already study in the table those motor vehicles are the main sources of theemission of nitrous oxide. Motor vehicles use petroleum (fossil fuel) burning which emits a
lot of harmful substances and which in turn causes air pollution.
Ranked second is Power generation which also uses fossil fuels and result in harmful
emissions of the possible pollutants that accounts for Air pollution
Forest Fires release a significant amount of pollutant which gets mixed up in the air and
hence causes polluted air.
Other sources accounts for Railway, Shipping, also minor factors like Smoking. Other
reasons also include uncontrolled emission, dust, industrial waste product, construction dust,
garbage, brick kilns, cooking stoves, burning of wood, coal and bio-mass are mainly
responsible.
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Statistics of Bangladesh:
In case of Bangladesh a major pollutant source is motor vehicles. Below are some statistics
related to Bangladeshs Air pollution.
Population in 2007: 12.3million with 4.23% growth Number of Registered Vehicles
140,000 in 1995 422,000 in 2007
Vehicular Pollution Statistics Total particulate pollution from vehicles: 3648%
The major problem was created by the Two-stroke auto-rickshaws and other engines which
emitted excessive amounts of air pollution (about as much as 30 cars). It had been replaced
by Natural gas operated auto-rickshaws by early 2000
.
Fig 4: 2stroke engine auto-rickshaws Fig 5: CNG driven Auto-rickshaw
Source:www.newsimg.bbc.co.uk Source:www.clpmag.org
Bangladesh is in economic terms blessed by a huge number of garment factories which is a
curse for the environment. Too much emission is causing Air pollution to rise day by day.
Also Bangladesh is filled with brick fields and these are emitting uncontrollable amounts of
pollutants. These practices cannot be reduced by even strict enforcement
http://www.newsimg.bbc.co.uk/http://www.newsimg.bbc.co.uk/http://www.newsimg.bbc.co.uk/http://www.clpmag.org/http://www.clpmag.org/http://www.clpmag.org/http://www.clpmag.org/http://www.newsimg.bbc.co.uk/ -
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.
Fig 6: Brick Field emissions-Bangladesh Fig7: Facory emissions Bangladesh
Source: www. por-img.cimcontent.net Source: www.static.guim.co.uk
Water Pollution
Water pollution is the introduction into fresh or ocean waters of chemical, physical, or
biological material that degrades the quality of the water and affects the organisms living in
it. This process ranges from simple addition of dissolved or suspended solids to discharge of
the most insidious and persistent toxic pollutants (such as pesticides, heavy metals, and non-
degradable, bio-accumulative, chemical compounds).
Examples of Water Pollution
Industrial affluentWater is discharged from after having been used in production processes. This waste
water may contain acids, alkalis, salts, poisons, oils and in some cases harmful
bacteria.
Mining and Agricultural WastesMines, especially gold and coal mines are responsible for large quantities of acid
water. Agricultural pesticides, fertilizers and herbicides may wash into rivers and
stagnant water bodies.
Sewage Disposal and Domestic WastesSewage as well as domestic and farm wastes were often allowed to pollute rivers.
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Water Pollution in Bangladesh
The water pollution situation from Bangladesh could be the largest poisoning in history and
the irony is that this situation could be the result of all the efforts in cleaning the water for
some of the poorest nations of the world. A British study, shows that about 80 million people
from Bangladesh, South Asia, are exposed to a high level of toxicity from the water
contaminated with arsenic. An international team of researchers from Chicago, New York
and Bangladesh has been monitoring, in the last decade, the water intake of arsenic
contaminated wells and the impact of 12,000 people. The conclusions showed that the death
of five people was directly linked to the elevated levels of arsenic in the bodies of the victims
of the Bangladesh water. The result is not just a novelty, it is a problem known for some
years now and, over time, and residents were advised to dig deeper wells to avoid them.
Dhaka is the capital and the largest city from Bangladesh and the biggest problem that the
city has is the arsenic in the water, which lately has become a menace and a source of panic
for inhabitants. The infected water sources are highly contaminated with arsenic that
develops illnesses and incurable diseases. The population of the city faces everyday problems
of hygiene, nutrition and disease all this added to the short breathable air that surrounds the
city.
