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BULLETIN NUMBER 17
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF
RESISTANCE WELBIIG
A PUBLICATION OF THE /SSK
RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 111
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BULLETIN NUMBER 17
(
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF
RESISTANCE WELDING
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Revised and Reprinted January, 1963
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
of
RESISTANCE WELDING
Compiled for the
RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
by
E. J. DEL VECCHIO
This bibliography is prepared to present as nearly as pos-
sible a complete and accurate record of published technical
articles on all phases of resistance welding within the past
several years.
The first edition, published in 1952, included articles from
1946 to publication date. This, the second edition, includes
those articles and adds those which have been published since.
A few articles appearing before 1946 are included because of
their continued value and importance.
While the bibliography is intended to list only those technical
articles appearing in United States publications, several worthy
ones from the British press are included.
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5?>^M Resistance Welder Manufacturers Association
ve» /■ * Bibliography
NUMBERING SYSTEM
Each article is given a number which is composed of five
units with the following code being used, for example:
AF - 16 - AM - 50
1-2 3 4 5
1. Class (Material)
2. Type (Process)
3. Serial No. (A separate series for
each combination of Class
(1) and Type (2)
4. Publication
5. Year of publication
A Aluminum
C Copper and Copper Base Alloys
D Dissimilar Metals
J Miscellaneous or Undesignated Metals
CLASS
M Magnesium
N Nickel and Nickel Alloys
Q Used as a prefix where no class or
particular material is involved, as:
QL—Laboratory
R Steel—Stainless
S Steel—Low Carbon—Low Alloy
T Titanium, Tantalum, Stellite; also
Refractory and other unclassified
metals
TYPE
B Brazing and Soldering
C Cleaning and Preparation
E Electrodes and Tooling
F Flash Welding
G General Resistance Welding
H Heat Treatment
I Machines and Equipment
J Controls
K Power Supply
L Laboratory, Quality Control, Instru-
ments
M Miscellaneous and Unclassified
N Power Factor Correction
P Projection Welding
Q Stored Energy Machines and Equip-
ment
R Radiography
S Spot Welding
T Three-Phase Equipment
U Roll Spot and Seam Welding
W Cross-Wire Welding
Z "How-to-do-it"
AS Assembly and Fastener Engineering
AT Automation
KM Electrical Manufacturing
EP AIEE Proceedings
EW Electrical World
FM Factory Management and Mainte-
nance
PUBLICATIONS
IA Iron Age
1W Industry and Welding
LO Ix»d
MD Machine Design
ST Steel
TE Tool Engineer
^T/o ,{ '/*'
lib
WE Welding Engineer
WF Welding and Metal Fabrication
(British)
WJ Welding Journal
WR Welding Research Supplement
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5.2 AB
RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION iT<J
Bibliography
AB-01-WR-46
Electric Resistance Brazing of Structural
Aluminum Alloys
W. F. Hess, E. F. Nippes
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, April 1946
8 pages, photographs, micrographs, charts
and tables.
This paper considers spot and inter-
mittent seam brazing of 0.040" 24S-T
Alclad and 75S-T aluminum alloys and
using various brazing alloys.
Considerable attention is given to sur-
face preparation, which includes both
electro-plating and metal spraying.
AC-01-WR-46
The Surface Preparation of Aluminum
Alloy Sheet for Spot Welding
R. A. Wyant, D. J. Ashcraft, T. B. Cam-
eron, K. H. Moore
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, Feb. 1946
12 pages with tables
This paper considers only the chemical
cleaning of aluminum alloys in terms of
contact resistance.
Except for the above, no welding char-
acteristics are involved or studied.
AC-02-WR-44
The Surface Treatment of Alclad 24S-T
Prior to Spot Welding
W. F. Hess, R. A. Wyant, B L. Averbach
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, Aug. 1944
12 pages, photographs, charts and tables
The second of a series of reports on
chemical cleaning of aluminum prior to
spot welding. This paper deals primarily
with hot solutions.
The first paper (WJ-June 1942) de-
scribed the use of contact resistance
measurements as an indicator of weld-
ability
A third report is devoted to solutions
operating at room temperature.
AE-01-WR-57
Tip-Life Studies in the Spot Welding of
5053 Aluminum Alloy
Richard A. Davis, Robert C. McMaster
Ohio State University
Welding Research Supplement, May, 1957
5 pages, illustrations and charts.
The authors report on results of studies
on electrode tip life when spot welding
0.051" thick 5052 aluminum sheets on a
single phase machine.
AF-01-WR-46
The Flash Welding of Alclad 24 S-T
Alloy in the 0.064-in. Thickness
W. F. Hess, F. J. Winsor
Welding Research Supplement, Jan. 1946
11 pages, illustrated with charts, tables,
micro-graphs and macro-graphs.
The article outlines research work done
at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute on
flash welding specimens 1" wide. Some
work was also done on 0.081 X 1H and
0.102" X 2" wide. All work was per-
formed on a 75 kva standard cam oper-
ated flash welder with 2 fixed flashing
cams adjustable upset.
The following conclusions are drawn:
1. It is essential that current cut-off take
place exactly at the time of start of
upset. If current cut-off is too soon,
oxide inclusions occur, and if too late
overaging results due to exposure to
temperatures just below the solution
heat treatment temperature resulting
in a low strength brittle structure.
2. It is suggested that if upset current
could be electronically reduced at the
moment of upset, the current might
be carried over into the upset and thus
escape the necessity for precision cut-
off.
3. In studying the effect of varying upset
travel, it was found that insufficient
travel resulted in entrapment of ox-
ides, whereas excessive upset travel
produced intergranular cracking due
to upsetting the metal while in a hot
short condition.
4. Power level, or flashing voltage has
little effect on the weld itself, provid-
ing it is high enough to sustain flash-
ing.
5. Effects of variable flashing travel not
definitely determined.
AF-02-WR-47
Progress Report on the Flash Welding of
High-Strength Aluminum Alloys
R. Della-Vedowa, E. A. Reynolds
Welding Research Supplement, Feb. 1947
This article outlines investigations on
flash welding 14 X 0.035", M X 0.065",
Vi X 0.095; % X 0.083, 1 X 0.065", 1 X
0. 095 tubing, and V2, Vu 1" 24 S-T solid
rod, also }i" 14 ST rod.
Little information is given on actual
welding technique, but the following in-
formation is developed:
1. Al l welds made on a 100 kva. hydraulic
flash welder
2. On solid stock, best results obtained
with upset butt welds.
3. Welding in inert gas atmospheres
failed to improve results.
4. Subsequent heat treatment resulted in
slight reduction of average weld
strength.
5. Timing of current cut-off was critical.
6. Salt spray corrosion tests indicated
severe attack at the weld lines in un-
protected specimens. However, anod-
ized specimens showed immunity from
attack.
7. Within the range of the investigation
flash welding should be reliable when
properly done.
AF-03-WR-47
The Flash Welding of Structural Alumi-
num Alloys
R. H. Curran, R. C. Becker
Welding Research Supplement, Nov. 1947
9 pages, tables, diagrams and macrographs.
This article reports on the flash welding
of 14S, 24S, 52S, 53S, 61S and 75S Alclad
0.125", 0.188", and 0.250" thick 2"
wide specimens used throughout.
1. Tests made on 300 kva hydraulic flash
welder designed particularly for alum-
inum, and having 2-stage upset. The
machine and its control is described in
detail.
2. Tensile tests are very satisfactory, but
tensile-impact tests are not.
3. The use of reduced upset current pre-
cludes necessity for precise cut-off
time.
4. Machine settings are tabulated for the
various alloys and gauges and con-
siderable space is devoted to the ef-
fects of these variables on the final
results.
5. The effect of temper, heat treatment
and other physical qualities are also
discussed.
AF-04-WR48
Optimum Flash Welding Conditions
R. M. Curran, P. Patriarca, W. F. Hess
Welding Research Supplement, Dec. 1948
16 pages with charts and tables.
This paper reports on theoretical and
experimental work on temperatures oc-
curring during the flash welding of alum-
inum. The experiments were conducted
on 14S-T, 24S-T and 61S-T, usmg speci-
mens 2" wide and 0.188" and 0.250" thick.
The paper reports on the effect of tem-
perature distribution of flashing rate,
power input, secondary voltage, clamp-
ing distance and other factors.
The report covers only the flashing por-
tion of the welding operation.
AF-05-WR-50
Optimum Flash Welding Conditions for
Aluminum Alloys
E. F. Nippes, W. F. Savage, J. J. Mc-
Carthy, P. Patriarca.
Welding Research Supplement, Oct. 1950
15 pages, graphs and tables.
This paper reports on upset variables in
the flash welding cycle of 61S-T, 14S-T,
75S-T and 24S-T. Specimens used were
0. 188. X 1" and 0.250" X 1".
The following conclusions are drawn:
1. The above alloys can be flash welded
with nearly 100% tensile strength.
2. By control of upset current, magni-
tude and duration, upset pressure can
be reduced, but possibly at some sacri-
fice in strength.
AF-06-WJ-49
New Flash-Welding Techniques
Chas. Bruno, G. W. Birdsall
Reynolds Metal Co.
The Welding Journat, Nov. 1949
6 pages, photographs, micrographs and
sketches.
An outline of flash welding techniques
particularly applicable to aluminum sec-
tions, and, from a commercial standpoint,
to mitre joints, such as window sash.
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5.2 AG
1-1-63 RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Bibliography
AG-01-WJ-51
Welding Aluminum Alloys
G. 0. Hoglund
Aluminum Co. of America
Welding Journat, April 1951
16 pages, illustrations, charts and tables.
This paper covers fundamental consid-
erations in the welding of aluminum alloys,
including properties, procedure, inspec-
tion, design and applications. It covers
all welding processes, 6 pages being de-
voted to resistance weldmg. Numerous
applications are illustrated.
AG-02-WE-54
How About Welding the Aluminum
Alloys?
1 xyster F. Spencer
The Welding Engineer, June and July 1954
8 pages, illustrations, charts and tables
An outline of resistance welding alumi-
num and aluminum alloys, including
cleaning, with welding schedules and other
data for spot welding with single and three
phase (both rectifier and frequency con-
verter type) machines; also electro-static
iind electro-magnetic stored energy ma-
chines.
Data for seam welding and flash welding
lire also included.
AG-03-WF-59
High Speed Production of Light Alloy
Tube
C. W. J. Vernon
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
March, 1959
3 pages, illustrated
The author describes a tube mill which
welds aluminum tubing at speeds up to
500 F.P.M. and 450 K.C.
Instead of using seam welding wheels,
current is applied through contact shoes.
AJ-01-EM-49
Resistance Welding of Aluminum
Ivar W. Johnson
General Electric Co.
Electrical Manufacturing, Nov. 1949
3 pages, illustrations, diagrams and tables.
The article deals with the advantages in
using slope control in spot welding alumi-
num.
AJ-02-WJ-52
Slope Taper Control in Spot Welding
24ST Aluminum
I. W. Johnson
General Electric Co.
The Welding Journat, July, 1952
8 pages, illustrated.
The author outlines the advantages of
taper control in addition to slope control
in aluminum welding.
AL-01-WR-46
Tension Tests of Single-Bow Spot-
Welded Joints in 24S-T Alclad Alumi-
num Alloy Sheet
R. Delia-Vedowa—
Lockheed Aircraft Corp.
Welding Research Supplement, Feb. 1946
8 pages, tables, charts, photographs and
macro photographs.
As the title suggests, this paper deals
with physical tests of spot-welded joints.
It particularly deals with Spot Spacing
both with spot welders and roll-spot
welders.
AL-02-WR-47
Summary of Results of Tests Made by
Aluminum Research Laboratories of
Spot-Welded Joints and Structural
Elements
E. C. Hartman, G. W. Stickley
Aluminum Co. of America
Welding Research Supplement, April 1947
18 pages, charts, photographs and macro-
graphs.
This paper deals with Structural Alumi-
num and makes comparison with riveted
joints.
AL-03-WJ-46
Development of a Two Row High-
Strength Spot-Welded Lap Joint in
24 S-T Alclad Aluminum Alloy
L. M. Crawford, J. E. Pease
Boeing Aircraft Co.
Welding Journat, December 1946
8 pages, tables, charts, macrographs and
photographs.
The paper treats on the mechanical
strength of spot-welded joints with due
consideration to spot spacing, edge dis-
tance and time-current ratio for individual
spots.
AL-04-WR-45
Instrumentation of the Spot Welder and
Investigation of the Spot Welding of
0.091-In.-0.091-In. 24S-T Alclad Sheet
R. C. McMaster
Battelle Memorial Inst.
N. A. Begovich
California Inst, of Tech.
Welding Research Supplement, Oct. 1945
26 pages, photographs, radiographs, mac-
rographs, charts and sketches.
A detailed investigation and report on
welding 0.091" 24S-T alclad on an elec-
trostatic spot welder.
Also included are instrumentation and
radiography of the welds.
AL-05-WR-44
Magnetic Oscillograph Equipment for
Development of Aluminum Alloy Spot
Welding and Production Control of
Welding Machines
G. W. Scott, Jr., A. A. Burr
Armstrong Cork Co.
Welding Research Supplement, Aug. 1944
10 pages, photographs, oscillograms,
charts, sketches and tables.
A comprehensive outline of the use of
a magnetic oscillograph to record the ac-
tions of electrostatic stored energy spot
welders on aluminum alloys.
AL-06-WR-45
Spot Welding of Heavier Gages of
Aluminum Alloy. (Part II)
R. C. McMaster
Battelle Memorial Institute
N. A. Begovich
California Inst, of Technology
Welding Research Supplement, December
1945
8 pages, illustrations, sketches and charts.
This report, which is, essentially, a con-
tinuation of Part I (AL-04-WR-45) deals
principally with the direct measurement of
electrode current and force by means of
toroid and strain gages registering on an
oscillograph.
See also, Part IH (AL-07-WR-45).
AL-07-WR-45
The Spot-Welding of Wire Brushed
24S-T Alclad Aluminum Alloy Sheets in
Thicknesses from 0.081 to 0.125 In.
Inclusive
R. C. McMaster
Battelle Memorial Institute
N. A. Begovich
California Inst, of Technology
The Welding Research Supplement, Dec.
1945
15 pages, with charts.
This report, which is a continuation of
parts I and II (AL-04-WR-45 and AL-
06-WR-45) presents graphically the spot
welding results on gages mentioned in the
title.
AL-08-WJ-52
Quality Control for Spot Welding in a
Job Shop
Peter G. Poetto
CBC Welding Corp.
The Welding Journal, November 1952
6 pages with tables
This paper describes the results of insti-
tuting a quality control program in a Job
Welding Shop consisting of 14 stored
energy spot welders working on 24S, 52S,
and 61S aluminum.
AL-09-WR-54
Stress Distribution and Fatigue Resist-
ance of Alclad 24ST Multiple Spot Welds
Georges Welter
Andre Choquet
licole Poly technique Montreal
Welding Research Supplement, Feb. 1954
8 pages, tables, charts and sketches
In an earlier paper (JS-02-WR-48), the
authors report on fatigue tests of single
spot welds. This paper extends the study
to multiple-spot welds. Five types are
outlined.
AL-10-WE-55
Quality Control of Aircraft Welds
C. B. Smith
Douglas Aircraft Company
The Welding Engineer, May, 1955
3 pages, photographs and sketches
The author briefly outlines methods of
quality control and some of the records
kept for this control.
AL-11-WF-53
Controlled Spot Welding of Light Alloys
for Aircraft Production
N. K. Gardner
Handley Page, Ltd.
Welding <f Metal Fabrication, (Br, Sept.
1953)
Part 1—4 pages, with sketches
A report on quality control, particularly
on spot weld consistency patterns.
See AL-12-WF-53 for part 2 and con-
clusion.
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5.2 AL
RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Bibliography
Page 1
1-1-63
AL-12-WF-53
Controlled Spot Welding of Light Alloys
for Aircraft Production
N. K. Gardner
Handley Page, Ltd.
Welding <f Metal Fabrication, (Br. Oct.
1953)
10 pages, sketches, tables and formulas.
Continuing AL-11-WF-53, the author
presents design calculations and compari-
sons in both strength and cost against
rivets and other means of attachments.
AL-13-WR-61
The Hydraulic Bulge Test for Welded
Aluminum Sheet
I. B. Robinson, F. R. Collins, J. D. Dowd
Aluminum Company of America
Welding Research Supplement, Dec. 1961
6 pages, illustrations, sketches and charts.
AQ-01-WR-46
An Investigation of Current Wave Form
for Spot-Welding 24S-T Alclad
0.020 In. thick.
W. F. Hess, R. A. Wyant. B. L. Averbach
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, Jan. 1946
10 pages, tables, charts, diagrams and
photographs.
This report considers principally the
effect of the wave form of stored energy
welders. At the same time comparisons
are made between chemically and me-
chanically cleaned stock.
AQ-02-WJ-46
An Investigation of Electrode Pressure-
Cycles and Current Wave-Forms for
Spot Welding Alclad 24S-T
W. P. Hess, R A. Wyant, B. L. Averbach,
F. J. Winsor
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, March 1946
14 pages, illustrations, diagrams, tables
and charts.
Report originally submitted to N.A.C.A.
February 1943.
This paper deals with the relative merits
of wave-form and dual-pressure or forging
cycles on electro-static stored energy
machines.
It points out that to obtain sound welds
in a single pressure system, high pressure
or welding force must be used, necessitat-
ing higher current value. As these values
are increased, indentation and sheet sepa-
ration also increase.
A satisfactory compromise is therefore
possible by using a lower force, conse-
quently, lower current for the weld fol-
lowed through a proper cycle by the higher
forging pressure.
AQ-03-IA-40
Spot Welding Aluminum by Hl-Wave
Welder
The Iron Age, April 18, 1940
4 pages, illustrations, tables and sketches.
A simple, non-technical outline of stored
energy spot welders as embodied in the
"Hi-Wave" capacitor discharge type ma-
chine.
AQ-0 t-WE-40
Stored Energy Spot Welding
(Rditorial Article)
The Welding Engineer, August 1940
6 pages, illustrations, sketches and tables.
Simple, non-technical outline of Electro-
magnetic Stored Energy spot welding
machines.
A companion article to AQ-03-IA 40.
AQ-05-WR-45
An Investigation of the Spot Welding of
Aluminum Alloys Using Condenser-
Discharge Equipment
W. F. Hess, R. A. Wyant, B. L Averbach
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, Aug. 1945
9 pages, sketches, tables, oscillograms and
charts.
A report originally submitted to the
N.A.C.A. December 1941.
It is one of the earliest studies of con-
denser-discharge or electrostatic stored-
energy systems as applied to the spot weld-
ing of aluminum alloys.
It takes into consideration, such factors
as
Weld consistency
Electrodp life and shape
Cleaning and preparation
Power demand
AQ-06-WR-45
An Investigation of the Spot Welding of
Aluminum Alloys Using Magnetic Energy
Storage Equipment
W. F Hess, R. A. Wyant, B. L. Averbach
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, Dec. 1945
15 pages, oscillograms, sketches, charts
and tables.
Originally submitted to N.A.C.A. Febru-
ary 1942.
A general study of spot welding alumi-
num alloys on electro-magnetic stored
energy machines.
A companion article to AQ-05-WR-45.
AR-01-WJ-46
The Interpretation of Radiographs of
Spot Welds in Alclad 24S-T and 75S-T
Aluminum Alloys
R. C. McMaster
Battelle Memorial Inst.
F. C. Lindvall
California Institute of Tech.
The Welding Journat, August 1946
17 pages, radiographs, micrographs and
macrographs.
The first of a series of reports dealing
with radiographic, nondestructive, ex-
amination of spot welds.
AR-02-WJ-46
Radiography of Spot Welds in Light
Alloy and Ferrous Sheet Materials
R. C. McMaster
Battelle Memorial Institute
F. C. Lindvall
California Inst, of Tech.
The Welding Journat, September 1946
10 pages, radiographs, macrographs and
sketches.
An interpretation of Spot-Weld radio-
graphs in various aluminum alloys, as well
as magnesium, terne plate, zinc plate,
cadmium plate and stainless steel.
AR-03-WJ-47
Radiography of Spot Welds in Various
Sheet Gages and Dissimilar Gage Com-
binations
R. C. McMaster
Battelle Memorial Institute
F. C. Lindvall
California Inst, of Technology
L. P. Gaard
O. M. Giannini Company
The Welding Journat, January 1947
10 pages, radiographs, macrographs and
sketches.
A general article, dealing with radiog-
raphy of aluminum alloy (mostly alclad)
spot welds.
AR-04-WJ-47
The Classification and Recording of
Spot-Weld Defects Revealed by Radi-
ography
R. C McMaster
Battelle Memorial Institute
F. C. Lindvall, Edythe Dial
California Institute of Technology
The Welding Journal, Feb. 1947
8 pages, radiographs and macrographs.
As the title suggests, the paper attempts
to reveal and classify weld defects by
means of radiographs.
Also, by properly sorting the radio-
graphs, production control may be exer-
cized.
AR-05-WJ-47
Radiography and the Fatigue Strength
of Spot Welds in Aluminum Alloys
R. C. McMaster, H. J. Grover
Battelle Memorial Institute
Tlie Welding Journal, March 1947
10 pages, radiographs, macrographs, tables
and charts.
The authors believe that radiography
offers a good non destructive test of cer-
tain physical properties of spot welds.
AR-06-WF-55
The Radiography of Spot Welds in Light
Alloy Sheets
N. K. Gardner
E. A. Redwood
Handley Page, Ltd.
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br. July
1955)
5 pages, illustrations and radiographs
As the title indicates, this is an outline
on quality control of spot welding by
radiography.
AS-01-WJ-45
Spot Welding of Heavy Aluminum
Alloys
C. W. Dodge
Sciaky Bros.
The Welding Journat, Oct. 1945
7 pages, tables, diagrams and macrographs.
The author gives optimum welding con-
ditions for spot welding aluminum alloys
in gauges from 0.016" to 0.187", but par-
ticularly, those above 0.102".
Minimum specifications are given for
diameter of weld nugget, nugget penetra-
tion, number of welds between electrode
cleanings, spot spacing, indentation, sepa-
ration and physical requirements.
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5.2 AS
Page 1
1-1-63 RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Bibliography
AS-02-WR-45
Spot Weld Characteristics of Heavy
Gages of 24ST Alclad Aluminum Alloy
M. L. Ochieano
Lockheed Aircraft Corp.
