Download - Bio-Energy and Forestry
Hamburg Institute of International Economics International Climate PolicyInternational Climate Policy
Michael Dutschke
Bio-Energy and ForestryBio-Energy and Forestry
Capacity Development for the CDMCOP 10 Side Event, Dec. 11, 2004
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OverviewOverview
• Rationale for project integration• Services provided by afforestation and
bioenergy• Small (scale) is beautiful?• Outlook on research agenda
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Why integrate CDM AR & Energy?Why integrate CDM AR & Energy?
• Land use change contributes to 20 – 25% of anthropogenic GHG emissions
• Expiring CERs (tCERs & lCERs) have low present value
• Restoration forestry is unprofitable except for carbon credits
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Rationale for integrated projectsRationale for integrated projects
Millennium Development Goals:– Eradicate poverty and hunger (goal 1)– Ensure environmental sustainability (goal 7)– Build a global partnership for development
(goal 8)Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency
Partnership (REEEP):– Foster renewable energy & energy efficiency
systems in pursuit of national environmental, economic, social and security objectives
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Rationale for integrated projectsRationale for integrated projects
UNFCCC:– Development and poverty eradication
are the first and overriding priorities of the developing country Parties (Art. 4.7)
– In order for developing countries to progress towards that goal, their energy consumption will need to grow
– Measures should be comprehensive, cover all relevant sources, sinks & reservoirs (Art. 3.3)
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Services provided by afforestationServices provided by afforestation
• Soil protection• Protect quantity & quality of water level• Reduce forest depletion by fire wood
substitution• Increase incomes for local communities• Increase land asset value for local
communities• Capacity building for local communities in
sustainable management techniques
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Bio-energy in DCsBio-energy in DCs• Renewable energy supply 14 percent of
the world's primary energy use (WEA 2004):
• Predominantly biomass used for cooking and heating in rural areas of developing countries, (e.g. 50 – 60 % in Asia, 70 - 90 % in Africa)
• Biomass power occurs commonly in form of direct combustion in developing countries
• Anaerobic digestion to produce biogas for use in engines also common
• Most feedstock from agricultural and forest industry residues
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Services provided by bioenergyServices provided by bioenergy
• Residential and commercial cooking and hot water (wood, crop, dung, charcoal)
• Rural small industry, agriculture and other productive uses (mainly residues from production)
• Grid-based power generation • Transport fuels (ethanol from sugar cane,
biodiesel, synthetic fuels from residues)• Rural residential and community lighting,
television, radio and telephony (biogas)
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Small biofuels and developmentSmall biofuels and development
• Costs of fossil fuels to increase• CDM “leapfrogging effect”, if shift to
fossil energy is avoided• No radical change in energy use
patterns required• Better fire wood availability frees
women’s workforce• Cleaner stoves improve health
situation
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Integrated project C accountingIntegrated project C accounting
Stand level
Landscape level
(Example: Schlamadinger et al. 2001)
Expiring CERsExpiring CERs
Definitive CERsDefinitive CERs
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Example for combination scenarioExample for combination scenario
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 years
general lifetime of a biomass boiler
Switch from fossil to CO-neutral fuel2
BioenergyProject
combinedwith
ARProject
check for possible partial fuel switchretrofitting for sustainable fuel (at maintainance)co-firing
experience withnew biofuel from AR
increasingresidue prices
sustainable bio-energy from ARresidues at a lowprice level
1. biomass boiler2. biomass boiler
rotation periodof AR
available amount of sustainable biofuel from AR (simplified)
1. harvest (e.g. thinning)
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Risks of integrated projectsRisks of integrated projects
• Large areas blocked• Former land uses disrupted• Fast-growing species vs. biodiversity• Drainage of arid soils• Increased use of fertilizers• Soil depletion by short rotation forestry
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Risks of integrated projectsRisks of integrated projects
t
CCrediting for fuel wood use may lead to short rotation and lower C fixation
C0
C1
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Small is beautiful?Small is beautiful?
Conditions for source projects• Renewable energy < 15 MW or• Energy consumption reduction < 15
GWh y-1, or • Emission reduction & emissions < 15
kt CO2e y-1, orConditions for AR projects• Net removal <8 kt CO2e y-1, and• developed or implemented by low-
income communities and individuals
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Small is beautiful?Small is beautiful?
• Combinations between source & sink ssc projects do not add up to one full-scale project
• Each activity to be treated separately• Small PDD cost reduction• EB-level practical problems (which
Meth Panel is responsible, or both?)
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Outlook on furtheOutlook on further researchr research
• Combine different scale activities• Find suiting project examples• Pooling on different levels & timescales• Project quality indicators• Options for co-financing the core activity
– Ssc fund options– Potential ODA involvement in CDM
Ssc A/RSsc Bioenergy
Lsc A/RSsc Bioenergy
Lsc A/RSsc Bioenergy
Lsc A/RLsc Bioenergy
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Michael Dutschke
Thank you for your attention!