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This interactions include: Competition- two or more
populations try to use the sameresources
Predation- one population usesanother as food source
Ecological Interactions
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plants
herbivores
carnivores
carnivores
FOOD CHAINS
Producers
Primaryconsumers
Secondaryconsumers
Tertiaryconsumers
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Feeding Relationships
A food chain shows a simple feeding
relationship.
Sun
All food chains start with the sun
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Feeding Relationships
A food chain shows a simple feeding
relationship.
Sun grass
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Feeding Relationships
A food chain shows a simple feeding
relationship.
Sun grass rabbit
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Feeding Relationships
A food chain shows a simple feeding
relationship.
Sun grass rabbit fox
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carbon dioxide from the air
energy from
sunlight
(or light)
water fromthe roots
food
transported to the
rest of the plant
Photosynthesis
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Because plants produce their own food,they are called Producers
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The energy is then passed on to animals
when they eat the plant.
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Animals of all shapes
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and sizes!
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Because these animals
are thef i rst
to takethe food energy
from the plants,
They are called
primaryconsumers
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Some of these primary consumers havepredators. Other animals that feed on
them
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Aphids are eaten
by.
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Ladybugs
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Animals that eat
pr imary consumers are
calledsecondary
consumers
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So far this is a straightforward food chain
Sun aphid ladybug
But in reality it is more complicated than that
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This bird eatsladybugs and
aphids
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This bird eats
smaller birds, mice,
and rabbits
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Mice and rabbits have other
predators
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Sometimes its not
entirely clear whoeats who!
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Food webs in real ecosystems can be VERY
complicated.
Even simple food webs can be VERY complicated
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Trophic Level
where a species is situated in the food web of an environment
relative to other species
Trophic structure controls the passage of energy and
nutrients from one organism to another in an
ecosystem
Ecological Interactions
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Trophic Structure in Ecosystems
Plants: producersAnimals: consumers (herbivores or carnivores)
Monera (bacteria): producers orconsumers
Protista: producers or
consumers
Fungi: decomposers
(detritivores)
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autotrophic organism that lives underwater. Name the following items:
One primary consumer __________________Answer: clamTrophic level(s) of the Grackle ______________________Answer: tertiaryOne organism that is both a secondary and tertiary consumer ____________________Answer: Sanderling
1. Below is food web for a group of marine and terrestrial organisms. Phytoplankton isan
Tertiary
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Competition for limited resources
Two or more populations in the same habitat
may compete for similar resources
Especially when resources are in limited supply
I ifi C i i
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Interspecific Competition
a) Paramecium caudatum, b) P. aurelia
Grown in separate culture tubes and theyestablished stable populations
The S-shaped curves indicate logistic growthand stability
I t ifi C titi
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Interspecific Competition
Populations grown together, P. aurelia (redcurve) drove the other species, P. caudatum,
toward extinction (blue curve)
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Effects of competition on population growth
One population is better at securing resourcesand reduces the size of the other population
One population survives and the other goesextinct
Both populations go extinct
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Competitive Exclusion Principle
It states that two species that compete for the
exact same resources cannot stably coexist
Niche overlap
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Ecological Niche The role played by a particular species in its
environment or ecosystem
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Ecological Niche
An organism's niche is defined by Biotic and
Abiotic factors
Some Abiotic Factors
light intensity
temperature
type of soil or rock
pH levelwater availability
dissolved gases
level of pollutant
Some Biotic
Factors
Parasitism
Food
diseasepredation
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Predation
A predator hunts and kills other organism (prey),
for food
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Effects of predation on prey population growth
1
2
34
Deer Wolf
PREY IS USUALLY MORE ABUNDANT THAN PREDATORS
When prey are numerous their predators increase in numbers, reducingthe prey population, which in turn causes predator number to decline.
The prey population eventually recovers, starting a new cycle.
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Effects of predation on prey population growth
What would happen if we remove the wolfpopulation?
Both, the deer and the grass go extinct
Why?
Since the deer population is not held in check, it
increases enormously
The deer feed on the grass and drive it to extinction
Without food, the deer population also crashes
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We can show what goes on with the help of a
Food Web
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What would happen if a disease killed off many of the
hawks?
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There will be nothingto eat the snakes, so
their numbers will
increase.
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All the frogs get
eaten
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No frogs.
More
crickets
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Most of the
cattail gets
eaten by the
crickets
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Now the crickets
dont have enough
food so their
numbers go down
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..and so on. Numbers of each species have an effect on the
numbers of the other species in the web.
Ecological
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Ecosystems need many, many producers (plants) to support fewerprimary consumers (herbivores) to support even fewer secondary
consumers (carnivores)
Weasels:secondary
consumers
Mice:primary
consumers
Plants:producers
Owl:top predator (carnivore)
(herbivores)
(carnivores)
Ecological
Pyramids
Ecological P ramids
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Ecological Pyramids
What happens to all the energy an organismconsumes?
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Ecological Pyramids and Biomass
WOLF (1362)
DEER (3534)
GRASS (5663)
BIOMASS DECREASES AS YOU
MOVE UP TROPHIC LEVELS
producer
2 consumer
1 consumer
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