Welding Research Supplement, March 1945
10 pages, charts, tables, oscillograms,
macrographs and micrographs.
The paper outlines results of tests on
spot-weldmg equal thicknesses of 0.091,
0.102, 0.125, and 0.156 stock on double
impulse Federal electro-static spot welder.
Cleaning methods, strength consistency
and metallurgical considerations are dis-
cussed.
Machine settings with oscillograms are
shown.
AS-03-WR-46
The Spot Welding of Ten Aluminum
Alloys in the 0.040-inch Qage
W. F. Hess, R. A. Wyant, F. J. Winsor
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, Aug. 1946
18 pages, charts, curves, tables and photo-
micrographs.
This paper compares many aluminum
alloys under similar conditions.
In particular, it treats of surface clean-
ing before spot-welding, and the effect of
this treatment on weld consistency and
electrode life.
AS-04-WR-46
Further Investigation of the Effect of
Spot Welds on the Sheet Efficiency of
Alclad 84 S-T
W. F. Hess, R. A. Wyant, F. J. Winsor
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, July 1946
15 pages, tables and charts.
One of a series of papers on the subject,
whose title indicates its scope.
AS-05-WR-46
Some Observations of Spot-Weld Con-
sistency in Aluminum Alloys
W. F. Hess, R. A. Wyant, B. L. Averbach,
F. J. Winsor
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, April 1946
22 pages, tables, charts, photographs and
macrographs.
The paper deals with welding consist-
ency, particularly as affected by various
precleaning methods.
It also considers the wave form of stored
energy machines and their effect on the
weld-consistency pattern.
AS-06-WJ-49
Shear Strength Consistency of Spot
Welds in 24 S-T3 Alclad
J. C. Barrett
Glenn L. Martin Co.
The Welding Journat, Sept. 1949
11 pages, tables, charts and macrographs.
This paper outlines performance of
Electrostatic and Electromagnetic Stored
Energy Spot Welders.
It compares this performance to Army-
Navy specifications.
AS-07-WR-46
The Spot Welding of Multiple Thick-
nesses of 0.040-In. Alclad 24 S-T
W. F. Hess, R. A. Wyant, F. J. Winsor
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, July 1946
12 pages, tables, charts, micro-photo-
graphs and sketches.
As the title suggests, the paper deals
with more than two thicknesses of Alclad.
Various means of testing weld strength
are outlined, as well as the effect of stored
energy machines.
AS-08-WR-46
An Investigation of the Effect of Spot
Welding on the Sheet Efficiency of Alu-
minum Alloy 24S-T
W. F. Hess, R. A. Wyant, F. J. Winsor
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, May 1946
19 pages, tables, charts, sketches.
Originally submitted to N.A.C.A. June
1943.
The paper is in two parts: Part I—The
Evaluation of Sheet Efficiency by Means
of the Photogrid Process. Part H—The
Evaluation of Sheet Efficiency by Means
of the Stress-Strain Record.
The paper is of a preliminary nature,
and limited to studies of single spots in
0.040 stock.
The relative merits of the two methods
of tests are outlined.
AS-09-WR-47
Fatigue Tests on Some Spot-Welded
Joints in Aluminum Alloy Sheet Ma-
terials
H. J. Grover, L. R. Jackson
Battelle Memorial Institute
Welding Research Supplement, April 1947
18 pages, photographs, macrographs,
charts and tables.
This paper reports on a research project
sponsored by N.A.C.A. on the fatigue
properties of spot welded joints in alumi-
num alloy sheets.
Three simple types of joints were tested:
spot welded stiffened panels, sheets with
spot welded attachments and spot welded
lap joints.
Variables examined were sheet material
and thickness, spot spacing and welding
procedure.
AS-10-WR-46
An Investigation of the Fatigue Strength
of Spot Welds in the Aluminum Alloy
Alclad 24S-T
W. F. Hess, R. A. Wyant, F. J. Winsor,
H. C. Cook
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, June 1946
16 pages, photographs, charts and tables.
Originally submitted to N.A.C.A. March
1944.
This report considers only the single spot
lap-welded specimen, and the followmg
factors are studied:
1. Weld size or static shear strength
2. Weld quality
3. Surface treatment prior to welding
4. Material thickness
5. Unequal thickness combinations
AS-11-WR-48
Preliminary Test of Spot-Weld Shunting
in 24 ST Alclad
A. R. Hard
State College of Washington
Welding Research Supplement, October
1948
5 pages, tables and charts.
The paper deals only with the shunting
effect of spot spacing on electrostatic
stored energy machines.
The author reports and plots these
effects, and while he offers no compensat-
ing remedy for this shunting effect, he
suggests such means could be readily de-
AS-12-WR-45
The Spot Welding of Dissimilar Thick-
nesses of Alclad 24S-T
W. F. Hess, R. A. Wyant, B. L. Averbach
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, Dec. 1945
5 pages, tables and macrographs
Originally submitted to N.A.C.A. June
1942.
The report covers the spot-welding of
0.020 to 0.040, 0.064, and 0.125, 24S-T
Alclad on electrostatic stored energy ma-
chines. Electrode shape and conductivity
as well as stock preparation are given
principal consideration.
AS-13-IA-51
Slope Control aids A.C. Welding of
Aluminum
Charles Bruno, G. W. Birdsall
Reynolds Metals Co.
The Iron Age, April 5, 1951
2 pages, tables and oscillograms
An outline of the advantages of using
electronic slope control for aluminum
welding. The authors claim that elec-
trode life is increased 20 to 30 times.
AS-14-WR-45
Summary of Observations of Cracking in
Spot Welds In Alclad 24S-T.
Robert A. Wyant
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, March 1945
2 pages, with tables
A brief report on the causes of cracks
and their possible cure.
AS-15-WR-51
Fatigue Strength of Spot-Welded Light
Alloy Joints
Dr. Hiroshi Kihara
Pres. Japan Welding Society
Welding Research Supplement, October
1951
8 pages, charts and sketches.
This article constitutes a study of spot-
welded lap joints in aluminum alloys as
used in aircraft production.
The fatigue strength of both single and
double row spot-welds is compared to
equivalent riveted joints with the results
plotted.
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5.2 AS
Pace 2
RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 1-1-63
Bibliography
AS-16-WR-52
Fatigue Teits on Aluminum Alloy Spot-
Welded Joints
Marshall Holt, E. C. Hartmann
Aluminum Company of America
Welding Research Supplement, April 1952
5 pages, illustrations, sketches, tables and
charts.
The paper gives a summary of results of
fatigue tests on single spots in lap strips
of 0.064 in. thick Alclad aluminum of
various alloys and tempers.
AS-17-WJ-52
Production Welding 24ST3 Aluminum
Using Slope Control
Robert E. Kemp
American Seating Co.
The Welding Journat, August 1952
5 pages, illustrations, charts, micrographs
and macrographs.
The author describes various procedures
(including cleaning) used in spot welding
the subject material to MIL specifications
using smgle-phase welders equipped with
slope control.
AS-18-WJ-53
Quality Control in Spot Welding Alu-
minum
Floyd H. Matthews
Boeing Airplane Company
The Welding Journal, Dec. 1953
14 pages, illustrations, charts and tables
The author gives rather complete details
of quality control procedure at Boeing
Airplane Company.
Instrumentation is described, as well as
maintenance procedures. Inspection ex-
perience is charted and methods for check-
ing surface resistances and various factors
of welding are given.
AS-19-WJ-53
Spot Welding of Aluminum, Aluminum
Alloys and Steel
W. J. Wilson
Kaiser Metal Products, Inc.
The Welding Journal, Dec. 1953
4 pages, illustrations, charts, micrographs
and macrographs
This is a paper at a resistance welding
symposium. It evaluates and charts test
results of varying the factors of Time,
Current, and Welding Force.
AS-20-WJ-54
Spot Welding Thin Aluminum
I. W. Johnson
General Electric Company
The Welding Journal, Aug. 1954
3}^ pages, illustrations, macrographs and
tables
This is a report on the spot welding of
aluminum alloys from 0.016-in. to 0.040-in.
thick with conventional single phase equip-
ment to Mil-W-6860 specifications.
The author states that with the use of a
voltage regulator and "up and down"
slope control, the welding current wave of
a stored energy welder can be essentially
duplicated.
AS-21-WJ-55
Spot Welding of Structural Applications
in Airframe Manufacturing
W. R. Gain
Boeing Airplane Company
The Welding Journat, Sept. 1955
10 pages, illustrations, charts and tables
As the title indicates, the article outlines
spot and roll-spot applications to airframe
structure both to military specifications,
and some applications which exceed these
specifications. The article is fully illus-
trated to show the various applications.
AS-22-WJ-54
Spot Welding Aluminum with Single
Phase Equipment
J. W. Kehoe
D. R. McCutcheon
Westinghouse Electric Corp.
The Welding Journal, Oct. 1954
22 pages, illustrations, sketches, tables and
macrographs
This is a report of rather extensive
research work on the spot welding of
aluminum alloys to military specifications
with single phase equipment.
The following alloys and thicknesses
were used in the work: 35H-14, 52SH34,
61ST6, and 24ST3 thicknesses of 0.032-in.,
0.064-in., 0.091-in. and 0.125. Similar and
dissimilar thickness combinations were
used.
The results indicate that satisfactory
welds are obtained with the use of slope
control, but they also indicate that low-
inertia systems are necessary.
Welding schedules to meet both com-
mercial requirements and military require-
ments are given.
AS-23-WJ-54
Spot Welding Aluminum Alloys with
Single-Phase Equipment
J. F. Harris
The Taylor-Winfield Corp.
The Welding Journal, Nov. 1954
15 pages, illustrations, tables, sketches,
charts and macrographs
The paper outlines procedures, including
stock preparation and welding schedules
for aluminum alloys with single phase
equipment to meet MIL-W 6860 require-
ments.
Schedules and data are provided for
several thickness combinations in 24S-T3
Alclad, 61S-T4, and 52S-II34 alloys.
AS-24-WJ-55
Properties of Welds in AL-MO-MN
Alloys 5083 and 5086
L. A. Cook, S. L. Charmon
Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corpora-
tion
A. R. Hard
Washington Slate Institute of Technology
The Welding Journal, Feb. 1955
16 pages on all kinds of welding, six of
which are on spot welding on stored
energy machines
The article is illustrated with sketches
and charts covering mostly spot spacing.
AS-25-WF-51
Resistance Welding Light Alloys
R. Bushell
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
Oct., 1951
334 pages, illustrations and macrographs
A description of some typical set-ups for
spot welding aluminum alloys.
AS-26-WF-54
The Spot Welding of Aluminum Alloys
H. E. Dixon
British Welding Research Assn.
Welding ff Metal Fabrication, (Br.), Sept.
and Oct., 1954
Part 1—1 pages—Sketches and tabtes
Part 2—1 pages
This is a resume of the use of different
types of equipment used in spot welding
aluminum.
AS-27-WF-51
Resistance Welding Light Alloys
R. Bushell
Sciaky Electric Welding Machines, Ltd.
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
Oct. 1951
4 pages, photographs and macrographs.
The article briefly describes preparation
and spot welding operations on aluminum
and magnesium alloys.
AS-28-WF-53
Controlled Spot Welding of Light Alloys
for Aircraft Production
N. K. Gardner
Handley Page. Ltd.
Welding and Metal Fabrication, Sept. &
Oct. 1953
16 pages, sketches, graphs and tables.
This paper consists of two parts; part
one covers investigation, control and in-
s|>ection; it starts with examination, test-
ing and qualifying the machine with de-
termination of optimum settings. This
is followed by the control of weld quality
and inspection.
Part 2 covers designs, and the effect of
such factors as spot spacing, spot pattern
and gauge thicknesses. Comparisons with
riveted and glued joints are also given.
AS-29-WF-54
The Spot Welding of Aluminum Alloys
H. E. Dixon
British Welding Research Association
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
Sept. & Oct. 1954.
8 pages, tables, sketches and graphs
A review of spot welding practice on
aluminum alloys, up to publication time,
both in Britain and the U. S. A. A brief
analysis of conventional single phase,
electrostatic and electromatic stored en-
ergy as well as rectifier and frequency con-
verter direct energy systems are included.
AS-30-W E-59
Resistance Welding of Aluminum Alloys
J. F. Deffenbaugh
Federal Machine & Welder Co.
Welding Engineer, June, 1959
3 pages, sketches and tables.
The author discusses spot welding of
aluminum to commercial quality, and
compares it to low carbon steel.
AU-01-WJ-59
Roll-Spot Welding for Ballistic Missiles
James K. Dawson
Army Ballistic Missile Agency, Redstone,
Ala.
Welding Journal 'May, 1959
5 pages, illustrations and sketches.
The author describes various techniques
utilized in the fabrication of army missile
components.
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5.2 CG
RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Bibliography
CG-01-WJ-37
The Welding of Copper and Its Alloys
The Welding Journal, Feb. and March,
1937
10 pages, sketches and tables.
This constitutes a comprehensive work
on the welding of copper and its allocs in
all processes, including resistance. It is
also a complete review of literature in
English and the most important in French,
German, Italian and Swedish up to
January 1, 1936.
Several pages are devoted to the effects
of the principal alloying agents.
While this paper is relatively old, it may
be considered as fundamental to the weld-
ing of copper alloys.
CG-02-WE-52
Welding Procedures for Copper-Base
Alloys
I^ester F. Spencer
lenders, Frarv and Clark
The Welding Engineer, March and April,
1952
11 \i pages, illustrations, sketches and
tables
A general outline of all welding proc-
esses, including resistance, on the copper
alloys. Weldability table and some spot
welding practices are included.
CG-03-ST-54
How to Classify Copper Base Alloys
Staff Article
Sleel, Feb. 1, 8, 15, 1954
10 pages, illustrations and tables
While this article is entirely unrelated
to welding, it does, very simply and quite
completely outline the various copper
alloys and their grouping.
Since the resistance weldability of cop-
per alloys can largely be determined by
their chemical analysis, this article helps
in an understanding of the welding char-
acteristics of these alloys.
The article is adapted in part from the
chapter on copper in "Modern Uses of
Nonferrous Metals" by Dr. D. K. Cramp-
ton, Chase Brass and Copper Company.
CG-04-WJ-51
The Welding and Brazing of Copper
Alloys
J. Imperati, Ira T. Hook
American Brass Company
Welding Journal, Dec. 1951
7 pages, charts and tables
The authors describe all brazing and
soldering processes, including resistance,
on copper base alloys.
Less than one page is devoted to resist-
ance welding operations.
CG-05-WR-55
The Welding of Copper and Its Alloys
Ira T. Hook
American Brass Company
Welding Research Supplement, July, 1955
15 pages, photographs, micrographs, mac-
rographs and tables
This is a review of all welding and braz-
ing processes on copper and copper alloys
from January 1937 through 1954, and par-
ticularly intended to implement the earlier
review covering the period up to and
including 1936.
The resistance welding portion covers
parts of two pages.
The article also contains a very compre-
hensive bibliography on the subject.
CG-06-1W-56
Resistance Welding Copper Base Alloys
Staff Article
Industry and Welding, April, 1956
3 pages, with tables
A brief review and tabulation of com-
parative spot weldability of copper base
alloys.
CG-07-MD-62
Resistance Welding of Copper Alloys
C. L. Bulow
Bridgeport Brass Co.
Machine Design, June 21, 1962
3^pages, illustrations and tables.
This is an outline of the resistance
weldability of copper base alloys.
CS-01-WK-37
Spot Welding Characteristics of Some
Copper-Base Alloys
D. K. Crampton, J. J. Vreeland
Chase Brass and Copper Company
Welding Research Supplement, Oct. 1937
10 pages, illustrations, tables, sketches and
macrographs
While this paper is now considered
quite old, it contains worthwhile basic in-
formation on spot welding many of the
copper base alloys.
Welding schedules given in the tables
give electrical input in kva. instead of
secondary amperes, but welding time and
pressures are adaptable to modern sched-
ules.
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5.2 DB
RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Bibliography
Page 1
1-1-63
DB-01-WJ-61
Resistance Autobrazing of Wires to In-
termetallic Thermoelectric Materials
W. A. Owczarski
Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory
The Welding Journal, May, 1961
5 pages, illustrations and sketches.
This paper describes a new technique
for brazmg or welding probes into thermo-
electric materials, specifically, chromel and
alumel wires to bismuth telluride, lead
telluride and zinc antimonide.
DG-01-WR-58
Joining of Zircaloy to Stainless Steel
J. B. McAndrew, R. Necheles, H.
Schwartzbart
American Research Foundation
Welding Research Supplement, Dec. 1958
6 pages, photographs, sketches and tables.
The authors report on attempts to join
Zircaloy heavy wall tubing to stainless
steel, both by flash welding and brazing.
Some success is reported, but in general,
the results were poor, due mamly to
thermally engendered stresses.
DP-01-WR-61
Inserted Shim Projection Welding of a
Continuous Rod Mat
Keh-Chang Wu, Richard E. Lewis
Water vliet Arsenal
Welding Research Supplement, Oct. 1961
6 pages, illustrations, tables, micrographs
and sketches
The authors report on research con-
ducted on projection welding FS-1018
steel rod (approx. A" square and round)
to nickel rod, using type 422 stainless steel
shims.
DS-01-WJ-46
A Method for Welding Sheet Aluminum
to S.A.E. 4140 Steel
W. F. Hess, E. F. Nippes, Jr.
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, March 1946
20 pages, illustrations, charts, tables,
sketches, micro and macrographs.
The paper consists of two parts—Part I
deals with the chemical and metallurgical
aspects of the joining of steel to alumi-
num, while Part H deals with spot weld-
ing considerations.
Successful results are obtained by silver
plating the steel and using a high resist-
ance strip between the aluminum and the
electrode to obtain heat balance.
DU-01-WR-50
Seam Welding Monel Metal to Steel
Ernest F. Nippes, Allan R. Pfluger,
Gerald M. Slaughter
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, March 1950
6 pages, photographs, macrographs, charts
and sketches.
This paper reports on methods of scam
welding1 /ic" monel to low carbon steel.
By proper control of weld nugget it was
possible to secure "braze-type" joints with
a strength superior to steel-to-steel.
DU-02-WR-55
Seam Welding Dissimilar Thicknesses of
Low-Carbon Steel
M. L. Begeman, E. J. Funk
University of Texas
Welding Research Supplement, Nov. 1955
6 pages, illustrations, charts, tables, mac-
rographs and radiographs
This paper presents the results of an
investigation of welding conditions on dis-
similar thicknesses and carried out under
the auspices of the Resistance Welder
Manufacturer's Association.
The investigation consisted of the fol-
lowing combinations of low carbon steel:
0.031-in. to 0.078-in.
0.031-in. to 0.050-in.
0.050-in. to 0.078-in.
The results are presented in charts and
tabulations.
DS-02-WR-6I
The Welding of Titanium to Steel
D. R. Mitchell, H. D. Kessler
Titanium Corporation of America
Welding Research Supplement, Dec. 1961
7 pages, illustrations, sketches and macro-
graphs
Since welding of titanium directly to
steel is not considered practicable, the
authors outline methods of plug (arc) and
spot (resistance) welding titanium to steel
using an intermediate metal, vanadium,
molybdenum, aluminum, etc.
Conclusions indicate that titanium can
be welded to steel with an intermediate
metal, and welding schedules for 0.025-in.
and 0.062-in. titanium with vanadium in-
termediate are given.
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5.2 JB
Ru63 RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Bibliography
JB-01-WJ-52
Production Brazing
.1. Raymond Wirt
Deloo-Remy Div. G.M.C.
Wetding Journal, Sept. 1952
6 pages, illustrated
The author describes brazing opera tions
on various metals, such as, aluminum,
magnesium, nickel, cast iron, copper,
carbon and stainless steel, etc.
All of the commercial brazing processes
arc included in the report.
JB-02-WF-52
Industrial Brazing
E. V. Beatson
Joseph Lucas, Ltd.
H. R. Brooker
Johnson Mathey & Co.. Ltd.
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
March, 1952
7 pages, illustrations, sketches and tables
Phis is part of a comprehensive article
on brazing in general, but this part deals
largely with resistance brazing. Illustra-
tions and sketches show various electrode
arrangements.
JB-03-WF-52
Industrial Brazing
E. V. Beatson
Joseph Lucas, Ltd.
II. R. Brooker
Johnson, Mathey & Co., Ltd.
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
Oct., 1952
7 pages, illustrations and sketches
This is one of a series of technical
articles on brazing, but this deals specifi-
cally with resistance brazing. It describes
and illustrates incandescent Drazing, bench
mounted machines, as well as various
types of electrical applications.
JE-01-WR^0
Changes in the Shape of Spherical Spot-
Welding Electrodes
W. F. Hess, R. A. Wyant
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, Oct. 1940
6 pages, photographs, macrographs, tables
and charts.
This is a report of six series of tests each
consisting of about 1000 spot welds in
0.036" thick automobile body stock, all
made under different conditions with dome
type electrodes. It also reports on elec-
trode deformation under repetitive condi-
tions.
JE-02-WJ-42
Refrigerant-Cooled Spot-Welded Elec-
trodes
F. R. Hensel, E. I. Larsen, E. F. Holt
P. R. Mallory & Company
The Welding Journat, December 1942
15 pages, photographs, macrographs,
charts, sketches and tables.
The authors report on the effects and
apparent advantages of refrigerant-cooled
electrodes. While the tests were made on
aluminum only, they feel that beneficial
results might also be applicable to other
metals.
JE-03-IA-45
Electrode Tip Wear in Spot Welding
Mild Steel
W. S. Simmie
Pressed Steel Co. Ltd., Cowley, Oxford,
England
The Iron Age, February 1, 1945
4 pages, sketches, charts and tables
The author reports on a series of tests
made with both cadmium (RWMA Class
I) and chromium (RWMA Class H) alloy
electrodes of different shapes.
JE-04-WJ-49
Prolonging Copper-Tungsten Electrode
Tip Life
D. J. Rahn
Budd Company
The Welding Journal, May 1949
3 pages, with micrographs.
The author reports on some investiga-
tions on the effect of the structure and
hardness of copper-tungsten electrodes to
their service life.
JE-05-WR-50
Electrodes for Spot Welding Galvanized
Steel
Harry B. Spore
University of Texas
Welding Research Supplement, January
1950
5 pages, photographs and charts.
