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Bio-Inspired Design 2011
Wb2436-05 (Entirely in English)
Prof. Dr. Tetsuo Tomiyama (3mE/BMechE/IMS)
Bio-Mechanical DesignMechanical Engineering
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Lecture 12: March 16, 2011 (Wed)8:45-10:30, Room A
• Similarities and Differences BetweenMechanical and Biological Systems• Behavior and Intelligence• Life Cycle Stages• “Design Principles”
• Bioconstruction• Reproduction, Generation
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Mechanical and Biological Systems
• Similarities and Differences?
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Mechanical and Biological Systems
• Information Processing View• Total Performance• Capabilities of
• Sensors• CPU• Actuators
InformationProcessingSensing Behaving
Sensors CPU Actuators
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Similarity: Programmed
• Mechanical Systems• Move as Designed
• Program = Design, Control Software• Even “Learning” is Programmed
• Biological Systems• Behave as Dictated by Gene Information (DNA)
• Instinct• Learning Enhances Programmed Behaviors
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Two Types of Science
• Law Based Science• Laws are Given (by Nature)
• Physics, Chemistry• Laws are Semi-Artificial
• Mathematics, Economics• Program Based Science
• Programmed by Nature• Biology
• Programs are Free to Design• Computer Science• Engineering Design
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Behaviors of Artificial and BiologicalSystems
Many, DifferentNoneFeelings
Cannot Repeat ForeverGetting Bored
Can Repeat ForeverNot Getting Bored
RepetitiveWork
DiseaseWear, ForeignObjects, Oxidation
Malfunctioning
Many, IrregularNone/FewFluctuationsVariations
Easily Become “Fatigue”ToughPower
Biological SystemsMechanical SystemsBehavior
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Life Cycles of Artificial and BiologicalSystems
(Self-)HealingRepairMaintenanceDeath (Reduction to Non-Organic Materials)
Recycling,Incineration, Reuse
End-of-Life
Autonomy based onIntelligence
Need to beProgrammed,Supported, Controlled
Operation
Reproduction (CellCleavage, Development)
Material, Component,Assembly
Production
DNA (Crossbreeding,Mutation)
Drawings based onIntention
DesignBiological SystemsArtificial SystemsLife Cycle
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Building from Components
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The Most Significant DesignDifference
• Artificial• Purposeful Design• No Waste, No Nonsense
• Biological• Wasteful• Too Many Redundancy
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Fish Eggs
• Salmon• 2,500–3,500 Eggs/Female• Only 2 Survive
• Herring• 100,000 Eggs/Female• Only 2 Survive
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Gene Information
• 30,000,000,000 Base Pairs in HumanDNA• 20,000–30,000 ? Genes Coded on DNA• Only 5–20% Usage?
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Flexibility in Performing Functions
• Artificial• Mono Functional
• Biological• Multi Functional
• Pancreas• Hormones (Insulin, etc.)• Pancreatic Juice (Digestion)
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The Current Machine DesignMethodology
• To Construct a Machine from Dumb MachineElements• Perform a Single or a Few Functionalities
• Fastening, Guiding Motion, Transmitting Power• Machine Elements are Fixed with Each Other
• Interfaces Usually Transmit Only Energy, Motion,Force
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The Mechatronics Design Principle
• Mechatronics• Mechanical Engineering• Electronics/Electrical Engineering• Control Engineering• Software Engineering
• Controlling Functionalities and Intelligence• Interfaces Explicitly Transmit Information• Components Still Remain Single-Functionality
Components
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The Current Machine
• If One of the Components Is Missing or Broken• The Entire Machine Cannot Perform Its Functionalities
• Hard Fail• Our Body Behaves Differently
• Soft Fail• The Machine Has to Be “Assembled”
• After Assembly the Machine Needs (Minor) Adjustment• Once Assembled, It Cannot (be) Reconfigure(d) Itself to
Adjust to Changes of the Surrounding Environment
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Bio-Systems are Based on a TotallyDifferent “Design Principles”
• Organs and Even Cells• Autonomously Perform Fairly Complicated Functionalities
• Based on Simple Mechanisms• “Intelligence” Depending on Not Only a Central Control System
(i.e., Brain) but Also Locally Collected Information and LocalEnvironment
• Robust Against Minor Faults of Sub-Systems• Soft Fail
• Do Not Loose All Functionalities All of a Sudden• Minor Faults Are Even Self-Healed
• No Assembly Concept but “Generation” or “Growth” from Pre-defined Gene Information
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Machine Production and Generation
• Machines• Design of Components and the System• Materials• Machining• Assembly
• Biological Systems• Fertilization• Generation• Egg Division (Cleavage)• Self-Organization and Self-Assembly
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Reproduction of Biological Systems
• Asexual Reproduction• Cell Division
• Sexual Reproduction
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Reproduction of Biological Systems
• Monogenesis• Unisexual (Asexual)
Reproduction• Reproduction without
Exchanging Genes• Cell Division• Mutation Only
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Reproduction of Biological Systems
• Gamogenesis• Sexual Reproduction• Two Reproductive Cells
Exchange Genes• Egg + Sperm
• Cell Division + Cell Fusion• Mutation + Cross
Fertilization (Breeding)
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Daphnia (Plankton)
• Unisexual Reproduction• Eggs by Cloning Self
• Sexual Reproduction• When Environment
Becomes Difficult
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Hermaphrodite
• Snails
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Fertilization
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Cleavage (Cell Division)
• Gravity• Potential Fields
• Induction• Activin A (1989 Asajima)
• External Stimuli
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Generation
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Generation
• During Division, Any Cellcan Become Any Organ inthe Future• Embryonic Stem Cells• Up to 6×1013 Cells
• Cells are Specialized, whileDivision• Before Specialization, Cells
Have Potential to PerformDifferent Functions
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Can We Learn from Reproduction ofBiological Systems?
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•Lego Blocks?
Similar Idea?
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Crazy Ideas?
• Production of Machines• Beginning with “Cells”• Self-Organization of Cells
• Self-Assembly• Production by Generation
• Maintenance of Machines• Generation• Reproduction
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Self-Assembling Robot (AIST, JP)
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Self-Assembling Robot
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Self-Assembly by Shaking?
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However, Molecular Structures CanBe Already Self-Assembled!
http://www.appchem.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/appchem/labs/fujita/res5a-e.html