Arsenic is a deadly poison which, historically, has been used in cases of intrigue and murder.
There are theories that support the hypothesis of the death of Napoleon Bonaparte as a result
of his poisoning with this substance, when he was exiled to St. Helena. Unfortunately, there
is plenty of dust and soil and the main pollution of Bangladesh is on the water. Some studies
indicate that 20 years are needed for the morbid effects of arsenic poisoning to disappear.
Water Pollution in Dhaka
The extent and gravity of the environmental degradation of the water resources in Dhaka due
to untreated industrial waste is not fully recognized in international discourse. Pollution
levels affect vast numbers, but the poor and the vulnerable are the worst affected. For
example, rice productivity, the mainstay of poor farmers, in the Dhaka watershed has
declined by 40% over a period of ten years. The study found significant correlations between
water pollution and diseases such as jaundice, diarrhea and skin problems. It was reported
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that the cost of treatment of one episode of skin disease could be as high as 29% of the
weekly earnings of some of the poorest households.
Control Measures
Water pollution is contributed due to industrial effluents and sewage. Effluent treatment
systems have to be incorporated in industry. Industries, where it is already in existence,
need to operate their plants regularly without looking for savings.
New techniques that need no water are highly beneficial. Some of the wet processeshave to be replaced by the dry processes. Like, metal pickling once carried out by
acids has to be replaced by sand blasting in which no liquid effluent is generated.
To minimize the volume of effluents, the waste water that is less polluted may beused in rinsing. In the mercerizing of yarn, the final rinse water containing little
alkali is used for the first and second rinsing of yarn containing excess alkali.
Concentrated wastes, low in volume, are mingled with diluted waste for treatment ordisposal. It can be segregated from other streams of diluted wastes, for reduction in
pollution load and the diluted wastes after minor treatment is utilized for irrigation.
Small industries cannot afford treatment plants as they frequently discharge theireffluents, near agricultural lands and on roads. It can be avoided by setting up a
common effluent treatment plant where industries are located.
Waste can be converted into wealth. For instance, in our country distilleries can setup bio-gas plants which are fed by their effluents resulting in reduction in fuel costs
and decrease in effluents strength.
The sludge obtained is a problem. The sludge from pulp and paper industry may beused for manufacturing boards used in packing or in preparation of artificial wooden
panels and from the electroplating industry may form waterproofing compounds.
Recovery of chemicals and metals is practiced in most industries. The reclaimedwaste water can be reused for industrial processes such as boiler, feeding, cooling,
which will help cut down the fresh water needs. And paper mills, sugar industries
and distilleries that let out more effluents can be used for irrigation or as fertilizers
after proper treatment, without affecting ground water.
By research and legislation the pollution of water bodies, even though not entirelyprevented, must be effectively controlled.
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Conclusion
The science is constantly in search for new technologies that would help reduce pollution, but
brains involved in these researches are not nearly fast enough as our level of polluting our
planet is. Even when science finds some technology that would account for less pollution in
the world, very little positive happens because of the long period before this technology
becomes implemented into our industry, and society in general. It is always somebody's
interests, and only then can we mention everything else. Our society is yet to find the right
pollution abatement strategy.
The more we wait the bigger the toll pollution takes. The task that lies ahead is truly great
because science not only needs to find effective and feasible technologies to reduce pollution,
that's only half of the story, the other half refers to political feasibility on global scale, and
this is where the real problem lies.
We should all still contribute our own bits to improve our environment and to present our
future generation with a better Earth.
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Appendix
References
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Fig 4:www.bbc.co.ukLink:https://reader010.{domain}/reader010/html5/0623/5b2e659125c76/5b2e65987d04f./_38644675_
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Link:http://por-
img.cimcontent.net/api/assets/bin200912/21e6fea641a18758192675480742c206.jpg
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images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2009/3/17/1237297243210/factory-smoke-pollution-g-
001.jpg
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