This paper reports on experimental work
on the effect of electrode material and
shape for welding galvanized steel.
JE-06-WR-50
Electrode Tip Life in Spot Welding
Galvanized Steel
Frank W. McBee, Jr.
University of Texas
Welding Research Supplement, Oct. 1950
5 pages, photographs and charts.
This paper reports on the effect of a long
series of spot welds upon the electrode tip,
and the characteristics of the weld.
JE-07-WJ-50
Tapers for Resistance Welding Elec-
trodes and Holders
W. E. Smith
Midland Steel Products Co.
The Welding Journat, December 1950
1 page, with sketches.
The author reports on the advantages of
the new proposed standard electrode taper
or \ per foot, as against the commonly
used morse tapers.
JE-08-WJ-52
Eflects of Nose Design on Spot Welding
Electrodes
E. F. Holt, L. W. Sink
P. R. Mallory & Company
The Welding Journal, May 1952
7 pages, illustrations, sketches and tables.
This paper reports on a series of tests
run on 9 spot welding electrode face de-
signs, using Mallory 3 (R.W.M.A. Class
H) alloy.
The net result indicates a radiused face
of from 2 to 10 in. as giving the best over-
all performance. Actually, the best, ac-
cording to these tests, is an electrode with
10" in. radius but with in. flat in the
center, which is considered impractical to
maintain in the machine.
JE-09-IA-45
Electrode Tip Wear in Spot Welding
W. S. Simmie
Pressed Steel Co. Ltd., Cowley, Oxford,
England
The Iron Age. Feb. 1, 1915
4 pages, charts, sketches and tables
The author presents experimental data
to show the relation between electrode
material, electrode life, tip diameter, weld-
ing pressures and other variables.
JF-01-WJ-50
Flash Welding Nonferrous Materials
F. L. Brandt
Thomson Electric Welder Co.
The Welding Journat, Sept. 1950
5 pages, photographs, tables, micrographs
and macrographs—also 2 pages of dis-
cussion.
A general procedural outline of flash
welding operations on non-ferrous metals,
principally aluminum, and secondarily,
copper.
JF-02-WJ-52
Flash Butt Welding of High-Tempera-
ture Alloys
Dr. I. A. Oehler
American Welding & Mfg. Co.
The Welding Journat, March 1952
3 pages.
A brief, non-technical outline of flash
welding of possibilities on metals generally
used in high temperature service.
JF-03-WJ-52
Flash Welding of Components for Air-
craft and Similar Applications
J. H. Cooper
Taylor Winfield Corp.
Welding Journat, Feb. 1952
7 pages, illustrated
The author describes and illustrates
many interesting flash welding applica-
tions for aircraft.
Improvements and refinements in weld
variable control, instrumentation, quality
control, inspection, testing and govern-
ment specifications are all outlined.
JF-04-WR-49
Influence of Consumption Rates on
Flash Welding
W. N. Platte
Westinghouse Electric Corp.
Wetding Research Supplement. Dec. 1949
15 pages, illustrations, charts and tables
This paper deals with flashing rates
secondary voltages and material thick-
nesses and temperatures during the flash-
ing portion of a flash weld. It does not
consider the upset portion nor the metal-
lurgy of the finished weld.
The paper attempts to set up optimum
values for flashing rate and voltage for
some thicknesses and illustrates how the
temperature affects the results.
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5.2 JF
RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Bibliography
Page 1
1-1-63
JF-05-WJ-54
Flash Welding Aluminum to Copper
Tubing
W. F. Haessly
Taylor-Winfield Corp.
The Welding Journal, Dec. 1954
pages, illustrations, sketches and
macrographs
The author describes the equipment for
making the captioned welds, gives welding
schedules and illustrates good and bad
practice with macrographs.
Tubing sizes used were 5/16-in. and
7/16-in. O.D. with 0.050-in. wall.
JF-06-WR-61
A Solution Adopted in Some Difficult
Applications of Flash Welding
Evert Bylin
Technical Secretary, Swedish Welding
Commission, Stockholm
Welding Research Supplement, May, 1961
12 pages, illustrations, graphs, macro-
graphs, micrographs and tables
The author details procedures and tech-
niques in the flash-butt welding of cast
iron flanges to centrifugally cast iron
pipe; also creep and heat resisting alloys
m the range of 20% chrome, 70-50%
nickel, 5% iron and 5% nickel.
JG-01-WJ-48
Trends in Resistance Welding Here and
Abroad
F. R. Hensel, E. F. Holt
P. R. Mallory & Company
The Welding Journat, November 1948
10 pages, photographs, micrographs and
sketches.
The authors compare current American
resistance welding practices and equip-
ment with the European, especially Brit-
ish.
Particular attention is given to elec-
trodes and tooling.
JG-02-ST-52
Metals in the Jetomic Age
Dr. Allen G. Gray
Technical Editor, STEEL
Steet, October 13, 1952
6 pages, photographs and charts.
This article contains practically no in-
formation on welding, but is devoted to a
general outline of the physical properties
of the various metals used in jet engines.
It discusses briefly the weaknesses and
strong points of these metals and alloys
with the probable developments to be
expected.
As of the date of publication it is a good
article—simple and non-technical—and
provides condensed information on the
subject. Due to fast moving develop-
ments, its value a year or more after pub-
lication is considerably reduced.
.IG-03-EM-47
Design for Resistance Welding
Harold S. Card
Electrical Manufacturing, April 1942
7 pages, illustrations and sketches
The author outlines some of the basic
considerations involved in designing prod-
ucts to facilitate resistance welding.
JG-04-ST-52
Resistance Welding Applications In-
crease
An Editorial article from STEEL, July 21,
1952
7 pages, illustrations and tables.
This is essentially a news article outlin-
ing the state of the art as of the date of
publication.
Many applications of resistance welding
are illustrated.
JG-05-ST-52
Direct Resistance Heating
Lewis B. Reed
Los Angeles Dept. of Water and Power
Steel, July 14, 1952
2 paRes, illustrated.
The author gives some valuable data
on low voltage resistance heating.
JG-06-WJ-52
Military Aeronautical Spot- and Seam-
Welding Specifications
J. Maltz, N. E. Promisel
Bureau of Aeronautics, Navy Department
The Welding Journat, July 1952
6 pages.
The authors trace the development of
MIL specifications from the beginning, and
show that the aim of these specifications
is to encourage the use of spot welding
toward full structural application.
JG-07-WJ-52
Welding of High Heat-Resistant Ma-
terials
J. L. Solomon
Sciaky Brothers
Welding Journal, March, 1952
6 pages, illustrations, tables and sketches
The author outlines the advantages of
using 3-phase spot and seam welders on
heat resistant metals such as Stainless
Steel, Nimonic, Inconel, Titanium, etc.
(See also JG-12-WE-52 for an essentially
duplicate article.)
JG-08-MD-49
Production Processes
Their Influence on Design
Roger W. Bolz
Associate Editor, Machine Design
Part 1, Spot Welding, Machine Design,
Jan. 1949
Part 2, Seam Welding, Machine Design,
Feb. 1949
Part 3, Projection Welding, Machine De-
sign, March, 1949
Part 4, Butt-Welding, Machine Design,
April, 1949
(The four articles in one pamphlet are
available from the R.W.M.A. or the
publishers)
30 pages, illustrations, tables and sketches
The entire pamphlet illustrates and de-
scribes in simple terms the elements of the
various resistance welding processes, with
particular emphasis on the design factors.
JG-09-TE-51
Elements of Resistance Welding
A. E. Rylander
The Tool Engineer, March, 1951
8 pages, photographs, tables and sketches
A simple fundamental description and
outline of the resistance welding processes.
JG-10-WE-53
Billions in Sales, Millions in Savings.
Julius Heuschkel
Westinghouse lilec. Corp.
The Welding Engineer, January, 1953
4 pages, illustrated.
A non-technical outline of the tre-
mendous savings in manufacture which
have been brought about through welding,
especially resistance welding.
JG-11-WJ-53
Factors in the Selection of Welding
Processes
John J. Chyle
A. O. Smith Corporation
The Welding Journal, July, 1953
12 pages, illustrations, charts, tables,
micrographs and macrographs
As the title suggests, this paper dis-
cusses the relative merits and factors
a fleeting the selection of the welding
process best suited to a given application.
Such factors as material preparation,
weld _ quality, appearance, physical and
chemical properties are briefly outlined.
JG-12-WE-52
Welding the High Heat-Resistant Ma-
terials
J. L. Solomon
Sciakv Brothers, Inc.
The Welding Engineer, Feb. 1952
pages, sketches and macrograph
Abstract of paper presented at A.W.S.
annual meeting, Detroit, October 14, 1951.
The paper describes some of the resist-
ance welding operations on stainless steel,
as well as nickel and other alloys on jet
engines.
(See also JG-07-WJ-52 for an essentially
duplicate article.)
JG-13-WJ-54
High Production Applications of Resist-
ance Welding
C. D. Schulthers
Frigidaire Div. G.M.C.
The Welding Journal, Aug. 1954
10 pages, illustrations and sketches
The author traces the development of
resistance welding on major household
appliances at Frigidaire plants.
Many resistance welding opera l ions are
illustrated.
JG-14-WJ-54
Resistance Welding in Jet Engine Manu-
facturing
F. J. Wallace
Pratt & Whitney Aircraft
The Welding Journal, Aug. 1954
6 pages, illustrations, macrographs and
tables
The author outlines the tremendous in-
crease in resistance welding for jet engine
manufacture as compared to piston type
engines. He then outlines the applications
along with materials used.
Quality control practice is also briefK
outlined.
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5.2 JG
iTlJ RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Bibliography
JG-15-WE-54
New Method of Resistance Welding at
Ryan
J. R. Fullerten
Ryan Aeronautical Company
The Welding Engineer, Nov . 1954
2 pages, illustrated
The author briefly describes some of the
varied machines and techniques employed
at Ryan Aeronautical to obtain the most
advanced results in resistance welding.
JG-16-WE-55
1955 Bodies Have a Multitude of Welds
StalT Article
The Welding Engineer, Sept. 1955
2 pages with sketches
A brief description of two or three
assemblies on Ford cars containing a
great many spot welds made in multiple
electrode fixtures.
JG-17-WJ-54
Procedure Control as Applied to Auto-
matic Welding Processes
Warner H. Simon
Dresser Industries, Inc.
The Welding Journal, Dec. 1954
6 pages, illustrations and charts
While the article deals with all forms of
welding, resistance welding constitutes the
above mentioned coverage.
The article is concerned mostly on test
and inspection methods, particularly on
Hash welds.
JG-18-WJ-55
Automatic Percussion Welding of Tele-
phone Relay Contacts
A. L. Quintan
Western Electric Company
The Welding Journal, March, 1955
4 pages, illustrated
The author describes the percussion
welds, and equipment for making them,
which have been made on millions of relay-
contacts used in telephone service.
JG-19-ST-S3
Resistance Welding Shines as Volume
Producer
Jack Odgen
Fisher Body Division, G. M. C.
Steel, June 8, 1953
I! pages with illustrations and sketches
The author describes the advantages of
welding presses, both for projection welds
and multi-spot applications.
JG-20-WF-55
Significance of Recent Resistance Weld-
ing Research
J. E. Roberts
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.), Feb.
& March, 1955
12 pages, illustrations, tables, sketches and
macrographs
This is a review of work done by the
resistance welding department of the
British Welding Research Association
over the past few years preceding the date
of publication. It is divided into four
headings:
1. Spot welding of low carbon steel, where
the work has resulted in a revised code
of practice.
2. Projection welding of low carbon steel
with a view of establishing a code of
recommended practices.
3. Spot welding of light alloys for air-
craft construction, including an in-
vestigation of various factors afTecting
weld quality.
4. Fundamentals of resistance welding
with attempts to analyze distribution
of heat with a view towards establishing
optimum welding schedules without
excessive experimental work.
Welding schedules are given for head-
ings 1 and 2: limited stored energy (elec-
trostatic) schedules for heading 3, with
only limited remarks on heading 4.
JG-21-WF-56
Resistance Welding in the Aircraft
Industry
Wm. J. Farrell
Sciaky Bros.
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
Two Parts. May & June, 1956
15 pages, illustrations, graphs and sketches.
The author describes and illustrates
several typical applications of spot, scam
and flash butt-welds in typical American
Aircraft.
JG-22-WF-56
Resistance Welding and Productivity
J. E. Roberts
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
Nov. 1956
5 pages, illustrations and sketches.
This is primarily a discussion of the
merits of resistance welding from a pro-
ductivity standpoint. The effects of
product design, materials, equipment and
t heir costs are briefly discussed.
JG-23-IW-59
Resistance Welding
StalT Article
Industry and Welding, June, 1959
Portions of 20 pages, illustrations and
sketches
A general or tabloid type of article,
briefly promoting all phases of resistance
welding, equipment, machines, tooling
and controls.
JI-01-WJ-52
Magnetic Force Welding
Myron Zucker, Guy Cubitt-Smith
Precision Welder and Flexopress Corp.
The Welding Journat, December 1952
13 pages, illustrations, tables and charts.
The paper describes and plats the per-
formance of a spot welding machine whose
welding force is developed by a solinoid or
magnet mounted on the lower horn of an
essentially standard 100 kva 3-phase spot
welder.
The machine secondary or welding cur-
rent actuates the magnet.
The welding of various difficult jolw is
described with tabulated results.
JI-02-WJ-52
Problems and Equipment in Aircraft
Spot Welding
J. B. Fullerton
Ryan Aeronautical Co.
The Welding Journal, July 1952
The author describes the equipment
used in the aircraft industries for resist-
ance welding applications, together with
an indication of the advantages and limi-
tations of each type.
JI-03-WF-58
Portable Spot Welding Equipment
C. W. J. Vernon
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.), Jan.
1958
7 pages, illustrated.
The author describes the opeiation of,
and illustrates various types of portable
welders, their application and installation,
including jigs, turn tables, etc.
JI-04-WE-58
Resistance Welding Procedures and
Design
Lester F. Spencer
Welding Engineer, Oct. & Dec. 1958
8 pages, illustrations, sketches and dia-
grams
An elementary treatise on resistance
welding principles, the types of equipment
used, controls, electrodes and a tabulation
of weldability of various metals.
JI-05-WF-59
Resistance Welding Thin Metal Sheets
J. A. Donelan
General Electric Co., Ltd.
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
June, 1959
9 pages, photographs and sketches.
This article deals with precision welding
of small parts, instruments, etc. It de-
scribes equipment, controls and applica-
tions. The equipment is, for the most part,
bench type.
JL-01-WJ-51
Quality Control of Structural Resistance
Welding in Aircraft
J. R. Fullerton
Ryan Aeronautical Co.
The Welding Journat, July 1951
3 pages.
As the title implies, the author outlines
quality control in aircraft construction
and the parts played by maintenance of
equipment, the operator, the inspector,
and fabrication technique.
JL-02-WJ-51
The Application of Spot and Seam Weld-
ing to Design
S. P. Jenkins, T. E. Piper
Northrop Aircraft, Inc.
The Welding Journat, September 1951
7 pages, photographs and charts.
The authors explain the versatility and
high quality consistency of modern equip-
ment and technique as compared with the
quality consistency obtained from home-
made resistance welding equipment of
twenty years ago.
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5.2 JL
RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Bibliography
Page 1
1-1-63
JL-03-WJ-52
Resistance Welding Quality Control
Thos. J. Lepito, Robert M. Taylor
Pratt and Whitney Aircraft
The Welding Journal, August 1952
7 pages, photographs, sketches, radio-
graphs and macrographs
The authors outline methods of quali-
fying spot welding machines for Jet Engine
structures, and methods for maintaining
consistent quality performance.
JL-04-WE-53
How to Set Up a Program for Quality
Control
Peter G. Poetto
C. B. C. Welding Corp.
Ttie Welding Engineer, Jan. 1953
4 pages, illustrated
The author describes a quality-control
system applied to a typical large spot
welding job shop.
JL-05-WJ-53
Quality Control of Resistance Welding
by Statistical Methods
J. F. Radford, R. K. Waldvogel
Crosley Division, Avco Manufacturing
Corp.
The Welding Journal, June, 1953
6 pages, illustrations and charts
This paper presents ways of studying
and interpreting variations falling within
an acceptable pattern, and discovery and
elimination of variations falling outside
this pattern. The paper deals specifically
with the frequency pattern in statistical
control for spot welding aluminum for
MIL-W specifications.
JL-06-WE-53
Quality Control of Resistance Welds
G. A. Covington
Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corporation
The Welding Engineer, Sept. 1953
4 pages, illustrations and sketches
An outline of quality control practice at
Consolidated-Vultee Aircraft Corporation.
JL-07-WR-54
The Significance of the Tension Test for
Spot Welds
E. R. Funk
Goodyear Aircraft Corp.
Welding Research Supplement, July, 1954
2 pages, sketches
The author points out weaknesses in the
Tensile-Shear test, and offers suggestions
for better and more realistic tests.
JL-08-WJ-55
The Macro-Etch System of Evaluating
Quality of Resistance Welding
D. O. Samuelson, F. G. Harkins
Solar Aircraft Company
The Welding Journal, Feb. 1955
7 pages, photographs, macrographs, tables
and sketches
The authors present data to support the
use of macrographs to determine spot weld
quality.
The paper deals specifically with produc-
tion operations on stainless steel.
JL-09-WF-55
Significance of Recent Resistance Weld-
ing Research
J. E. Roberts
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br. Feb.
and March, 1955)
12 pages, illustrations, tables, sketches and
macrographs
A resume of current research work being
done in England on all types of resistance
welding.
JL-10-WF-56
Control of Welding for Jet Aircraft Can-
ware
R. Busbell
Burnley Aircraft Products, Ltd.
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
March, 1956
10 pages, illustrations, sketches and
macrographs
The author describes production quality
control methods used on jet aircraft sheet
metal components. Steps taken by Brit-
ish producers to spot and seam weld
nimonic (Inconel), titanium, aluminum as
well as high and low alloy steels to Aero-
nautical Inspection Directorate (A.I.D.)
are described. The article covers routine
and laboratory testing equipment and
instrumentation.
JL-11-AS-61
Spotwelding Control for Reliability
Frank J. Dietrich
Twin Coach Company
Assembly and Fastener Eng., Sept. 1961
4 pages, illustrated.
This paper outlines spot welding job
certification, machine qualification and
process control in effect at plant of Twin
Coach Company, Buffalo, N. Y.
JL-12-WJ-61
A Practical Design Approach to Resist-
ance Weld Peeling Loads
W. P. Kraus
North American Aviation
The Welding Journat, Oct. 1961
6 pages, illustrations, sketches and graphs.
The author analyzes the so-called peel
effect of spot and seam welds, and smce
many aircraft structures embody this type
of stress, techniques are suggested for in-
creasing strength of such jomts.
JM-01-WJ-57
Recent Developments in Magnetic-Force
Welding
E. J. Funk
Precision Welder and Flexopress Corpora-
tion
The Welding Journal, June, 1957
7 pages, illustrations, sketches, charts and
oscillograms.
The author describes recent develop-
ments in the magnetic force system of re-
sistance welding. One of these newer de-
velopments is the application of delayed
force, the purpose of which is to increase
the welding capacity of a given machine.
JM-02-WJ-57
High-Frequency Resistance Welding
Wallace C. Rudd
New Rochelle Tube Corp.
The Welding Journat, July, 1957
5 pages, illustrations and sketches
The author describes a new principle of
welding by inducting resistance to a high
frequency current. The system is par-
ticularly adapted to tube mills, and that
scale provided no problem. All metals in-
cluding copper are readily welded.
JM-03-WJ-60
Percussion Welding. Using Magnetic
Force—A Production Process
Robert F. Manning, Jerome B. Welch
Cutler-Hammer, Inc.
Welding Journal, Sept. 1%0
5 pages, illustrations and sketches
The authors outline the principles of
percussion welding, particularly as applied
to welding electrical contacts. The paper
deals specifically with a magnetic force
type of machine and illustrates machines
and several samples of the work.
JM-04-WJ-55
Automatic Percussion Welding of Tele-
phone Relay Contacts
A. L. Quinlan
Western Electric Company
The Welding Journat, March, 1955
4 pages, illustrated.
As the title indicates, this article de-
scribes production percussion welding of
telephone relay contacts.
JS-01-WJ-47
Spot Welding Under Water
Charles L. Coomer
American Air Filter Co.
The Welding Journat, March 1947
2 pages with photographs
The author, chief tool and die de-
signer for the above Company, outlines
procedures and methods of spot welding
air turbine impeller blades under water.
The article is non-technical, but prac-
tical.
JS-02-WR-48
Fatigue Tests of Spot Welds: Improve-
ment of Their Endurance Limit by
Hydrostatic Pressure
Georges Welter
Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal
Welding Research Supplement, June 1948
14 pages, photographs, radiographs, mac-
rographs, charts and tables.
This paper reports on investigations on
the subject matter carried out under aus-
pices of The Welding_ Research Council.
Spot welded specimens of aluminum,
stainless and low carbon steel were se-
lected from radiographs.
Welds in 24S-T subjected to hydrostatic
tests as high as 230,000 psi, and the author
states that at 10,000,000 cycles an im-
provement of 250-300% in fatigue resist-
ance seems quite passible.
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5.2 JS
iSw RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Bibliography
JS-03-WR-48
Shrinkage Stresses in Spot-Welded Joints
Viktor Hauk
Translated from the German by G. E.
Clausen
Welding Research Supplement, Sept. 1948
4 pages with charts and diagrams.
This is a report from the Institute of
Materials Research of the German Air-
craft Experimental Laboratory, and it
outlines the measurement of shrinkage
stresses in spot welds by the X-Ray
method.
The article is also a review of the liter-
ature on the general subject, practically
entirely from the German.
JS-04-WR-49
Spot-Weld Consistency Studies
.1. Heuschkel, II. Bitzer
Welding Section, Westinghouse Research
Laboratory
Welding Research Supplement, Oct. 1949
7 pages with charts.
The authors discuss various means of
controlling quality consistency.
They break this up into two principal
factors: Materials and welding sched-
ules. One important conclusion is the
desirability of keeping weld strength at its
maximum, as this condition provides
maximum consistency.
JS-05-WR-50
Stress Distribution around Spot Welds
A. 0. Bergholm, P. W. Swartz, C. S. Hoell
Franklin Institute
Welding Research Supplement, May 1950
7 pages, photographs, sketches and tables.
A study of the stresses around spot
welds when subjected to cyclic loadmg
sponsored by the Welding Research
Council.
The work was performed on specimens
made up from 2 bars lap welded with two
and three spots.
Tests and experiments with photo elastic
and stre8scoat enamelled materials were
used. Strain gauges were used for deter-
mining stresses on the spot welded speci-
mens.
JS-06-WR-50
Stresses Around a Spot Weld Under
Static and Cyclic Loads
Georges Welter
Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal
Welding Research Supplement, Nov. 1950
12 pages, photographs and sketches.
This paper deals with the measurement
of stresses taken at the interface of spot
welds under static and fatigue loads;
mild steel, stainless steel and aluminum
welds in untreated and hydrostatically
improved condition.
JS-07-WJ-51
Design and Operation of High-Speed
Production Tube Mills
Donald H. Fleig
American Electric Fusion Corp.
The Welding Journat, July 1951
8 pages, illustrations and graphs.
The functions of the various units of a
modern high speed electric tube mill are
described. Charts are provided for cal-
culating welding speeds and operating
frequencies.
JS-08-WJ-51
Spot and Projection Welding Using Mag-
netic Electrode Force
Wm. E. Klingeman, Harold H. Kruer
Precision Welder and Machine Company
The Welding Journat, December 1951
6 pages, photographs, charts, sketches and
tables.
This article describes a new principle in
press type welders. In addition to the
conventional air cylinder for providing
electrode force, the secondary circuit
forms a winding for an open core trans-
former between the air cylinder and elec-
trode. The application of welding cur-
rent causes the core to close the gap in its
magnetic circuit, exerting a booster weld-
ing force to the electrode.
The machine has been developed to exert
a booster force up to 5000 lbs. and can be
used either single or three phase.
Its principal advantage lies in its adapt-
ability to hard-to-weld materials.
JS-09-WR-55
Fatigue of Spot Welds
George Welter
Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal
Welding Research Supplement, March, 1955
pages
This paper is a review of reports relating
to the fatigue resistance of untreated and
hydrostatically treated spot welds and its
chronological development during the last
ten years.
JS-12-WR-58
Mechanical Tests of Spot Welds
E. C. Ilartmann
Alcoa Research Laboratories
Welding Research Supplement, Nov. 1958
3 pages, with sketches
The author discusses destructive me-
chanical tests of spot welds under eight
selected headings.
JS-13-WE-61
RW: Impact-spot Method Can Reduce
Machine Weight
Staff Article
Welding Engineer, Nov. 1961
2 pages, illustrated
This is a preliminary report on investi-
gations carried on at Armour Research
Foundation for making lap welds in sheet
steel using an impact force. All tests
were run on .045-in. steel with variations
in time, current, pre-heat, etc. No con-
clusive results are reported.
JS-14-WE-61
Galvanized Steel
Staff Article
Welding Engineer, September, 1961
3 pages, illustrated.
This article describes zinc coalings, how
they are applied, and their effect on spot
and seam welding.
It also outlines steps that are being
taken to reduce the deleterious effect of
the coatings on electrodes and the welded
product.
JU-01-WE-50
Making Seam-Welded Tubing
A. I. Nussbaum
The Welding Engineer, August 1950
5 pages, photographs and sketches.
The author describes continuous elec-
tric butt-seam weld equipment as installed
in Jones & Laughlin Electric Weld Tube
Division. Round tubing from J^" O.D.
X 22 BWG wall thickness to 4" O.D x 10
BWG wall thickness is produced.
JU-02-WR-54
Foil Seam Welding
F. Busse
German—Abstracted in English by G. E.
Claussen
Welding Research Supplement, Dec. 1954
1 page, with sketches
The author describes the use of foil
between the electrode and work to effect
butt-seam welds.
JU-03-WR-62
Resistance Seam Welding of Aluminized
Steel
C. W. Boecker
Shell Pipe Line Corp.
M. L. Begeman
University of Texas
Welding Research Supplement, May, 1962
6 pages, macrographs, sketches and tables.
The authors discuss the problems in-
volved in seam welding aluminized steel.
This paper is part of a broad program and
covers Type 1 coating only, which con-
sists of a silicon-aluminum alloy for high
temperature service.
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5.2 JV
RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Bibliography
Page 1
1-1-63
JV-01-IA-55
Metal Gathering: What It Is and How
It Works
W. E. Achor
Thompson Products, Inc.
Iron Age, July 14, 1955
4 pages, sketches, illustrations and dia-
grams
The author describes and illustrates the
principles and application of metal gather-
ing with the use of resistance heating.
Many kinds of metal have been success-
fully gathered, including low and high
alloy steel and titanium. Some work has
been on aluminum, but this requires
further development.
JV-02-IA-56
Resistance Heating Boosts Forging Ef-
ficiency
Staff Article
The Iron Age, Feb. 16, 1956
3 pages, illustrated
The article describes the resistance
heating and upsetting of automotive rear
axle shafts in Dusseldorf, Germany. Time
study and operation analysis is given.
JW-01-WJ-48
Resistance Welding Crossed Wires
Raymond C. Jones
Taylor-Winfield Corp.
The Welding Journal, Sept. 1948
12 pages, photographs, sketches, charts
and tables.
The author reports on a study of the
welding variables in cross wire welding.
The report deals in wire diameters of
y%" to H", of both cold drawn and hot
drawn (basic) low carbon steel. All sizes
were tested with "set-down" of 15%,
30% and 50%.
All experimental work was performed on
standard A. C. press-type welders.
JW-02-WJ-50
Variables in Cross-Wire Welding of Dis-
similar Metals
I. S. Goodman
Westinghouse Electric Corp.
The Welding Journat, October 1950
13 pages, photographs, micrographs, charts
and tables.
A report of the welding of filaments in
electric lamps, radio tubes and other elec-
tronic devices. Various metals, including
iron, nickel, molybdenum and tungsten
are reported on, as well as the equipment
used. Considerable attention is given to
welding variables and defects, their causes
and cure.
JW-03-WJ-55
Cross-wire Welding with Multiple Elec-
trodes
Staff Article
The Welding Journal, Feb. 1955
2 pages with illustrations
The author describes and illustrates
cross wire welding of wire wheel decorative
grills.
JW-04-WF-51
Resistance Welding of Cross-wire Joints
R. Bushell
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
May, 1951
4 pages, sketches and illustrations.
As the title suggests, this is a general
description of cross-wire welding as prac-
ticed m Britain.
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RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Bibliography
MC-01-WR-47
The Chemical Surface Treatment of
Magnesium Alloy Sheet for Spot Welding
W. F. Hess, T. B. Cameron, D. J. Ashcraft
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, March 1947
19 pages, charts and tables.
This is an exhaustive treatment of
chemical preparation for spot-welding,
and compares these methods also, with
mechanical preparation.
The basis of comparison is surface re-
sistance, rather than any spot-welding
tests.
ME-01-WR-47
Observations of Electrode Tip Pickup
and Tip Life in the Spot Welding of
Magnesium Alloy Sheet
W. F. Hess, T. B. Cameron, R. A. Wyant
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, Aug. 1947
9 pages, tables, charts and photographs.
This is one of the early papers treating
on this subject—particularly of electrode
polarity. It correlates cleaning methods
with spot-welding practice.
micrographs and macrographs—with one
page of comments by J. J. Riley, Taylor-
Winfield Corporation.
The authors discuss in considerable de-
tail the variables and their effect on mag-
nesium spot welds. Tables and charts are
given showing the effects of variations,
electrode force, frequency, post-heat and
forge. The article deals exclusively with
0.064-in. thick stock.
MS-02-WR-60
Spot Welding of Wrought HK31A, HM-
21A, and ZE10A Magnesium Alloys
Lloyd Lockwood
Dow Metal Products Co.
Welding Research Supplement, Sept. 1960
10 pages, illustrations, graphs, tables,
macrographs and micrographs
The author, by tables and graphs,
shows spot weld strength and quality for
various ranges of pressure and other
variables. He also repoits on effectiveness
of cleaning procedures and electrode life.
MG-01-WJ-53
Resistance Welding of Dissimilar Metals
to Magnesium for Electrical Connec-
tions
Paul Klain, H. W. Croisant
Dow Chemical Co.
Welding Journal, March, 1953
8 pages, illustrations, macrographs and
tables
The paper describes methods and tech-
nique for resistance welding wires to mag-
nesium dry batteries, also other mag-
nesium parts where electrical contact is
necessary.
Conditions for direct welding copper and
other wires to magnesium are described as
well as welding strips of zinc or coated
steel to the magnesium.
ML-01-WR-47
General Corrosion and Stress Corrosion
of Spot-Welded Magnesium Alloy Sheet
W. F. Hess, T. B. Cameron, D. J. Ashcraft,
R. A. Wyant
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, Sept. 1947
6 pages, tables, photographs and sketches.
As the title suggests, the paper deals
with corrosion of Spot-Welded Magnesium
Sheets.
Consideration is also given to Alumi-
num, Magnesium and Zinc combinations.
MS-01-WJ-53
Spot Welding Magnesium With Three-
Phase Low Frequency Equipment
Paul Klain
Dow Chemical Company
D. L. Knight, J. P. Thorne
National Electric Welding Machines Com-
pany
The Welding Journal, Jan. 1953
12 pages, illustrations, tables, charts,
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5.2 NF
RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Bibliography
Page 1
1-1-63
NF-01-WF-60
The Structure and Properties of Flash-
Butt Welds in Nimonic 75, 80A and 90.
F. I. Ball, D. R. Thorneycroft
Mond Nickel Co., Ltd.
Welding and Metal Fabrication, Sept. 1960
6 pages, illustrations, sketches and micro-
graphs
The authors give several flash-butt
welding schedules for the above grades of
Nimonic.
Micrographs show the grain structure
of these metals as welded and after heat
treating.
Physical properties of the welds are
also discussed.
NG-01-WJ-51
Resistance Welding of Nickel and High-
Nickel Alloys
R. M. Wilson, Jr.
International Nickel Co.
The Welding Journat, August 1951
26 pages, photographs, micrographs, mac-
rographs, figures, curves and tables.
This is a very comprehensive article
and covers all resistance welding processes
on all of the nickel alloys.
The following subjects are quite thor-
oughly covered:
1. Chemical, physical and mechanical
properties of the metals.
2. Cleaning.
3. Equipment and electrodes.
4. Recommended practices or technique.
5. Defects—their causes and remedy.
6. Testing.
NG-02-ST-31
Welding Inconel "W" Sheet
Allen J. Rosenberg
General Electric Co.
Steel, Nov. 5, 1951
4 pages, illustrations, charls and tables
The author describes spot and seam
welding technique (also for arc welding).
Several macrographs showing weld
structure are included.
NG-03-WJ-62
Welding Nickel Base Alloys
R. D. Beemer, L. J. Mattex
Convair Div. General Dynamics
Welding Research Supplement, June, 1962
8 pages, illustrations and sketches.
This paper covers all forms of welding
Bene. 41 and Hastelloy X, but consider-
able attention is given to spot welding.
NS-01-WJ-48
Spot-Welding Schedules for Nickel and
Nickel Alloys
Frank G. Harkins
Solar Aircraft Co.
The Welding Journat, Sept. 1948
8 pages, photographs, macrographs, micro-
graphs and tables.
Complete spot welding schedules for
Nickel, Monel and Inconel in all com-
binations of 0.005, 0.010, 0.015, 0.021,
0.031, 0.063, 0.094 and 0.125 thicknesses
are given.
NS-02-WR-50
Spot Welding Nickel and Nickel Alloys
Frank G. Harkins
Solar Aircraft Co.
Welding Research Supplement, January
1950
10 pages, photographs, macrographs and
tables.
A report, including welding schedules,
for spot-welding various combinations of
Nickel, Monel, Inconel, Mild Steel, Low-
Alloy Steel, Stainless Steel, also Titanium
to Titanium.
NS-03-WR-54
Optimum Spot and Seam Welding Con-
ditions for Inconel X
Ernest F. Nippes, Herbert B. Fishman
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, Jan. 1954
14 pages, tables, charts and micrographs
A report of research for the determina-
tion of optimum spot and seam welding
conditions in 0.010-, 0.015-, 0.021-, 0.031-
and 0.062-in. Inconel X sheet on the basis
of tension-shear, cross-tension and pillow
tests.
Equipment, instrumentation, and test-
ing are described.
Welding variables and technique are
plotted in curves.
NS-04-WR-56
Optimum Spot and Seam Welding Con-
ditions for Inconel "W"
Ernest F. Nippes, Warren F. Savage,
Khosfow L. Moazed
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supptement, March, 1956
9*A pages, photographs, sketches, tables
and macrographs
The authors report that results of re-
search investigation indicate that the
optimum conditions for spot and seam
welding Inconel "W" are much the same
as those for Inconel "X" (see NS-03-
WR-54).
The report is confined to 0.010, 0.015,
0.021, 0.031 and 0.062-in. thick stock.
Charts, curves, and tabulations for spot
and seam welding both alloys are given.
NU-01-WR-51
Seam Welding of Monel Metal
Ernest F. Nippes, Gerald M. Slaughter
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, November
1951
7 pages, photographs, macrographs,
sketches and tables.
This research covers the seam welding
of Monel sheet in five different thick-
nesses from 0.010 to 0.062 in. Optimum
conditions were determined for each
thickness of material and the factors de-
termining the proper values of the welding
variables are discussed. The criteria of
satisfactory seam welds are: (1) no por-
osity in the weld nugget, (2) good nugget
penetration, (3) sufficient weld overlap to
insure a pressure-tight seam and (4) a
wide current range. The welding cur-
rent range varies with the thickness, the
upper limit being determined by the point
at which expulsion occurs for the thicker
gages, and the point at which electrode
sticking occurs with thicknesses below
0.062 in.
NU-02-WR-52
Seam Welding of 0.005-in. Inconel Sheet
E. F. Nippes, John M. Gerken
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, Aug. 1952
6 pages, photographs, micrographs.
The authors give detailed information
for seam welding this material on a spe-
cially built 5-kva seam welder with syn-
chronous control.
Welding schedules for producing suc-
cessful welds in this material are given.
NS-05-WJ-58
Spot Welding of Inconel "X" in Thick-
ness Range of 0.032 to 0.188 in.
Jean Harris, J. J. Riley
Tavlor-Winfield Corp.
M. D. Bellware
International Nickel Co.
The Welding Journal, June, 1958
10 pages, illustrations, sketches, tables,
charts and macrographs
The authors outline and tabulate weld-
ing schedules for the materials in the
title, using both single phase and 3-phasc
dry-disc rectifier machmes. Satisfactory
weld schedules for both types of machines
to meet military specification MIL-W-
6858-A are given.
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5.2 QE
Page 1
1-1-63
RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Bibliography
QE-01-WJ-38
The Metallurgical Aspects of Resistance
Welding Electrodes
R. H. Harrington
General Electric Co.
The Welding Journat, Oct. 1938.
4 pages.
The author outlines the history and de-
velopment of alloys used for resistance
welding electrodes, and some of the con-
siderations affecting their choice.
QE-02-WJ-41
Thermal Gradients in Spot Welding
Electrodes
F. R. Hensel, E. I. Larsen, E. F. Holt
P. R. Mallory & Company
The Welding Journal, Dec. 1941
7 pages, photographs, sketches and tables.
A general, but inconclusive, study of
metallurgical effects of spot welding oper-
ations on the electrode itself.
QE-03-IA-15
Electrode Tip Wear in Spot Welding
W. S. Simmie
Pressed Steel Co. Ltd., Cowley, England
The Iron Age, Feb. 1, 1945
4 pages, sketches and tables.
A study of tip wear for RWMA Classes
I and H alloys under various spot welding
conditions.
QE-04-WF-54
Electrode Materials for Resistance
Welding
W. J. Armstrong, II. D. Baer
Enfield Copper Refining Co.
Welding and Metal Fabrication, March,
1954
3 pages, tables and sketches
A simple outline of the functions and
performance of resistance welding elec-
trodes.
QE-05-WF-54
Production of Resistance Welding Elec-
trodes
Stall" Article
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
Aug. 1954
4 pages,.illustrated
An illustrated article describing the
manufacture of spot and seam welding
electrodes and components.
QF-01-WR-45
Production Technique and Quality of
Flash-Welded Joints
Dr. Hans Kilger
Welding Research Supplement, Aug.-Sept.-
Oct.-1945
This is a basic treatise on flash-welding.
Published as a book in German and trans-
lated by S. L. Hoyt and associates of
Battelle Memorial Institute.
While it deals basically with European
practices, which we consider inferior to
ours, it treats in considerable detail with
principles which must be taken into ac-
count with any type or method of flash
welding.
The study of this is recommended to
anyone who wishes to understand flash-
butt welding of any metal.
QF-02-WE-52
New Service for Flash Welding
W. C. Kenzlik
The Welding Engineer, Aug. 1952
3 pages, illustrated
This is the outline of Flashweld Indus-
tries, Inc. start into the flash-welding job-
bing, engineering and consulting field in
Chicago.
QF-03-WR-55
A Mathematical Analysis of the Tem-
perature Distribution During Flash
Welding
E. F. Nippes, W. F. Savage, H. Suzuki,
W. H. Chang
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, June, 1955
15 pages, tables, charts and numerous
equations
The authors' purpose, by mathematical
analysis, to establish certain flash welding
variables, such as material constants,
specimen size, die spacing, rate of platen
movement, etc.
QF-01-WJ-62
Flash Welding—The Process and Appli-
cations
Warren F. Savage
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
The Welding Journal, March, 1962
11 pages, photographs, sketches and tables.
A review of the flash welding process,
its development to its present status, the
equipment required, quality control and a
partial listing of metals and alloys that
can be successfully flash welded. The
paper is actually an introduction to QF-
05-WR-62.
QF-05-WR-62
Flash Welding—Process Variables and
Weld Properties
Warren F. Savage
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, March, 1962
11 pages, micrographs, sketches and tables.
This paper is a follow-up to QF-Ob-WJ-
6'2. It deals with the technical aspects of
flash welding of various steel alloys as well
as several non-ferrous metals.
In addition to welding technique, it also
reports in graphs and tables on physical
properties in both "as welded" and after
neat treatment.
Various types of weld defects and their
causes are also discussed.
QG-01-WJ-45
Resistance Welding Fundamentals
K. R. Woodward
Westinghouse Electric Corp.
The Welding Journat, August 1945
13 pages, photographs, sketches and
tables. A simplified outline of the various
resistance welding processes.
QG-02-WF-52
Assembly by Multi-Point Spot Welding
C. E. Slade, F. Zeller
Phillips Electrical, Ltd.
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
April, 1952
7 pages, illustrated
The authors describe and illustrate
several types of multi-spot welders with
their controls currently used in Great
Britain.
QG-03-WE-57
Resistance Welding
Jack Fairlie
Welding Engineer, Jan., March, May,
Sept. 1957
14 pages, illustrated
A series of articles containing a brief
history of the early development of re-
sistance welding with a short treatise on
the various resistance welding processes,
spot-scam-projection and flash-butt, to-
gether with equipment and tooling.
Not a part of the series, but included in
the article is an illustrated description of
a closed T. V. circuit whose camera is
focused on spot welding electrodes.
QI-01-WJ-16
Poke Welding of Stainless Steel Cold
Storage Sheathing
R. K. Waldvogel
Pullman-Standard Car Mfg. Co.
The Welding Journat, August 1946
6 pages, photographs and tables.
The author details methods and pro-
cedures for poke welding stainless steel
sheets to mild steel to form cold-storage
compartments on ships.
QI-02-WJ-47
Choice of Cable and Transformer Size for
Portable Spot Welders
Myron Zucker
Mackworth G. Rees, Inc.
The Welding Journat, March 1947
5 pages, tables and charts.
An engineering analysis of the selection
and application of secondary cables of the
"kickless" or low-reactance type.
(See also QI-03-WE-47.)
QI-03-WE-47
Quicker Calculations for Portable Spot
Welders
Myron Zucker
Mackworth G. Rees, Inc.
The Welding Engineer, May 1947
6 pages, tables and charts.
Selection and application of Gun welder
C'ii \ 'loS
(Essentially the same as QI-02-WJ-47.)
QI-04-WJ-50
Portable Resistance Welding Tools
Charles H. Davis, Jr.
The Budd Company
The Welding Journat, July 1950
5 pages with photographs.
A description of portable welding guns
used in rail car construction.
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5.2 QI
RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION R83
Bibliography
QI-05-EM-46
Storage Battery Welder Forced Compo-
nent Development
Frank Oliver
Editor
Electrical Manufacturing, May 1946
9 pages, photographs, charts and diagrams.
This is the best and most complete
article available on the electrochemical or
storage battery type of stored energy ma-
chine. Sketches and diagrams of the entire
mechanism are included, as well as phan-
tom views of some of the components.
QI-06-FM-47
How To Maintain Spot Welders
Fritz Albrecht
Glenn L. Martin Company
Factory Management and Maintenance,
Nov. 1947
5 pages, illustrations, radiographs, macro-
graphs and charts.
The author outlines the importance of
proper maintenance to keep machines in
operation. Single phase, electrostatic and
electromagnetic stored energy machines
are used, and down time averages less
than one minute per hour.
Oscillograms, macrographs, radiographs
and recording meters are all used to indi-
cate when maintenance and adjustments
are necessary.
QI-07-SP-48
Selecting a Resistance Welder
Ben R. Askew
Georgia Power Company
Southern Power and Industry, April 1948
4 pages, illustrations and sketches.
A non-technical article dealing rather
loosely on resistance welders, their func-
tions and controls.
QI-08-FM-48
Causes and Remedies for Common Trou-
bles With Spot Welding Machines
Fritz Albrecht
The Glenn L. Martin Co.
Factory Management and Maintenance,
July 1948
2 pages—Maintenance Data Sheets.
Causes of troubles (defective welds) and
their remedies are given for single phase
and stored energy machines.
The following classifications of defects
are given.
Cracking
Cracking and spitting
Surface burning
Pitting
Strength too low
Strength varying
Strength too high.
QI-09-WJ-52
Maintenance of Resistance Welders in
High-Speed Assembly Lines
James F. Salatin, O. D. Etchison
Delco-Remy Div.—G.M.C.
The Welding Journat, September 1952
9 pages, illustrations and sketches.
This article discusses preventative main-
tenance and scheduled replacements or
attention.
It also describes steps which have been
taken to provide quick temporary replace-
ments of timers and machine components.
QI-10-WE-51
Preventive Maintenance for Resistance
Welding Equipment
Staff Article
The Welding Engineer, Oct. 1951
4 pages, illustrated
General maintenance recommendations
for resistance welding machines, based on
R.W.M.A. "Maintenance Manual for
Resistance Welding Machines" with some
practices from Ford Motor Company and
Ryan Aeronautical Company.
QI-11-WE-52
Tips for Longer Tube Life
Thomas A. Dickinson
The Welding Engineer, Sept. 1952
2V£pages, illustrated
The author gives hints and suggestions
on electronic tube maintenance and care.
QI-12-EP-53
A High Output—Low Demand Resist-
ance Welding Machine
Dean L. Knight
National Electric Welding Machines Com-
pany
Robert S. Phair
The Budd Company
A.I.E.E. Technical Paper presented at
Summer General Meeting, Atlantic City,
June 16, 1953
6 mineographed typewritten pages with
sketches
The authors outline the general design
of a special projection welder with a
secondary output of approximately 200,-
000 amps, with 1,000 KVA demand.
QI-13-EP-53
Design of Transformers for Resistance
Welding Machines
Dean L. Knight
National Electric Welding Machines Com-
pany
A.I.E.E. Technical Paper No. 53-296.
Presented at General Summer Meeting,
Atlantic City, N. J., June 16, 1953
11 Multigraphed pages with illustrations
and sketches
The author discusses the principles of re-
sistance welding machine transformers and
shows how design factors differ from those
of distribution transformers. Various
types of construction are illustrated and
such factors as efficiency, excitation and
core losses are discussed and compared
with like factors for distribution trans-
formers.
QI-14-WE-53
Timer Maintenance at Ford Motor
Company
Staff Article
The Welding Engineer, July, 1953
One page, illustrated
A very brief pictorial story of Welder
Timer maintenance at Ford.
QI-15-WF-55
Maintenance of Resistance Welding
Equipment
I. Jones
Welding and Metal Fabrication (Br. Sept.
& Oct. '55)
6 pages, illustrations and sketches
Recommended practices for proper up-
keep and maintenance of resistance weld-
ing machines and their controls.
QI-16-WJ-56
Transient Problems with High-Flux
Density Transformers in Welding Appli-
cations
R. C. Mierendorf
Square D Company
The Welding Journal, March, 1956
8 pages, photographs and sketches
This is a paper delivered at the A.W.S.
annual meeting, October 1955, and con-
tains also, some discussions.
As the title indicates, this is a treatise
on magnetizing transients in hypersil
transformers such as commonly used for
fixture service.
Various factors, such as welder timing
sequence, power factor and current initia-
tion angle all exert considerable influence
on these transients, consequently tho
overall operation of the equipment.
QI-17-WF-58
Factors Influencing the Specification of
Resistance Welding Plant
1. Jones
British Federal Welder & Machine Co.
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
Nov. 1958
4 pages, illustrated
The author discusses standard vs. spe-
cialized machines and factors affectmg
their selection.
QJ-01-WJ-46
Additional Timing Period of New Motor-
Driven Control Increases Gun Welder
Speed
H. L. Stanback
Square D Co.
The Welding Journat, Nov. 1946
6 pages, illustrations and sketches.
The author outlines a new timing device
particularly for guns or other high speed
repetitive machines in which the first spot
must be positioned.
It provides a special squeeze period for
this first spot, with another squeeze period
for following spots.
QJ-02-WJ-47
Engineering Symposium of Future Con-
trol of Resistance Welding Machine
C. E. Smith
Taylor-Winfield Corp.
The Welding Journat, Oct. 1947
8 pages, photographs and sketches.
A general outline of all types of resist-
ance welders and control devices.
QJ-03-WR-49
Slope Control in Spot and Projection
Welding
Ivar W. Johnson
General Electric Co.
Welding Research Supplement, Oct. 1949
6 pages, illustrations, tables and sketches.
(See also, discussion—QJ-04-WJ-50.)
A general outline of advantages of Slope
Control for spot and projection welding.
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5.2 QJ
lSra RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Bibliography
QJ-04-WJ-50
Slope Control and Its Effect on Spot
Welding
J. L. Solomon
Sciakv Bros.
The Welding Journal, July 1950
2 pages, sketches and micrographs.
A discussion of the paper on Slope Con-
trol, QJ-03-WR-49.
QJ-05-EP-47
Functionalized Resistance Welding Con-
trol
C. B. Stadum, W. E. Large, E. C. Hartwig
Westinghouse Electric Corp.
Transactions, A.I.E.E., Vol. 66—1947,
Paper 47-64.
5 pages, sketches and diagrams.
An outline of new circuits in welding
controls designed on the unit, or function-
alized system. Basic principles are ex-
plained for all current types of syn-
chronous controls.
QJ-06-IM-49
Resistance Welding and Welder Controls
O. C. Kebernick
Westinghouse Elec. Corp.
May and June 1949. Industrial Sheet
Metal.
7 pages, sketches and diagrams.
A comparatively simple and not too
technical outline and explanation of the
functions of electronic controls in resist-
ance welding machines.
QJ-07-WJ-52
Increased Multispot Production with
Limited Power Supply
C. R. Whitney, Jr. Square D Company
The Welding Journat, Noveml>er 1952
6 pages, illustrations and sketches.
The author outlines controls designed
expressly to suit multiple transformer
welding machines, with particular empha-
sis on independence of each transformer
from the other and keeping the power
demand at a minimum.
QJ-08-WJ-51
Trends in Electronic Nonsynchronous
Resistance Welding Controls
Stuart Rookafellow
Robotron Corp.
Welding Journal, Sept. 1951
2 pages
As the title suggests, this is a short
article outlining present practices and
trends in non-synchronous welding con-
trols.
QJ-09-WE-53
Current, Force and Time
Dean L. Knight
National Electric Welding Machines Com-
pany
The Welding Engineer, Feb. 1953
6 pages, illustrations, charts and table
The author defmes the three primary
\ariables of resistance welding and meth-
ods used in their measurement.
QJ-10-WE-53
Up Hill and Down
Stuart Rockafellow
Robotron Corp.
The Welding Engineer, March, 1953
4 pages with sketches
A nrief descriptive outline of the opera-
tion and advantages of up and down
slope applied to phase shift heat control.
QJ-11-WJ-55
Ratings of Ignitron Tubes for A-C
Control
P. Van Der Plocg
Ampercx Electronic Corp.
The Welding Journal, Oct. 1955
12 pages, illustrations, tables, sketches and
diagrams
As the title indicates, this article de-
scribes the principles of operation of
ignition tubes, with particular emphasis
on the basis for their ratings, both for
single phase and three phase frequency
converter service.
QJ-13-WJ-57
Regulated and Programmed Resistance-
Welding Control Systems
C. Sinclair, F. S. Parker
General Electric Company
Wetding Journal, May, 1957
3 pages, with sketches
The authors outline the principles of a
new control system in which a current
regulator can be used in conjunction with
up and down slope control.
QJ-14-WJ-57
A New Concept for Control of Resist-
ance-Welding Machines
W. J. Farrell, J. L. Solomon
Sciaky Brothers
The Welding Journal, April, 1957
8 pages, illustrations and sketches
The authors describe the principle and
application of counting tube circuits for
resistance welding control.
QJ-15-WJ-58
New Techniques in Precision-Welding
Control
J. L. Solomon, W. Balikov
Sciaky Brothers
Welding Journal, Jan. 1958
6 pages, sketches and photographs
A general outline of circuits in which
controls operated by so-called counting
tubes are used.
QJ-16-WJ-58
Frequency-Converter Welding Control
Using Counting Tubes
L. R. Broniak, W. A. Chaisson
Wcltronic Company
The Wetding Journal, April, 1958
7 pages, illustrations and sketches
The authors describe the application of
counting tube welding controls for fre-
quency-converter spot and seam welders.
QJ-17-WJ-62
Applying all the Rules of Resistance
Welding with Automatic Control
Charles F. Paxton, Richard Zeller
Weltronic Company
The Welding Journal, June, 1962
8 pages, photographs, tables and sketches.
This paper is a description of a multiple
schedule control for spot welding, par-
ticularly for gun welders as applied to
automotive body construction.
QJ-18-WJ-62
Evaluation of Electronically-Monitored
Resistance Welding Control
W. A. Grant
North American Aviation, Inc.
The Welding Journal, June, 1962
5 pages, photographs, macrographs, charts
and tables.
This paper describes an electronically
operated monitor control for spot welding
quality consistency.
Graphs show the comparison of this
system versus conventional control.
QK-01-WJ-49
Power Supply for Automatic Resistance
Welders
T. F. Ellis
Kaiser-Frazer Corp.
The Welding Journal, November 1949
4 pages with diagrams.
This paper deals with the distribution
of single phase resistance welders (par-
ticularly multiple transformer types) over
the three phases of a power supply system.
QK-02-WJ-51
A Case of Power
Jerry Geralds
Midwest Wire Products Co.
Paul Duker
Detroit Edison Co.
Myron Zucker
Myron Zucker Eng. Co.
The Welding Journat, October 1951
9 pages, illustrations, tables, charts and
sketches.
This article consists of a detailed anal-
ysis of all factors involved in the re-
location of a department engaged in the
manufacture of wire products. Nine pro-
jection welders with a total rating of 725
KVA and operating at 220 volts were
distributed over the three phases of a
three-phase service.
All operating conditions were con-
sidered, including weld quality, voltage
drop flicker.
The authors point out that the con-
clusions reached in this case might not be
adaptable to other cases, and each instal-
lation would need individual consider-
ation.
QK-03-FM-48
It Paid to Separate Welding and Power
Circuits
C. W. Wright
Delco Products Div. G.M.C.
Factory Management and Maintenance,
Jan. 1948
4 pages, illustrated.
The author outlines savings and other
advantages accruing by re-arranging dis-
tribution system to separate welding load
from the other part of the plant load.
Adequate provision was made for ex-
pansion.
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5.2 QK
RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Bibliography
Page 1
1-1-63
QK-04-EP-53
Fundamentals of Electric Utility Rates
L. R. Lefferson
Ebasco Services Iuc.
A.I.E.E. paper presented at Summer
General Meeting, Atlantic City, N. J.,
June 16, 1953
6 typewritten and mimeographed pages
While this paper bears no direct refer-
ence to resistance welding, it does outline
the basic principles of rate making, and
serves as an introduction to—
(QK-05-EP-53)
QK-05-EP-53
Why Special Utility Charges for Resist-
ance Welders
R. E. Young
Public Service Company, Division of
Commonwealth Edison Company
A.I.E.E. Technical Meeting, Atlantic
City, N. J., June 16, 1953
14 typewritten and mimeographed pages
with sketches
The author discusses the nature of the
resistance welding load as it affects the
utility system to which it is connected.
He also outlines some of the basic prin-
ciples of utility rate making, then proceeds
to illustrate by example some of the
methods employed to apply rates and
charges for resistance welding loads.
QK-06-EW-47
Measuring Voltage Dip of Resistance
Welding
F. W. Ruck
United Illuminating Company
Electrical World, Dec. 6, 1917
pages, illustrated
As the title indicates, the author out-
lines the measurement of voltage drop
with a special voltage drop meter and
oscilloscope.
QL-01-WJ-lO
Resistance Welding Current Measure-
ment
E. W. Clark
General Electric Co.
The Welding Journal, March 1940
4 pages, photographs, charts and sketches.
An outline for measuring primary and
secondary welding current.
QL-02-EP-40
The Measurement of Spot-Welding Cur-
rent
Wendell F. Hess, Robert A. Wyant, Albert
Muller
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Transactions, A. I. E. E., March 1940
4 pages, photograph and sketches
The authors outline various means of
measuring both primary and secondary
welding current.
QL-03-WE-42
Current Measurement Improves Weld-
ing Technique
C. H. Manzer, H. S. Day
General Electric Co.
The Welding Engineer, July-Aug. 1942
5 pages, photographs, macrographs and
tables
An exposition of the benefits to be de-
rived from an accurate measurement of
welding current.
QL-04-WR-48
Thermal Resistance of Metal Contacts
W. B. Kouwenhoven, J. H. Potter
Johns Hopkins University
Welding Research Supplement, Oct. 1948
6 pages, photographs and charts
While this paper has nothing to do with
welding directly, it is of considerable in-
terest, inasmuch as thermal resistance is
comparable with electrical resistance.
QL-05-WJ-49
The Laboratory in Resistance Welding
F. R. Hensel, E. F. Holt
P. R. Mallory & Co.
The Welding Journat, June 1949
9 pages, photographs, sketches and charts
A general outlme of the value of lab-
oratory work on resistance welding—
especially as related to electrode problems.
QL-06-WR-49
Electrical Resistance Offered to Non-
Uniform Current Flow
W. R. Kouwenhoven, W. T. Sackett, Jr.
Johns Hopkins University
Welding Research Supplement, Oct. 1949
5 pages, with charts and sketches
A general study of electrical resistance
and current flow.
QL-07-WJ-50
The Spreading Resistance of Contacts
W. B. Kouwenhoven, W. T. Sackett, Jr.
Johns Hopkins University
The Welding Journat, Oct. 1950
9 pages, sketches and charts
A companion article to QL-06-WR-49.
This deals specifically to the "spreading
resistance" of joints, which the authors
define as a constriction, such as might be
experienced in a spot or projection welding
set-up.
QL-08-WJ-50
A Practical Method for Obtaining Con-
sistent Resistance Welds
J. W. Kehoe
Westinghouse Electric Corp.
The Welding Journat, Oct. 1950
11 pages, photographs and tables
The practical application of weld sched-
ules as practiced by Westinghouse.
QL-09-WJ-50
Spot Welder Secondary Current Meas-
urement
I. C. McKechnic
Chrysler Corporation
The Welding Journal, Nov. 1950
3 pages, photographs, chart and tables
The author outlines a method for meas-
uring directly secondary current.
QL-10-ST-51
Adequate Instrumentation Minimizes
Welding Variables
J. Heuschkel
Westinghouse Elec. Corp.
Steet, July 23, 1951
5 pages, with sketches
A general treatise on the use of instru-
ments for determining various factors and
values in resistance welding, especially
those concerned with current, time and
pressure, or force.
QL-11-EM-46
Measuring Large Transient Currents in
Low-Voltage Circuits
Staff Article, Electrical Manufacturing,
July, 1946
6 pages, illustrations, sketches and tables
The article deals with equipment and
methods for measuring secondary cur-
rents in resistance welders.
QL-12-WR-52
Contact Resistance
Wm. B. Kouwenhoven, Clarence W. Little
Johns Hopkins University
Welding Research Supplement, Oct. 1952
9 pages, photographs and charts
This investigation and report concerns
the resistance of single-metal contacts of
aluminum, brass, bronze, silver and stain-
less steel. Particular attention is given
to spreading contact resistance due to
current constrictions at the contact, and
the interface resistance due to surface con-
ditions.
QL-13-WJ-52
Process Control for Resistance Welding
Under Government Specifications
Frank G. Harkins
Solar Aircraft Co.
The Welding Journat, July 1952
8 pages, illustrated
A realistic approach to conformance
with military specifications of the resist-
ance welding of ferrous and nonferrous
alloys. It covers the organization and
administration of the welding group and
control of the process.
This process control procedure lies
within the framework of trie MIL speci-
fications.
QL-14-WR-53
Multiple Contact Resistance
William B. Kouwenhoven, Donald R.
Hagner
Johns Hopkins University
Welding Research Supplement, Sept. 1953
9 pages, illustrations, sketches and charts
This is a study of the joint contact re-
sistance in electrical circuits, particularly
those of high current, low impedance, such
as found m resistance welder secondary
circuits.
QL-15-WJ-54
High-Speed Motion Picture Photography
Applied to Resistance Welding
L. S. Goodman
Westinghouse Electric Corp.
The Welding Journal, June, 1954
5 pages, illustrations, sketches and chart's
The author recounts the development of
the high-speed motion picture camera up
to 10,000 frames per second, and its appli-
cation to resistance welding phenomenon.
He also briefly describes and illustrates re-
sults on follow-up of bench welders, per-
cussive welding and vibration and fatigue
testing.
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5.2 QL
f-Stt RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Bibliography
QL-16-WJ-56
A Systems Analysis Approach to Air-
craft Spot-Weld Reliability
J. M. Peterson, E. R. Funk
(ioodycar Aircraft Corn.
The Welding Journal, July, 1956
5 pages, illustrations
The authors generalize on the current
status of quality control as applied to
aircraft spot welding. They feel that spot
weld quality control has not kept pace
with the industry developments, and sug-
gest that new thinking must be intro-
duced.
QL-17-WJ-55
Oscillographic Instruments in Spot
Welding Quality Control and Mainte-
nance
(ilenn Woodmaucy
Hoeing Airplane Company
The Welding Journal, May, 1955
8 pages, photographs, charts and oscillo-
grams
The author describes and illustrates the
use of cathode ray and magnetic oscillo-
graphs on spot welders.
QL-18-WF-56
Production Control of Flash-Butt Weld-
ing
W. Glage, A. J. Walsh
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
Oct. 1956
5 pages, illustrations and charts
The authors describe a system of triple
strip chart and indicating meters for trac-
ing functions of a flash-butt welder. The
three elements measured and recorded
are secondary current, platen travel and
platen force.
QL-19-WR-62
Fatigue Testing Resistance Spot Welds
in Shear
D. S. Kalbfleich
Budd Company
E. E. Weismantel
Beryllium Corporation
Welding Beseareh Supplement, January.
1962
5 pages, sketches, charts and photographs.
The authors report on the results of a
program on welded sandwich panels.
The report deals with cyclic transverse
shear loads and longitudinal shear loads
and plots those loads as a factor of the
number of spots.
QM-01-WE-53
Their Pay Went Up 25 % and More
Fred M. Burt
The Welding Engineer, Aug. 19515
4 pages, illustrated
An illustrated description of an incen-
tive plan instituted in a plant fabricating
(Welding) aircraft fuel tanks.
QM-02-W F-60
Capacitor Discharge Welding
Stan" Article
Welding and Metal Fabrication, April, 1960
3 pages, illustrated
A short description of bench welder and
control equipment for welding such com-
ponents as thermocouples, instruments,
etc.
QM-03-WF-50
Resistance Welding
R.Bushell
Sciaky Elec. Welding Machines. Ltd.
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
Sept. 1950
10 pages, illustrations and sketches
This is a general resume of various
forms of resistance welding as practiced
in England.
QM-04-IA-57
Eight Basic Resistance Welds Cut Costs
on Short Runs
E. J. Egan, Jr.
Staff Article
The Iron Age, April 18, 1957
4 pages, illustrated.
The author describes and amply illus-
trates several types of spot, projection and
special resistance welds, as found in a
typical plant manufacturing farm imple-
ments.
QM-05-WE-61
Fiber Metallurgy Promises Greater Ef-
ficiency in Resistance Welding
Harry Schwartzbart
Armour Research Foundation
Welding Engineer, March, 1961
3 pages, illustrated
The author oflcrs several advantages
to the use of Gber metal inserts for spot
seam, projection and upset-butt welds.
(Of course, it has some disadvantages,
loo.)
Fiber metal is a mat made from short
lengths of metal (Vs" to 14" long), then
inserting between the faying surfaces to
be welded.
QN-01-WJ-41
Demand Improvement for Resistance
Welding Loads
H. R. Crago
General Electric Co.
The Welding Journat, Nov. 1941
3 pages, photographs and chart
A general discussion of various means
(mostly motor-generator and series ca-
pacitors) for improving power factor of re-
sistance welding machines.
QN-02-WE-41
How to Determine Series-Capacitor Re-
quirements of Resistance Welders
R. E. Marbury
Westinghouse Electric Corp.
The Welding Engineer, Nov. 1941
3 pages, photograph, sketches and formu-
lae
Theoretical, but simple, equations and
formulae for estimating series capacitors
for Resistance Welding Machines.
QN-03-ST-42
How Series Capacitors are Used to Re-
duce Peak Demands of Resistance Weld-
ing Machines
R. E. Marbury
Westinghouse Elec. Corp.
Steel, February 23, 1942
3 pages, photographs, oscillograms and
sketch
An outline of series capacitor require-
ments for resistance welders.
QN-04-WJ-17
Spot Welders with Series Capacitors
F. L. Brandt
Thomson Electric Welder Co.
The Welding Journat, June 1947
5 pages, with oscillograms
The author outlines in simple terms,
the nature of the resistance welding load
and its effect on the power supply system.
He also takes representative specific
example cases and works them out on a
cost basis. The oscillograms show line,
welder and capacitor voltage and line cur-
rent.
QN-05-FM-46
Series Capacitors Raise Power Factor of
Resistance Welders
R. E. Marbury
Westinghouse Elec. Corp.
Factory Management and Maintenance,
Feb. 1946
5 pages, illustrations, diagrams and tables
The paper explains the use of series
capacitors for power factor correction,
and outlines several methods of applying
them to welding machines.
Tables are given for welder and ca-
pacitor voltages for all uncorrected power
factors from 25% to 60%, also capacitor
data.
These tables provide a quick reference
for approximate capacitor application.
QN-06-LO-45
Resistance Welding ... A Good Load
L. W. Clark
Planning Eng. Detroit Edison Co.
Load, June, 1945
4 pages, illustrations, charts and tables
The author discusses the efTect of re-
sistance welders on the power companies'
lines. The so-called 'flicker" effect is
analyzed, together with the location of the
load in relation to distribution centers.
Since the Detroit Edison Company has
probably had more experience with re-
sistance welding loads than any other
major utility, the experience and general
policies of this Company might easily
serve as a guide to other utilities.
QN-07-LO-48
The Significance of Power Factor
R. M. Wilson, Jr.
General Electric Co.
Load, Dec. 1948
3 pages, charts and formulae
While this article does not refer to re-
sistance welding, it does give valuable in-
formation and data on the improvement of
power factor. While power factor im-
provement on resistance welders is gener-
ally accomplished on each machine by
series capacitors, this article discusses
overall plant or circuit correction with
shunt capacitors.
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5.2 QN
Page 1
RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 1-1-63
Bibliography
QN-08-EM-46
Power factor Correction Is the De-
signer's Responsibility
Staff Article
Electrical Manufacturing, Nov. 1946
2 pages, sketches and tables
This is an excerpt or abstract of an
article on Power Factor Correction bv
Ralph B. Giles A.M.I.E.E. in the Journal
of the Institution of Electrical Engineers,
Vol. 92, Part H, No. 30, December 1945.
Methods of operating single phase flash
welders from 3-phase lines are described.
QN-09-EM-53
Power Factor Measurement
E. E. Moyer
International Business Machines Co.
H. E. Zieman
Mass. Institute of Technology
Electrical Manufacturing, July & Aug. 1953
16 pages, illustrations and sketches
Part one of this article relates to the
characteristics and principles of operation
for usual power factor instruments.
Part two contains the power factor
analysis for non-sinusoidal wave form such
as that obtaining on a resistance welder
load controlled by ignitron tubes.
QP-01-WE-60
Fundamentals of Projection Welding
Douglas D. Williams
Surrey, England
Welding Engineer, Nov. 1960
3 pages, illustrated
An elementary article on projection
welding including photographs of cross
welds on steel tubing.
QQ-01-WJ-40
Scope and Limitations of Stored Energy
Type Spot-Welding Equipment
G. S. Mikhalapov
Baldwin Southwark Div.
Baldwin Locomotive Works
C. N. Weygandt
University of Pennsylvania
14 pages, oscillograms, charts, tables and
sketches
A mathematical study of Electro-
Magnetic type Stored Energy Machines.
See also—AQ-04-WE-40
QQ-02-WJ-45
Application of Capacitor Discharge to
Welding
H. J. Bichsel
Westinghouse Electric Corp.
E. Pittsburgh, Pa.
The Welding Journal, Nov. 1945
5 pages, illustrations, sketches and charts
A brief outline of Capacitor-Discharge
type of Stored Energy Machines.
QQ-03-WJ-46
Resistance Welding with Storage-Battery
Power
John D. Gordon
Progressive Welder Co.
The Welding Journat, Nov. 1946
6 pages, photographs and sketch
This is a factual description of Progres-
sive Welder Company's storage battery
(Electro-Chemical) Stored Energy Spot
Welder. It goes into considerable de-
tail on the construction of the contactor,
which is considered a vital part of the
equipment.
QQ-04-WJ-48
D.-C. Resistance Welding Utilizing Ki-
netic Energy Storage
Thos. J. Crawford
Progressive Welder Co.
The Welding Journat, May 1948
4 pages, photographs and sketches
A preliminary description of Progres-
sive Welder Company's Homo-Polar gen-
erator for welding power.
(See also QQ-05-WJ-50).
QQ-05-WJ-50
The Homopolar Generator for Resistance
Welding
Thomas J. Crawford
Progressive Welder Co.
The Welding Journat, March 1950
4 pages, photographs and sketches
A further description of Progressive
Welder Company's direct current gen-
erator for resistance welding service.
See earlier preliminary paper, QQ-04-
WJ-48.
QQ-06-EM-48
Homopolar Generator the Basis of
Kinetic Stored-Energy Welder System
Staff Article
Electrical Manufacturing, Jan. 1948
2 pages, illustrated
A condensed description of this stored
energy system.
See also QQ-04-WJ-48, QQ-05-WJ-50.
QR-01-WF-55
The Radiography of Spot Welds in Light
Alloy Sheets
N. K. Gardner, E. A. Redwood
IIandley Page, Ltd.
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
July, 1955
5 pages, illustrations, graphs and radio-
graphs
The authors outline equipment and
methods used in the X-ray analysis of
spot welds. Techniques and means of ob-
taining acceptable results are given in
graphic form.
QS-01-WJ-51
Resistance Variations During Spot Weld-
ing
W. L. Roberts
Westinghouse Electric Corp.
The Welding Journat, November 1951
15 pages, illustration, sketches and os-
cillograms. Also 2 pages of comment
by H. Udin, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
In this paper, as the title implies, the
author analyzes the resistance factor in
the basic spot welding formula, H —
I'RTK.
In the study, low carbon and stainless
steel and 3S aluminum are used for the
work-piece material.
The author demonstrates that the work-
piece resistance is not constant during the
weld, consequently, neither is the current.
All of these variations are graphically
shown.
QS-02-WE-60
Theory and Practice of Spot Welding
Douglas D. Williams
Surrey, England
Welding Engineer, Sept. 1960
3 pages, sketches, tables and macrographs
The author explains and illustrates the
generation of heat in the work pieces in
a spot welding operation.
QS-03-WR-62
Evaluation of Resistance Seam Welds by
a Shear Peel Test
F. Y. Buer, M. L. Begerman
University of Texas
Welding Research Supplement, March, 1962
3 pages, photographs and sketches.
The authors point out the inadequacies
of the commonly used seam weld "peel
test," and recommend instead, a shear
peel test, which is similar, except that the
tension is applied to the sides of the weld,
rather than only to the start or finish.
QT-01-W5-47
Three-Phase Balanced Load Resistance
Welding Machines
J L. Solomon
Sciaky Bros.
The Welding Journat, May 1947
5 pages, photographs, oscillograms and
charts
The author outlines the principles of
the frequency-converter type of 3-phase
machine and presents graphs of various
relations on 3-phase machines vs-single
phase machines.
QT-02-WJ-48
The Resistance-Welding Characteristics
of the Dry Disc Rectifier Welder
C. E. Smith, R. H. Blair
The Taytor-Winfield Corp.
The Welding Journat, Sept. 1948
8 pages, photographs, sketches, macro-
graphs, charts and tables
A general outline of the dry-disc type of
3-phase welder, with charts and other
data on various types of rectifiers.
Secondary current wave-form is also
discussed, together with the effect of this
wave-form on the welding of various
metals.
(With discussion by various commen-
tators in Jan. 1949 issue).
QT-03-WJ-49
Three-Phase, Direct-Energy, Resistance-
Welding Equipment
J. H. Cooper
The Taylor-Winfield Corp.
The Welding Journat, August 1949
8 pages, photographs, charts, sketches and
oscillograms
A comparison of the rectifier type of
direct energy machine with the frequency
converter type.
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RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Bibliography
QT-04-WJ-49
Circuit Analysis of Frequency-Changer
Welders
W. K. Boice
General Electric Company
The Welding Journal, October 1949
11 pages, photographs, oscillograms and
charts
A. theoretical analysis of the electrical
phenomena of the transition of power from
a 3-phase source to a single phase output.
(With discussion from several com-
mentators in Feb. 1950 issue).
QT-05-IP-50
KVA Reduction in Resistance Welding
Clyde C. Bassler
The Taylor-Winfield Corp.
Industry and Power, July 1950
3 pages, photograph, tables and sketches
An outline of the 3-phase direct energy
welder, particularly from the viewpoint
of power supply.
QT-06-WJ-50
Spot and Seam Welding of Aircraft
Using D.-C. Current
J. H. Cooper
The Taylor-Winfield Corp.
The Welding Journal, November 1950
8 pages, photographs and tables
A series of case histories or applications
of rectifier type 3-phase spot welders in
several major aircraft plants.
QT-07-WJ-54
Balancing Ignitrons in Frequency Con-
verter Three-Phase Spot Welder
G. C. Woodmancy
Boeing Airplane Company
The Welding Journal, March, 1954
3 pages, with sketches
The author outlines the elTect of un-
balanced ignition tubes and methods for
obtaining balance.
QZ-01-WF-50
Production of an All-Aluminum Motor-
car Body
C. E. Slade
Philips Electrical, Ltd.
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
April, 1950
7 pages, illustrated
The article outlines the const ruction
and production of the Dyna-Panhard
aluminum body. Mock-ups, tests, equip-
ment, etc. are shown.
QZ-02-WF-50
Flash Butt Welding—Aluminum Win-
dow Production
Staff Article
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
Nov. 1950
9 pages, illustrated
The article describes iu some detail the
Mash-butt welding of aluminum sash or
window frames. Preparation, finishing
and required equipment as used in Eng-
land are described.
QZ-03-WF-51
Production at the Pressed Steel Com-
pany
Staff Article
Welding ami Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
March, 1951
7 pages, illustrated
The article is of interest in that it de-
scribes British motor car body operations,
including spot and flash welding.
QZ-04-WE-51
How Northrop Aircraft Standardises Its
Flash Welding
Staff Article
The Welding Engineer, March, 1951
4 pages, illustrated
A description of flash welding and qual-
ity control at Northrop.
QZ-05-WF-51
Steel Radiator Production
Staff Article
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
April, 1951
7 pages, illustrations and sketches
The article describes and outlines all
operations in the manufacture of pressed
steel radiators, including several resistance
welding operations.
QZ-06-WF-51
Flash-Butt Welding Strip
Staff Article
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
July, 1951
1 page, illustrated
The article describes a recent installa-
tion of flash-butt welding equipment in a
continuous Welch pickle line.
QZ-07-WF-51
Production of the All-Welded Bicycle
Staff Article
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
Dec. 1951
7 pages, illustrated
The article describes in considerable
detail, the manufacture of bicycles by the
Enfield Cycle Company, Ltd. This is an
all-welded bicycle, and most of the joints
are flash welded. Most of these flash weld-
ing operations are clearly illustrated and
described.
QZ-09-WE-52
Welding Jets at Solar Aircraft
Clyde B. Clason
The Welding Engineer, Feb. 1952
4J/£ pages, illustrated
A general description of all welding proc-
esses, including resistance, as practiced at
Solar Aircraft.
QZ-10-WF-52
Assembly by Multi-Point Spot Welding
C. E. Slade, F. Zellcr
Phillip's Electrical, Ltd.
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
April, 1952
7 pages, illustrations, sketches
The authors illustrate and describe the
operations of several Phillip's Multi-point
spot welders, built principally for the
British automotive industry. Some cost
studies are also given.
QZ-11-WE-52
Spot and Seam Welding at Northrop
Aircraft
Thomas A. Dickinson
The Welding Engineer, July, 1952
4 pages, illustrated
An outline of the growth of spot and
seam welding operations at Northrop
Aircraft.
QZ-12-WE-52
Welding Methods for Schwinn Bicycles
C. B. Clason
The Welding Engineer, Aug. 1952
4 pages, with illustrations
A description of all the welding proc-
esses involved in the manufacture of bi-
cycles by Arnold Schwinn ft Company,
Chicago.
QZ-13-WF-52
Steel Fabrication at A. O. Smith
Staff Article
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.l,
Oct. 1952
10 pages, illustrations and sketches
The article describes and illustrates
various manufacturing operations on
flash-welded large diameter pipe, auto-
mobile frames, aircraft landing gears, etc.
QZ-14-WF-52
Spot Welding in the Construction of the
"Comet"
C. A. Burton
Sciaky Electric Welding Machines, Ltd.
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
Nov. 1952
5 pages, illustrated
The author describes and illustrates
several spot welded applications on the
Haviland "Comet."
QZ-15-WF-53
Metal Fabrication in the Owen Or-
ganisation
Staff Article
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
Jan. 1953
7 pages, illustrated.
The article describes and illustrates
various manufacturing operations at Ru-
bery, Owen and Company, Ltd.. includ-
ing automotive frames, wheels, rims, etc.
Many resistance welding operations are
descril>ed.
QZ-16-WF-53
High Speed Manufacture of Steel Drums
Alan Heathcote
Welding <f Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
June, 1953
4 pages, illustrated
The author describes and illustrates
typical manufacturing operations on 55
gal. steel drums in England.
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5.2 QZ
RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Bibliography
Page 1
1-1-63
QZ-17-WE-54
Refrigeration Plant of Tomorrow
Stall' Article
The Welding Engineer, Jan. 1951
4 pages, illustrated
A portrayal of welding operations
(mostly resistance) in the I lot point, Chi-
cago plant.
QZ-18-WF-54
Production of an All-Aluminum Motor-
car Body
C. E. Slade
Phillip's Electrical, Ltd.
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
April, 1951
7 pages, illustrated
A well illustrated article describing piin-
cipal spot welding operations on the Dyna-
Panhard car built by Panhard and
Levassor, Paris.
QZ-19-WJ-54
Flash Welding Tubing to Forgings
Staff Article
The Welding Journal. May, 1954
1 page, with illustration
A brief description of Hash welding, and,
(principally) proof-testing of Aircraft
landing gear structures, at Cleveland
Pneumatic Tool Company.
QZ-20-WE-54
Shotwelding Santa Fe cars
Herman C. Phelps
The Welding Engineer, Aug. 1954
4 pages, illustrated
A description and illustration of shot-
welding operations on Santa Fe passenger
QZ-21-WF-54
Resistance Welding Developments at
Vauxhall Motors
Staff Article
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
July, Aug. 1954
15 pages, photographs and sketches
This is a comprehensive illustrated
report on resistance welding operations
with description of operation and equip-
ment, plant flow lines, etc.
QZ-22-WJ-54
Jet Rings
Staff Article
The Welding Journal, Sept. 1954
2 pages, illustrated
The article briefly and non-technically
outlines the forming, flash welding and
fmishing rings for Jet engines, as procured
and used by Ryan Aeronautical Company,
San Diego, California.
QZ-23-MK-55
High Production Applications of Re-
sistance Welding
C. D. Shultheis
Frigidaire Division. G. M. C.
Modern Machine Shop, Jan. 1955
16 pages, sketches and illustrations
An informative article on resistance
welding operations on major home appli-
ances such as refrigerators, ranges and
washing machines at Frigidaire.
QZ-24-WJ-55
Doing It Better
William Brotherlon
Ryan Aeronautical Co.
The Welding Journat, Feb. 1955
2 pages—mostly illustrations
The article briefly describes and illus-
trates the "old" and "new" methods of
labor saving methods in resistance welding
by the substitution of automatic or power
operated handling equipment in place of
the older manually operated type.
QZ-25-ST-55
Resistance Welding May be the Answer
Thomas F. Ilruby
Associate Editor
Steet, May 30, 1955
3 pages, illustrated
The author briefly outlines several in-
stances where resistance welding has paid
off.
QZ-26-IA-55
Resistance Welding Simplifies Presswork
J. H. Bauer
Whirlpool Corp.
The Iron Age, Sept. 8, 1955
2 pages, illustrated
The article describes seam welding oper-
ations on washing machine tubs.
QZ-27-WE-55
Making Fan Guards Easier and Faster
Jack Fairlie
Welding Engineer, Nov. 1955
2 pages, illustrated
Spot welding operations on fan guards
at Berns Manufacturing Company.
QZ-28-WF-55
Welding and Metal Fabrication on the
Handley Page Herald
P. H. F. Burton, N. K. Gardner
Handley Page, Ltd.
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
Nov. 1955
7 pages, photographs and sketches
Spot and roll-spot operations on this
medium size British commercial airliner,
containing over 100,000 spot welds are
described in non-technical language, and
illustrated.
QZ-29-IW-55
How Resistance Welding Solves a Stain-
less Tacking Problem
Staff Article
Industry and Welding, Dec. 1955
3 pages, illustrated
The article describes a special tack weld-
ing setup prior to seam welding stainless
steel rocket tubes at Rheem Manufac-
turing Company.
QZ-30-IW-55
Bench Type Welders Increase Produc-
tion 5000 per cent
Staff Article
Industry and Welding, Dec. 1955
3 pages, illustrated
A description of improvement in watch
main spring production at Hamilton
Watch Company by substituting precision
spot welding for riveting.
QZ-31-1W-56
Projection Welding in the Clutch
Charles Berka
Associate Editor
Industry and Welding, Jan. 1956
A description of hot riveting and pro-
jection welding operations on Ford clutch
pedal assemblies.
Q2-32-1A-56
High Speed Welder Tests Own Joints
Glen Farrington
Whirlpool-Seegar Corp.
The Iron Age, May 15, 1956
2 pages, illustrated
A description of an automatic conveyor
type [machine that receives 9/16" diam.
rods 17" long from a magazine, and two
flanges from hoppers, automatically weld-
ing the flanges to the rods.
Each assembly is proof tested in a sepa-
rate machine, later to be tied in with the
welder.
QZ-33-WF-56
Motor Car Production in Prance
Staff Article
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
April, 1956
8 pages, illustrations and sketches
This article sketches operations at the
Renault Works in Paris. Portions of plant
layout, How lines and welding and as-
sembly operations are given.
QZ-34-WF-57
Spot Welding Applications in the Con-
tinental Railway Industry
C. A. Burton
Welding and Metal Fabrication, June, 1957
8 pages, illustrated
The article illustrates and describes
spot welding operations on railway pas-
senger cars, freight car bodies and loco-
motives as employed in France and
Germany.
QZ-35-WF-58
Fabrication of Hollow Steel Propeller
Blades
Frank J. Altmann
A. O. Smith Corp.
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
Aug. 1958
5 pages, illustrated
The author outlines manufacturing op-
erations in the fabrication of hollow alloy
steel propeller blades, starting from the
raw material, continuing through forging,
rolling, welding, heat treatment and
fmishing.
QZ-36-WF-59
Welding the Victor V-Bomber
C. A. Burton
Sciaky Electric Welding Machines. Ltd.
H. Tyte
Handley Page, Ltd.
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
April, 1959
8 pages, illustrations, sketches and tables
The article outlines air frame spot weld-
ing operations at Handley Page. Quality
control procedures are given, together
with a tabulation of shear strengths.
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5.2 QZ
Page 2
1-1-63
RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Bibliography
QZ-37-WJ-59
Unitized Body Construction
Karl M. Sims
American Motors Corp.
Welding Journal, Sept. 1959
5 pages, illustrated
By means of illustrations, mostly cut-
away views, the author shows and de-
scribes the construction of typical unitized-
welded frame-to-body automobiles.
QZ-38-MD-60
Die Position Controls Helix Pitch in
Endless-Tube Machine
Staff Article
Machine Design, Feb. 4,1960
2 pages, illustrated
The article, by illustrations and sketches,
shows the manufacture of helically wound
endless tube or pipe.
QZ-39-WE-60
New Method Simplifies Fln-to-Tube
Welding
Staff Article
Welding Engineer, March, 1960
2 pages, illustrated
The article briefly describes edge weld-
ing fins to tubing with high frequency
inductors.
QZ-40-WF-59
Automatic Spot Welding on the New
B.M.C. Baby Cars
Staff Article
Welding and Metal Fabrication (Br.), Oct.,
1959
6 pages, illustrated.
The article deals principally with multi-
spot and transfer type welding machines
used in the manufacture of British Motor
Corporation cars.
QZ-41-WF-59
Truck Cab Fabrication
T. J. Palmer
Welding and Metal Fabrication (Br.),
August & September, 1959
5 pages, illustrated.
The author describes and illustrates the
principal spot welding (with jigs and port-
able equipment) on Dodge Brothers,
(British) Ltd., truck and tractor cabs.
QZ-42-WF-60
The Production of Cable Chains
Staff Article
Welding and Metal Fabrication (Br.), Jan.,
1960
7 pages, illustrated.
This article describes welded chain
manufacture at the plant of Brown, I>>nox
and Company, Ltd., England.
The complete plant for bending, flash
welding, trimming and heat treatment for
chain up to I 'm. diameter bar size is de-
scribed and illustrated.
QZ-43-WF-60
Fabricating Components for Commer-
cial Vehicles
T. J. Palmer
Welding and Metal Fabrication (Br.), Jan.,
1960
6 pages, illustrated.
This article describes press and soot
welding methods employed by British
Light Steel Pressings, Ltd., London.
Truck cabs are principally covered, and
welding operations consist of press welders,
multiple spot welders and portable welders
with jigs and fixtures.
QZ-44-WF-60
High Speed Car Body Production
Staff Article
Welding and Metal Fabrication (Br.),
April, 1960
10 pages, illustrated.
This article describes and illustrates
press and welding operations on automo-
tive bodies at the Pressed Steel Company,
Ltd., at Stratton, England.
Principal body components are dis-
cussed, from the sheet to the welded
product.
Automated lines are adequately covered.
This is reported to be one of the largest
and most modern resistance welding plants
in Europe.
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5.2 RG
RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Bibliography
RG-01-WJ-46
Resistance Welding on Stainless Steel
Aircraft Engines and Accessories
Frank G. Harkins, W. L. Hales
Solar Aircraft Co.
The Welding Journal, January 1946
7 pages, photographs, macrographs and
sketches
The authors describe spot, seam and
flash welding operations on aircraft com-
ponents, such as, manifolds, heat ex-
changer, cowling, etc.
Inspection, testing and control pro-
cedure is also briefly outlined.
RG-02-WJ-52
Welding Characteristics of Materials for
Aircraft Oas Turbines
A. J. Rosenberg
General Electric Co.
The Welding Journal, May 1952
6 pages, photographs, micrographs and
macrographs
The author outlines, in non-technical
language some of the welding problems
connected with several high temperature
alloys, including, but not restricted to
Nos. 321 and 347 stainless, Timken Alloy
16-25-6, Inconel, Stellite and Titanium,
as well as some of the low alloys, such as
Yoloy, Corten.
RG-03-WE-52
How to Weld Stainless Steels
lister F. Spencer
Landers, Frary and Clark
The Welding Engineer, Oct. 1952
16 pages of welding, including five pages
on all forms of resistance welding, with
illustrations, sketches and bibles
Also attached is a staff article of five
pages of pre- and post-welding surface
preparation and finishing, including flame
cutting.
This is, as the Editor of the Welding
Engineer titles it, a short "Story of Stain-
less Steel".
RG-04-WJ-53
Resistance Welding Applications in Air-
craft Stainless Steels
D. O. Samuelson
Solar Aircraft Corp.
Tlie Welding Journal, July, 1953
9 pages, illustrations and tables
The author describes and illustrates
several interesting spot, roll-spot and seam
welding applications in stainless steel as
well as some other metals. Welding
schedules for some of these jobs are
tabulated.
RG-05-AS-60
Resistance Welding Stainless Steel
Richard E. Paret
American Iron and Steel Institute
Assembly and Fastener Engineering, June,
1960
5 pages, illustrations.
This is a general outline of the resistance
weldability of the various alloys and
grades of stainless steel.
RM-01-WR-59
Internal-Stress Distribution of Single
Spot Welds in Relation to Their Fatigue
Life
G. Welter, A. Choquet
Ecole Polytechnic, Montreal
Welding Research Supplement, April, 1959
14 pages, illustrations, tables, sketches,
graphs and macrographs
The authors report on the results of an
investigation to determine the basis for
improvement in fatigue resistance of spot
welds after treatment by specific hydro-
static and hydrodynamic compression.
RS-01-WJ-42
The "Shot-weld" Process of Welding
Stainless Steel "18-8"
Joseph Winlock, J. J. MacKinney
The Budd Co.
The Welding Journat, March 1942
4 pages, photographs and sketches
A general outline of spot welding Stain-
less Steel.
RS-02-WJ-47
Problems in Resistance Welding Stain-
less Steel Railway Car Structures
J. H. Van den Beem
The Budd Company
The Welding Journal, October 1947
6 pages with illustrations
With 15 production illustrations, the
author outlines spot and seam welding
operations on Budd-built railway cars.
RS-03-WJ-47
Resistance Welding of Spring Steel to
Low Carbon Steel
Arthur Willink
Professional Engineer
The Welding Journat, January 1947
2 pages, illustrations
A factual outline of the author's ex-
periences in spot welding spring clips to
harness and /or other types of steel snaps.
RS-04-WR-54
Effects of Prestressing on Fatigue
Strength of Spot-Welded Stainless
Steels
Andre Choquet, V. N. Krivobok, Georges
Welter
International Nickel Co., Ecole Poly-
technique, Montreal
Welding Research Supplement, Oct. 1954
15 pages, illustrations, sketches, tables and
macrographs
The authors point out that fatigue
strength as gauged by tensile strength,
fatigue strength ratio cannot be applied to
stainless steel spot welded joints.
Data are given for improvement of
fatigue strength by pre-stressing by hydro-
static compression, simple compression,
tension or hand peening.
RS-05-WF-51
Resistance Welding Alloy Steels
R. Bushel!
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
Nov., 1951
3 pages, illustrated
A Drief article giving some typical set-
ups for spot welding high alloy steel.
RS-06-WF-55
Resistance Welding of Stabilised Stain-
less Steel Strip
E. J. Keefe, D. R. Nash
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
Aug., 1955
6 pages, tables, sketches, macrographs and
micrographs
A report on the effect of welding vari-
ables m spot welded Columbium and
Titanium Stabilized Stainless Steel.
RS-07-WF-51
Resistance Welding Alloy Steels
R. Bushell
Sciaky Electric Welding Machines, Ltd.
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
Nov., 1961
3 pages, photographs and macrographs
A brief outline on spot and seam weld-
ing operations on stainless steel and other
alloy steels.
RS-08-WF-55
Resistance Welding of Stabilised Stain-
less Steel Strip
E. J. Keefe, D. R. Nash
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.)
Aug. 1955
6 pages, graphs, micrographs, macro-
graphs and tables.
This paper deals largely with the metal-
lurgy of 18-8 stainless steel and the effect
of stabilization by titanium or columbium,
or a combination of the two, and the effect
of this stabilizing on spot welding.
RU-01-WJ-58
An Investigation of Lap Seam Welds in
17-7 PH Stainless Steel
E. J. Funk, A. C. Willis
Temco Aircraft Corporation
Welding Journal, Sept. 1958
9 pages, illustrations, micrographs,
sketches, graphs and tables.
The authors report the results of a
study of roll seam welding 17-7 PH stain-
less steel, and also report on equipment
for measuring the non-sinusoidal second-
ary current of frequency converter ma-
chmes.
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5.2 SE
Page 1
1-1-63 RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Bibliography
SE-01-WR-58
Electrode-Tip Life Studies in Series Spot
Welding
li. F. INipi>es, W. F. Savage, S. M. Ro-
belotlo, K. E. Dorschu
Renssalaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, June, 1958
8 pages, illustrations, sketches, tables and
charts
The authors report the results of a
study of electrode design in spot welding
auto-body stock, hot rolled, pickled and
lightly oiled. The conclusions indicate a
preference for this particular application
as being a tip with a 2-in. radius face.
SF-01-WR-45
Fatigue Properties of Flash Welds
I I. J. Grover, R. W. Bennett, G. M. Foley
Battelle Memorial Institute
Welding Research Supplement, Nov. 1945
19 pages, photographs, sketches, tables,
macrographs
The article consists of 3 parts:
1— bars |
2— plates 'All tests on S.A.E. 4130
3— tubes J
It details methods of flash-welding and
physical tests.
1 lowever, the study was rather limited
in its objective, but is detailed within its
scope.
SF-02-WJ-46
Flash Welding Alloy-Steel Rings
P. B. Scharf
Dresser Mfg. Company
The Welding Journat, April 1946
(Reprinted from "Iron Age", Aug. 16,
1945
4 pages, illustrations, micrographs, sketches
and tables
The article outlines procedures and re-
sults of the flash welding of large rings.
Of particular importance are the eco-
nomic advantages of flash-welding such
rings or hands over forging methods.
SF-03-WR-46
The Flash Welding of Hard-Drawn High-
Carbon Steel Wire
R. W. Bennett, R. D. Williams
Battelle Memorial Institute
Welding Research Supplement, Oct. 1946
12 pages, photographs, tables, sketches,
micrographs and macrographs
The paper details methods of welding
high-carbon wire and rod. It observes
that flash-butt welding is the best and
most satisfactory method of joining. It
also outlines "in-machine" heat-treating
to obtain maximum joint strength.
SF-04-WR-47
Flash Welding of Concentrated Areas Up
to 24 Sq. In. in S.A.E. 1020, NE 9440 and
NE 8620 Steels
D. Bruce Johnston
McPhee and Johnston, N.Y.C.
Welding Research Supplement, Feb. 1947
16 pages, photographs, micrographs, mac-
rographs, tables and sketches
A general, but inconclusive research
work on flash welding subject materials.
It is recommended, however, for general
study of the subject.
SF-05-WJ-49
Factors Affecting Quality of Production
Flash Welding
E. A. Sirabian
Arnold, Schwinn & Co.
The Welding Journal, Oct. 1949
7 pages, illustrations and sketches
This paper presents a comprehensive
outline of flash welding operations on
bicycle frames.
SF-06-WR-49
Influence of Consumption Rates on
Flash-Welding
W. N. Platte
Westinghouse Research Lab.
Welding Research Supplement, Dec. 1949
14 pages, photographs, sketches and
tables
This paper is, primarily, a study of the
relations of flashing rate (rate of feed),
flashing current and temperature, pre
sumably at the flash line.
SF-07-WJ-50
Production Butt and Flash Welding
H. J. Chamberland
The DoAll Company
The Welding Journal, June 1950
3 pages, with illustrations
The author outlines welding procedures
which may be accomplished on small butt
welders.
SF-08-WR-51
Temperature Distribution During the
Flash Welding of Steel
E. F. Nippes, W. F. Savage, J. J. Mc-
Carthy, £ S. Smith
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, Dec. 1951
17 pages, curves and tables
-l his article treats of the various factors
entering into the flashing operation for low
carbon steel. Die separation or platen
opening, cam design and flashing speed
are all studied and reported in a series of
curves.
By burying thermocouples in the work-
pieces, curves showing temperature gra-
dient throughout the welding cycle are
developed.
Only the flashing portion of the welding
cycle is considered, therefore, no actual
weld enters the picture.
(Refer to AF-04-WR-48 for a similar
report on aluminum flashing.)
SF-09-IA-52
Cores Simplify Machining of Flash
Welded Parts
J. Conlogue
International Harvester Co.
The Iron Age, May 8, 1952
2 pages, with illustrations
When flash welding tubular or hollow
parts, removal of flash from the inside
sometimes presents a problem, particularly
where there is a ca vity at the weld, such as
presented in axle housings, caterpillar
track rollers, etc.
The author explains and illustrates a
method of inserting sand cores just be-
fore welding. These cores trap the weld
flash and are later punched out. A
clean-up machining operation is then read-
ily accomplished.
SF-10-WJ-52
Flash Welding of Components for Air-
craft and Similar Applications
J. H. Cooper
Taylor-Wi nfield Corp.
The Welding Journal, Feb. 1952
7 pages with numerous illustrations
As the title implies, the author describes
in some detail flash welding operations on
components for Automotive and Aircraft
applications. Many of these components
are illustrated, and welding process out-
lined.
All of the material used fall into the low
alloy class such as S.A.E. 4130, 4140,
4340, 8740, and A.M.S. 6371, 6324, 6413,
etc.
SF-11-WR-52
The Suitability of Various Steels for
Flash Welding
Erick liormann
An abstract of a German paper abstracted
by Dr. G. E. Claussen
Welding Research Supplement, June 1952
3 pages, sketch and macrographs
The author observes that practically all
types of steel are readily flash welded
except those containing appreciable
amounts of silicon or aluminum.
He cites several commercial applica-
tions for various types of steel, and gives
test results of several of these.
SF-12-WR-53
Temperature Distribution During Flash
Welding of Steel—Part II
(See SF-08-WR-51 for Part I)
E. F. Nippes, W. F. Savage, S. S. Smith,
J. J. McCarthy, G. Grotke
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Wetding Research Supplement, March, 1953
10 pages, charts and tables
The authors discuss the relative merits
of linear and parabolic flashing curves on
round and rectangular sections, of AISI
1020 steel.
The flashing rate and temperature
gradients for these sections are also dis-
cussed .
SF-13-WR-54
Study of the Cooling Rates in Flash
Welds in Steel
E. F. Nippes, Warren F. Savage, Gordon
Grotke, S. M. Robelotto
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, July, 1954
21 pages, tables, charts and micrographs
Cooling rates at the weld center in
AISI 1020, 4130, 4340 steels J.1 and % in.
thick.
The effects of platen acceleration and
die spacing are studied. Also the effects
of all variables on weld properties are
plotted and illustrated with micrographs.
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5.2 SF
RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Bibliography
SF-14-WJ-54
Flash Welding High Strength Alloy
Steels
W. G. Fassnacht
Bendix Aviation Corp.
The Welding Journal, Oct. 1954
8 pages, illustrations and charts
The author outlines flash welding pro-
cedures for high-strength low-alloy steels.
Charts show machine set-ups.
_ The information and_ data relates prin-
cipally to aircraft landing gear structures
as furnished by Bendix Aviation Corpora-
tion.
SF-15-WR-55
Further Studies of the Flash Welding of
Steels
E. F. Nippes, W. F. Savage, G. Grotke,
S. M. Robelotto
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, May, 1955
18 pages, charts and tables
This paper reports on the effect of cool-
ing rates m flash welds in AISI 1020 and
A1SI4340 steels, and brings out the effects
on these cooling rates of such factors as
die spacing, amount of flash and upset
distance, flash and upset currents, as well
as the flashing curve or pattern.
SF-16-WF-53
Flash Welding High Tensile Steel Tubes
H. Brooks
Royal Aircraft Establishment
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
May, 1953
7lA pages, numerous curves and charts
The author presents a report on studies
of flashing variables in steel tubing, and
the effect on the finished weld.
SF-17-WF-53
Flash Welding High Tensile Steel Tubes
H. Brooks
Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnbor-
ough, England
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
May, 1953
8 pages, sketches and graphs
This paper reports on a study of the
flashing phase of flash welds in alloy steel
tubes.
Principal consideration dealt with tem-
perature gradients during the flashing,
the effects on flashing rate from speed of
stock feed, secondary voltage and current.
Thermocouples were used to record
temperatures at various increments in
distance from the interface. The principal
material used was VA in. O.D. X 11—
S.W.G. Steel tubes of the following com-
position;
C. MN. Si Cr. Ni. MO.
0.40 0.87 0.27 0.50 0.55 0.20
SF-18-WR-56
The Effects of Zinc Phosphate Coating
on FlaBh Welding of Steel Tubing
J. F. Young, A. Phillips
Douglas Aircraft Company
Welding Research Supplement, Sept. 1956
5 pages, illustrations, charts and tables.
As the title implies, this paper describes
the effect of surface zinc phosphate con-
tamination on the strength and ductility
of flash welds in steel tubing. The con-
clusions are that unless this coating is re-
moved prior to welding, brittle welds and
welds of low notch-bend strength may
result.
SF-19-WR-57
Studies of Upset Variables in the Flash
Welding of Steels
E. F. Nippes, W. F. Savage, G. Grotke,
S. M. Robelotto
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, April, 1957
25 pages, micrographs, macrographs,
charts and tables
This is a report on a comprehensive
study of the variables affecting upset in
flash welded AISI—1020, 4130 and 4340
steel.
SG-0I-WF-5.S
Applying Resistance Welding to Pro-
duction
I. Jones
Joseph Lucas, Ltd.
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
June, 1953
5 pages, illustrations and sketches
The author outlines general applica-
tions of resistance brazing, projection
welding, and the equipment used.
SH-01-WR-45
Spot-Welding High-Tensile Steels with
Automatic Post-Heat Treatment
Welding Research Supplement, March 1945
(Reprinted from Sheet Metal Industries,
Sept. 1944)
W. S. Simmie, A. J. Hipperson
9 pages, diagrams, charts, tables and
micrographs
The paper is the result of investiga-
tions conducted in the laboratories of the
Pressed Steel Company.
The authors outline test equipment and
procedures and plat results of various
analyses of steel—Welding and post heat
settings and technique. ,
SH-02-WR-46
Progress Report on the Spot-Welding of
High-Tensile Carbon and Low-Alloy
Steels
W. F. Hess, W. D. Doty, W. J. Childs
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, Sept. 1946
Part A—NE-8715—0.018" thick
NE-8630—0.031" thick
SAE-4340—0.031" thick
Part B—Comparison of Spot-Weld
Properties in Cold-Rolled
VS. NE-8630 Heat Treated Steel
9 pages, tables, charts and micrographs
The authors outline Welding and Post-
Heat Treatment on the above steels.
Comparative time and magnitude of
weld and post-heat current as well as time
intervals are given.
Advantages of automatic machine tem-
pering are given.
SH-03-WR-46
A Summary of the Spot Welding of High-
Tensile Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels
Welding Research Supplement, Oct. 1946
W. D. Doty, W. J. Childs
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
8 pages, tables and charts
The paper summarizes the work on the
subject at Rensselaer since 1941.
Mechanical properties, recommended
conditions and test results are summarized
for several types of steel.
SH-04-WR-47
The Heat Treatment of Spot Welds in
Steel Plate
W. F. Hess, W. D. Doty, W. J. Childs
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, Nov. 1947
12 pages, tables, curves, charts, micro-
graphs and macrographs
The authors recommend the desired
heat treatment for various types and an-
alyses of steel. They also draw conclu-
sions on the value of heat treatment in the
machine.
SJ-01-WJ-60
Successful Welding of Foil Gages
G. R. Archer
Budd Company
Welding Journal, April, 1960
5 pages, illustrations, macrograph and
sketches
The author shows by curves, calculated
instantaneous interface temperatures in
thin gauges (under 0.010") such as used
in honeycomb or sandwich structures, and
suggested means for controlling these
temperatures by time and current means.
SJ-02-WR-60
Calculations for Temperature Response
in Spot Welds
G. R. Archer
Budd Company
Welding Research Supplement, Aug. 1960
4 pages, tables and graphs
The author attempts to show mathe-
matically or theoretically the temperature
response in specimens or workpieces in
spot welding and the effect of this re-
sponse on the control system.
SL-01-WR-54
Fatigue Tests of Spot Welds in Cor-Ten
and Mild Steel
Georges Welter, Andre Choquet
Ecole Polytechniqiie, Montreal
Welding Research Supplement, March, 1954
7 pages, tables, sketches and charts
The authors outline the equipment and
methods used.
Materials are 0.042-in. Cor-Ten and
0.037-in. Mild Steel.
Welding technique and schedules are
tabulated and the results plotted.
The paper deals principally with mul-
tiple spot welds.
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5.2 SL
1-U>3 RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Bibliography
SL-02-WR-55
Measurement of Shunting Currents in
Series Spot Welding 0.036-in. Steel
E. F. Nippes, W. F. Savage, S. M.
Robelotto
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, Dec. 1935
b'A pages, illustrations, sketches and
tables
'Phis paper reports on an investigation
to find the distribution and magnitude of
shorting or short-circuit currents in series
spot welding of 0.036-in. low carbon auto-
body steel.
The effect on tho short circuit current of
such variables as spot spacing, electrode
geometry, stock preparation and electrode
force was investigated.
The apparatus used to measure the
shunting currents is fully explained.
SL-03-WF-52
Quality Control of Spot-Welded As-
semblies
A. J. llipperson
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
March, 1952
Part I—4 pages, tables and charts
The author briefly and simply outlines
the general principles of spotwelding mild
steel and stainless steel. Typical machine
set-ups are given, with the effect of
changes or variations in set-up values.
(See SI>-01-WJ-52 for conclusion.)
SL-04-WF-52
Quality Control of Spot-Welded As-
semblies
A. J. llipperson
British Welding Research Association
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
April, 1952
3 pages
This is the conclusion of SL-03-WF-52.
SI--05-ST-55
Weld Inspector Sees with Sound
1 .'"i J. Adams
Saginaw Steering Gear Division, G. M.
Steel, Dec. 5, 1955
2 pages, sketches and photograph.
The article describes the application of
ultrasonic weld inspection on a continuous
tube null. The device sounds an alarm on
the passage of a weld defect.
It is concluded that this inspection is as
good or better than all tests previously
used.
SI^06-WR-56
The Behavior of Spot Welds Under
Stress
John F. Rudy
Wright-Patterson A. F. Base
Roy B. McCauley, Robert S. Green
Ohio State University
Welding Research Supplement, Feb. 1956
7 pages, photographs, macrographs and
sketches
This is a report on research work done
U> determine the effects of various types of
stress loading on spot welds in 11 gage
Armco Iron.
The effects of welding variables are
plotted against the various types of load-
mg.
SL-08-WR-62
Strength of Two Flash Welded APM
Alloys at Elevated Temperatures
F. G. Nelson, R. J. Towner
Alcoa Research Laboratories
Welding Research Supplement. February,
1962
4 pages, micrographs, charts and tables.
This piper deals with flash welding and
physical properties of flash welded joints
in powdered aluminum alloys XAP001
and M-486 at temperatures ranging up to
1000° Fahr.
SM-01-WJ-57
Metal Gathering by the Resistance-
Heating Process
M. F. llaessly
Taylor-Winfield Corp.
Welding Journal. Feb. 1957
10 pages, illustrations and sketches
The author describes the processes by
which metal (steel) is upset and gathered
by means of localized resistance heating.
SM-02-WJ-60
Automatic Welding Procedures for Sheet
Metal Stampings
H. A. Franke, E. R. Hubbard
Ford Motor Company
Welding Journal, February, 1960
5 pages, illustration and sketches.
The authors outline some of the more
important factors to consider in automatic
handling of metal stampings into and out
of multispot welding presses.
SM-03-WJ-60
Research and Development of Continu-
ous-Welded Rail
G. M. Magee
Association of American Railroads
Welding Journal, Sept. 1960
9 pages, illustrations and sketches
The author gives a history of the use of
continuous-welded railroad rail in this
country, all the welding methods employed
and their effectiveness. lie also explains
the problem of expansion and contraction
with formulae for calculating these
stresses.
SP-01-WJ-45
Resistance Welding for Economy and
Quality
Lester A. Mcintosh
Mcintosh Stamping Corp.
The Welding Journal, Oct. 1945
5 pages, illustrations, micrographs and
sketches
An outline of engineering and economic
factors involved in heavy projection weld-
ing.
SP-02-WJ-46
Projection Welding of Fasteners
Robert A. Reich
Ohio Bolt and Nut Co.
The Welding Journal, Dec. 1946
4 pages, illustrations and sketches
An outline on projection welding of
weldnuts and bolts.
SP-03-WJ-48
Modern Projection Welding
Robert A. Reich
Ohio Nut and Bolt Co.
The Welding Journat, August 1948
3 pages, illustrations and sketches
A further outline of projection welding
of nuts and bolts—(See also SP-02-WJ-
46.)
SP-04-WR-47
A Study of Projection Welding
W. F. Hess, W. J. Childs
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, Dec. 1947
11 pages, photographs, macrographs,
sketches and tables
A report of projection welding low car-
bon steel up to 0.125" thick. Metallurgi-
cal and physical qualities are discussed,
as well as the design of projections.
SP-05-WR-49
Further Studies in Projection Welding
W. F. Hess, W. J. Childs, R. F. Underhill,
Jr.
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, Jan. 1949
9 pages, charts and tables
A general study of projection welding
steel, A.I.S.I.—1010, 1015 and 1020 in
thicknesses 0.040, 0.062, 0.125".
SP-06-WR-50
The Projection Welding of 0.010 and
0.020-In. Steel Sheet
E. F. Nippes, J. M. Gerken, J. C. Maciora
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, Sept. 1950
9 pages, micrographs, macrographs, tables
and charts
As the title suggests, this is a report of
experimental work on projection welding
thm gauges of steel.
SP-07-WR^52
Projection Welding of Steel in Heavy
Gages and in Dissimilar Thicknesses
Ernest F. Nippes, John M. Gerken
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, March 1952
13 pages, sketches, tables and charts
Previous articles, (SP-04, 5, 6) have out-
lined projection welding in low carbon
steel in thicknesses from 0.010" to 0.125".
This article covers equal thicknesses of
0.187 in. and 0.250 in., and dissimilar
thicknesses of 0.040 in. to 0.062 in., 0.125
in., 0.187 in., and 0.250 in.
Proportions of projections, welding
schedules and results are plotted and tabu-
lated.
Recommended practices for the various
combinations are given.
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5.2 SP
RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION l-TIt'
Bibliography
SP-08-WF-53
High Speed Automatic Projection Weld-
ing
C. K. Slade
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
Aug., 1953
4 pages, illustrated
A description of a machine for stamping
the disc from strip stock and projection
welding to a small diameter shell.
SP-09-WJ-55
Design and Application of Edge-Ring
Projection Welding
Chester A. Czohara
International Harvester Co.
The Welding Journal, June, 1955
8 pages, photographs, sketches and tables
This paper deals exclusively with annu-
lar projection welding spring brackets used
on motor trucks.
Complete setup and quality control data
are given.
SP-10-VYJ-55
Lower Part Cost by Projection Welding
C. H. Burgston
Deere & Company
The Wetding Journal, Nov. 1955
11 pages, illustrations, tables, sketches and
charts
This is one of the best articles in print
on practical resistance welding. It. is fully
illustrated with many and diverse actual
applications.
In addition to illustrations and descrip-
tions of special jobs, useful data are given
for more or less standard applications as
well as test and inspection data.
SP-11-TE-55
Projection Welding
Ralph H. Eshelman
The Tool Engineer, May, 1955
10 pages, photographs, tables and sketches
The author describes and illustrates
numerous typical projection welding jobs.
SP-12-WF-53
Projection Welding Studs and Bosses
R. Bushell
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
Feb., 1953
3 pages, illustrations, sketches and macro-
graphs
As the title suggests, the author de-
scribes resistance welding operations of
prepared parts for weldmg. Suggested
projection designs are given.
SP-13-WF-53
Applying Resistance Welding to Produc-
tion
I. Jones
Joseph Lucas, Ltd.
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
June, 1953
5 pages, illustrations and sketches
The author describes and illustrates
many types of projection welds, auto-
matic dial feed machines and timing con-
trols.
SP-14-WF-53
Projection Welding Studs and Bosses
R. Bushell
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.), Feb.
1953
3 pages, sketches, macrographs and micro-
graphs
The author reports on practical appli-
cations of stud to plate welds, also, an-
nular projection welds. Indefinite ma-
chine settmgs are given, but these cannot
be classed as welding schedules.
SP-15-WF-53
High-Speed Automatic Projection Weld-
ing
C. E. Slade
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
Aug. 1953
5 pages, illustrated
The author outlines to some extent the
economics of high speed automatic and
semi-automatic welding machines and de-
scribes their operation on a few specific
examples.
SP-16-WJ-58
Schedules for Spot Welding Projection
Hardware to Mild-Steel Sheet and Plate
O. K. Barnes, Jr.
Westinghouse Electric Corp.
The Welding Journal, March, 1958
13 pages, illustrations, sketches and 22
tables of welding schedules for projection
weld nuts, screws, studs, etc.
The paper deals with electrode require-
ments all set-up variables that have been
experimentally determined, as well as
weld-strength values.
SP-17-AS-59
The Design and Application of Weld
Fasteners
Ray H. Smith
Associate Editor
Assembly and Fastener Engineering, July
and Aug. 1959
11 pages, illustrations and sketches
The author outlines and describes
several types of application, illustrates
many types of fasteners, but no welding
schedules, and, essentially, no welding in-
formation is given.
SP-18-WJ-60
Ring-Projection Welding of Low-Carbon
Steel Munitions
Michael J. Welther, Salvatore M. Ro-
belotto
Sciaky Brothers
The Welding Journat, Feb. 1960
8 pages, illustrations, tables and macro-
graphs
The authors describe various designs
of ring-projection closure welds, physical
properties and welding schedules for ob-
taining such welds.
SP-19-WJ-61
Projection Welding Low-Carbon Steel
Using Embossed Projections
J. F. Harris, J. J. Riley
Tavlor-Winfield Corp.
The Welding Journal, April, 1961
13 pages, illustrations, macrographs,
sketches and tables.
The authors outline the general prin-
ciples of projection welding and analyze
such factors as projection design, shape
and dimensions, spacing, material, etc.
Welding schedules for typical ranges.
Welding schedules are given.
SR-01-WR-5"
Spot Welding of a l2%-Cr Martensitic
Stainless Steel
E. F. Nippes, W. F. Savage, L. C. lan-
niello, W. A. Owczarski
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, Sept. 1959
7 pages, tables, sketches, graphs and
macrographs
The authors report welding techniques
and optimum schedules for spot welding
0.007, 0.015, and 0.022-in. type 422 modi-
fied stainless steel. Since brittle marten-
site forms in these welds, it is necessai \ to
temper the weld. Data for both furnace
and machine tempering are given.
SS-02-WR-46
The Spot Welding of NE-8715, HE-8630
and SAE 4340 Steel, 0.068" thick
W. F. Hess, W. D. Doty, W. J. Childs
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, Feb. 1946
6 pages, tables, graphs and photomacro-
graphs
The paper deals with experimental work
on the subject.
Heat treatment and metallurgical con-
siderations are particularly outlined on
the types and thicknesses in the subject.
SS-03-WR-45
Spot Welding NE-8715, KE-8630, and
SAE—4340—0.125" thick
W. F. Hess, W. D. Doty, W. J. Childs
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, Oct. 1945
10 pages, illustrations, macrographs, charts
and tables
The paper deals primarily with metal-
lurgical and heat treatment consider-
ations associated with spot welding the
listed steels.
Conclusions—based on above consider-
ations indicate the desirability of a fairly
complete study of all variables in deter-
mination of final results. In other words,
figures are given for various functions
which may be considered for any con-
sideration of contemplated operations.
SS-04-WJ-46
Variation in Quality of Spot Welds in
Low-Carbon Steel Over a Range of Weld-
ing Variables
J. J. Riley
Taylor-Winfield Corp.
The Welding Journal, Sept. 1946
10 pages, macro-graphs, charts and tables
In this article, the author sets up three
classes of spot welds, viz.
Class A—Highest strength quality, and
resulting from short weld time,
high electrode force and high
current.
Class B—Medium quality, and resulting
from medium time-current-force.
Class C—Good quality, and resulting
from long time, low current and
low force.
Various comparisons for the three
classes are given.
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5.2 SS
RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Bibliography
SS-05-WR-46
Selecting Spot-Welding Schedules for
Low-Carbon Steel
Julius Heuschkel
Westinghouse Research Lab.
Welding Research Supplement, Oct. 1946
28 pages, photographs, macrographs,
graphs, and tables.
This is a very comprehensive report in 5
parts, in which the author builds up a
single spot weld through all its possible
variables to its maximum strength. He
then gives welding schedules and variables
for spot-welded joints.
Values for low carbon steel up to 0.015
carbon, 60,000 psi strength and 0.5" thick
are given.
All variables and possibilities entering
the welding schedules are considered and
discussed.
SS-06-WR-47
A Preliminary Investigation of the Spot
Welding of Scaly and Rusty Structural
Steel
W. D. Doty
Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst.
W. J. Childs
Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp.
Welding Research Supplement, June 1947
5 pages, photographs, macrographs, charts
and tables
The authors give the results of investi-
gation of spot welding scaly rust-free steel
and scaly, rusty steel.
Fairly satisfactory and uniform results
are obtained with the rust-free steel by the
use of a variable electrode force cycle,
while the results obtained from the scaly
stock are not so satisfactory. Also elec-
trode deterioration in the scaly stock is
more severe.
SS-07-WR-47
Some Metallurgical Aspects of Carbon
Steel Spot Welding
Julius Heuschkel
Westinghouse Research Lab.
Welding Research Supplement, Oct. 1947
23 pages, micrographs, macrographs,
charts, sketches and tables
This paper reports the results of studies
on heat-treated and untreated spot welded
specimens to determine the influence of
carbon content, thickness and initial
properties of steels up to H" thick and
1.09 carbon.
SS-08-WR-47
The Fundamentals of Spot Welding
Steel Plate
W. F. Hess, W. D. Doty
Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst.
W. J. Childs
Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp.
Welding Research Supplement, Sept. 1947
10 pages, photographs, macrographs,
sketches, charts and tables
The following findings are reported:
1. Pulsation welding offers no advantage
over single impulse welding.
2. A preheat period with high electrode
force and low current is desirable.
3. Minimum spot spacing limiting shunt-
ing effect to 10% is 5 times the weld
diameter.
SS-09-WJ-48
Spot Welding of Mild Steel in Produc-
tion
N. E. Wheeler
GMC Truck & Coach Div.
Tlie Welding Journal, August 1948
2 pages, photographs
A short, non-technical, but practical
article covering design, control, operator
training, machine maintenance and in-
spection.
SS-10-WR-49
Tests of Spot Welds for Light Steel
Structures
Otto Graf
Stuttgart, Germany
Translated by G. E. Claussen
Welding Research Supplement, March 1949
5 pages, photographs and sketches
The article discusses mechanical
strengths of arc-plug-welds and spot welds
under repeated tensile loads.
SS-1l-WR-49
Spot Welding of Heavy-Gage Structural
Steel
Ernest F. Nippes
Robert F. Underhill
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, Oct. 1949
14 pages, charts and tables
The authors report that satisfactory
results are obtained in structural steel
up to W thick.
Recommended conditions for spot weld-
ing and tempering are given.
SS-12-WR-44
The Spot-Welding Properties of Rust-
Proofed Mild Steel Sheet
W. S. Simmie, A. J. Hipperson
Pressed Steel Company, Cowley, England
Welding Research Supplement, Aug. 1944
4 pages, micrograph, macrograph and
tables
The article deals with spot-welding prop-
erties of steel having been treated by vari-
ous rust or corrosion resistant processes.
This rust-proofing, however, does not in-
clude painting, of any kind.
Various processes are outlined, viz:
a) Phosphate (bonderizing, parkerizing),
b) Alkaline Oxidation, (Brunofix), c)
Browning, d) Thermal (Sheradizing), e)
electro-deposition (zinc and tin plate),
f) galvanized or hot dip zinc plate.
SS-13-WJ-50
The Resistance Welding of Mild Sheet
Steel
W. S. Simmie
Pressed Steel Co., Cowley, Eng.
The Welding Journal, Aug. 1950
4 pages, photographs and sketches
This is a general discussion and com-
parison of spot-welding practices in Eng-
land and the U. S. A.
SS-14-VvTt-49
Fatigue Tests of Spot-Welded Steel
Sheets
Georges Welter
Ecole Polstechuique (Montreal)
Welding Research Supplement, Sept. 1949
25 pages, photographs, charts, sketches
and tables
A comprehensive report of the results
of fatigue tests on both low carbon and
Stainless Steel sheets and considerations
of possible methods of securing raised en-
durance limit of spot welds.
SS-15-WR-49
Spot Welding Galvanized Steel
M. L. Begeman, M. L. Hippie, L. Cullum,
Jr.
University of Texas
Welding Research Supplement, Sept. 1949
10 pages, photographs, sketches, micro-
graphs and charts
The paper starts out with a statement
of the problems involved in spot welding
galvanized steel and then sets forth ex-
perimental procedure for securing satis-
factory results.
Since one of the major problems is elec-
trode tip pick-up, considerable attention is
given to electrodes and electrode refrig-
eration.
This paper reports only on 20 X 22
gage hot dipped galvanized steel with vari-
ous thickness coatings.
SS-16-WJ-47
Shunt Circuit Impedance in Spot Weld-
ing 78, 7j and >/," MUd Steel
R. H. Blair
The Taylor-Winfield Corp.
The Welding Journat, October 1947
6 pages, charts and sketches
A report on short-circuiting effect of
spot welds with various spot spacings.
SS-17-WR-51
Spot Welding of Scaly Heavy-Gage
Structural Steel
Ernest F. Nippes, John N. Ramsey
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, July 1951
9 pages, photographs, charts and tables
This paper consists of a report on the
spot-welding of rust-free scaly A" and
%" thick structural steel.
Rust but not mill scale was removed by
wire brushing and the weld sequence con-
sisted of a high-pressure low-current pre-
heat followed by a low-pressure high cur-
rent weld period.
The authors conclude that spot-welding
scaly stock under the above conditions is
reasonably satisfactory and compares
favorably with grit-blasted stock. But
even under the best conditions, spitting
and expulsion cannot be eliminated.
SS-18-WJ-52
Large Scale Welding Done on Chevrolet
Front Frame Members
L. E. Feeney
Chevrolet Div. G.M.C.
The Welding Journal, December 1952
3 pages, illustrated
The author describes welding opera-
tions, (including several resistance weld-
ing operations) on these frame members.
Over four million of these assemblies were
produced in less than 3 Yi years.
This is a news story with no technical
information included.
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5.2 SS
RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION \-i-61
Bibliography
SS-19-WJ-52
Corrosion of Structural Spot Welds
B. Karnisky, E. Kinelski, E. Gruca
Pullman-Standard Car Manufacturing
Company
Tlie Welding Journat, October 1952
14 pages, illustrations, sketches, micro-
graphs, macrographs and tables
1 his is a comprehensive study and re-
port on corrosion of spot welds, particu-
larly in low-alloy, high-strength steel, and
also, as encountered in railway service.
The authors stress the importance of
high quality welds to start with, followed
by proper protective sealing and adequate
mai nte nance.
SS-20-WJ-52
The Expression of Spot-weld Properties
Julius ileuschkel
Westinghouse Electric Corp.
Tlie Welding Journat, October 1952
13 pages, charts and tables
Through the various data presented, the
author reasons that spot-weld properties
can be expressed in formula form, with the
principal basis being the known quality
of the material (analysis and physical
properties) and the diameter of the weld
nugget.
This pie-supposes relatively uniform
weld quality consistency.
The study relates to carbon-manganese
steel within the ordinary thickness strength
and composition ranges.
SS-21-WR-51
Static and Fatigue Tests on Spot-
Welded Trusses
Artemy S. Joukoff
(Abstract by G. E. Claussen)
Welding Research Supplement, May, 1951
2 pages, illustration, sketches and tables
This is an abstract of a report of a re-
search program on structural sections of
)i" thickness and under.
The research was subsidized by the
Belgian Institute for Scientific Research
and was reported in Revue de la Soudure,
Vol. 6, No. 3 (1950).
SS-22-WR-54
Series Spot Welding of 0.036-in. Auto
Body Steel
Ernest F. Nippes, Frederick II. Domina
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, Oct. 1954
9H pages, illustrations, sketches, tables
and charts
As the title suggests, the authors report
on series welding of 0.036-in. as received,
decreased and pickled auto body stock.
Such factors as electrode geometry elec-
trode force, weld time, spot spacing, etc.
are reported on, as well as shunt current.
Time-current curves are given.
SS-24-WF-54
Increased Scope of Spot Welding
Staff Article
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
May, 1954
2 pages, illustrated
The article describes and illustrates
several examples of spot welding opera-
lions on small parts.
SS-25-WF-53
Spot Welding of Mild Steel (EN2C) and
Corten Alloy Steel for Structural Pur-
poses
W. S. Simmie
Weldino and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
May, 1953
5 pages, illustrations, sketches and tables
The author reports on tests on spot
welds in J^"thick mild steel to mild steel,
corten to corten and corten to mild steel.
In all three types, heat treatment either
in the machine or in a furnace do not in-
crease the shear strength, but tensile
strength is doubled by both furnace and
machine heat treatment. Welding sched-
ules and heat treatment details are
tabulated.
SS-26-VVIC-56
Spot Welds Under Stress
Lt. John F. Rudy
U. S. A. F.
Prof. R. B. McCauley, Prof. R. S. Green
Ohio State University
Welding Engineer, May, 1956
2 pages, with macrographs and sketches
The authors describe a microscopic
study of grain structure as the specimen
is subjected to increasing tensile strain.
Three sets of weld variables, force, time
and electrode shape are charted.
SS-27-WF-57
Spot Welding Medium and Heavy Girder
Structures
C. A. Burton
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.)
Sept. 1957
7 pages, photographs and sketches
A description of the equipment, both
portable and stationary, and the opera-
tions for spot welding structural members.
Test comparisons of spot welded U. S.
riveted structures are illustrated.
SS-28-WJ-58
Spot Welding of Bail Steel
D. Canonico, II. Schwartzbart
American Research Foundation
The Welding Journat, May, 1958
5 pages, illustrations, sketches and macro-
graphs
The authors report the result of an in-
dustrial survey of companies that are
currently spot welding rail steel success-
fully in the course of fabricating their
various products. (Usually referred to as
"re-rolled rail stock.")
SS-29-WJ-58
Evaluation of Spot Welds Made Through
Primers and Sealers
E. A. Schevo
Ordnance Tank-Automotive Command,
Detroit Arsenal
The Welding Journat, Aug. 1958
4 pages, illustrations, sketches, tables and
macrographs
Various types and gages of steels and
several sealers were tested, and results
tabulated and photo-macrographed. The
author's conclusions are that primers and
scalers tested have no detrimental effect
on weld strength of spot welds when made
according to specification MIL-W-6858,
Amendment 1.
SS-30-WR-59
Effect of Backup Variables on Series
Spot Welding of Steel
E. F. Nippes, W. F. Savage, K. E. Dorschu
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
Welding Research SupplemerU, Feb. 1959
8 pages, sketches and curv(is
The authors report and chart the effects
of backup variables as well as spot spacing,
and the magnitude of shunting currents in
the sheet contacted by the electrodes.
SS-31-WB-60
Effect of Steel Backup Blocks on Series-
Spot Welding
E. F. Nippes, W. F. Savage, K. C. Wu
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, Aug. 1960
6 pages, sketches
The authors measured all secondary
currents involved in series spot welding
automobile tody stock (0.037-in.). This
included total secondary current with the
percentage of this current going through
tolh sheets being welded as well as the
backup shunting block. The results of
this research, involving electrode spacing,
stock preparation and weld quality are
tabulated and presented graphically.
SS-32-WE-59
Spot Welding Procedures and Design
I>ester F. Spencer
Welding Engineer, Sept. and Nov. 1959
8 pages, sketches, graphs and diagrams
A general outline of spot welding prin-
ciples and procedures, particularly as ap-
plied to sheet steel. Such factors as spot
spacing, flanges, etc., are discussed.
SS-33-WR-60
Spot Welding of Carbon Steel
I. W. Johnson
General Electric Company
Welding Research Supplement, March,
1960
8 pages, tables, macrographs and sketches
The author outlines weld procedure and
technique for spot welding steel with car-
ton content ranging from 0.10 to 0.45%.
and accompanies it with weld schedules
and recommended practices for gauges
0.010-in. to J/j" for single impulse and J g
to Vie for pulsation welds.
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5.2 SS
Page 3
1-1-63
RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Bibliography
SS-34-WF-50
Spot Welding
A. J. Hipperson
British Welding Research Association
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
March, 1950
6 pages, charts and tables.
Tins paper compares British and Ameri-
can practices on spot welding mild sheet
steel. Actually the comparison is between
"Recommended Practices for Resistance
Welding." AWS—1946 and the British
counterpart prepared by the British Weld-
ing Research Association—1944-1948.
SS-35-WF-50
Formulae for Obtaining Optimum Set-
tings for the Spot Welding of Clean
Mild Steel
R. W. Humpage, B. C. R. Burford
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
Dec. 1950
8 pages, charts, sketches and tables
As the table suggests, the authors sug-
gest formulae for establishing machine
settings to secure optimum results from
spot welding variables in clean mild steel.
SU-01-WR-55
Seam Welding Low Carbon Steel
M. L. Begeman, Gene C. Walker
University of Texas
Welding Research Supplement, March, 1955
6^2 pages, photographs, macrographs and
charts
This paper is a report on a basic study
on the seam welding of low carbon steel
sponsored by the Resistance Welder Man-
ufacturer's Association. SAE-1010 steel
0.031, 0.049 and 0.078 steel is used.
All welding variables as well as test
results are fully discussed.
SU-02-WR-55
Seam Welding Dissimilar Thicknesses
of Low-Carbon Steel
M. L. Begeman, E. J. Funk
University of Texas
Welding Research Supplement, Nov. 1955
6 pages, macrographs, radiographs and
sketches
This paper is a report on a basic study
on the seam welding of low carbon steel
sponsored by the Resistance Welder Man-
ufacturer's Ass'n.
Welding variables and their effect on the
weld strength and quality are outlined.
SU-03-WR-56
Electrical and Metallurgical Character-
istics of Mash Seam Welds
E. J. Funk, M. L. Begeman
University of Texas
Welding Research Supplement, June, 1956
10 pages, illustrations, sketches, charts
and macrographs
This is a comprehensive analysis of
mash seam weldmg low carbon steel
sheets. Macrographs and charts show the
effects of varying welding force, current
and speed. Recommended welding sched-
ules are given for 0.031, 0.050 and 0.078-
in. low carbon steel.
SU-Ot-WR-56
Metal Finish Seam Welding
W. J. Allen, M. L. Begeman
University of Texas
Welding Research Supplement, Dec. 1956
7 pages, sketches, charts and macro-
graphs
The authors describe a third and new
type of seam welding which they have
termed "Metal Finish." With this type,
the overlap is considerable—about the
same as an ordinary lap-seam weld. By
means of specially shaped electrodes and
proper positioning of the work in the elec-
trodes, one side can be left essentially
without marking, while on the other side,
the lapped edge is thrown out at an angle
determmed by the electrode face angle.
Thus, the weld on one side is smooth and
virtually invisible, while on the other, an
open "hem" results.
SU-05-WE-57
Mash Welder Cuts Waste in Joining
Sinks
Stalf Article
Welding Engineer, Feb. 1957
2 pages, illustrated
A non-technical article describing mash
seam welding and finishing double bowl
sinks.
SU-06-WR-58
Seam Welding Galvanized Steel (Part I
of 2)
W. J. Allen
Shell Development Company
M. L. Begeman
University of Texas
Welding Research Supplement, April, 1958
5 pages, illustrations, charts and macro-
graphs
The authors outline studies on roller
seam welding 22 gauge hot dipped gal-
vanized (zinc coated) steel, with various
patterns and welding variables, both with
continuous and interrupted current.
The report results of electrode pick-up,
weld strength and weld destruction of the
coating with methods of achieving opti-
mum results.
SU-07-WR-59
Effect of Zinc Coatings on Resistance
Seam Welding of Sheet Steel (Part 2)
C. W. Volek
El Paso Natural Gas Co.
M. L. Begeman
University of Texas
Welding Research Supplement, March, 1959
9 pages, graphs, sketches, macrographs
The authors outline the problems of
seam welding zinc coated steel, and by
means of charts and tables give satisfac-
tory schedules and techniques for welding
this material.
SU-08-WJ-60
Butt Welding Steel Sheet by the Foil-
Seam Process
L. W. Mecklenborg
Precision Welder and Flexopress Corpora-
tion
The Welding Journat, Jan. 1960
10 pages, illustrations, sketches, tables
and macrographs
The author describes the process of butt-
seam welding two steel sheets with steel
strip (usually Vs" wide X 0.010-in. thick)
between the sheet joint and the welding
wheels.
SU-09-WJ-61
Series Spot Welding of Missile Fins
D. W. Herold
General Dynamics Corporation
Welding Journal, July, 1961
3 pages, illustrated
A specialized seam and roll spot applica-
tion for missile components.
SU-10-WE-62
Seam Welding Assures Top Joint In-
tegrity
L. F. Spencer
Metallurgical Engineer
Welding Engineer, March, 1962
3 Yi pages, illustrations and tables.
This article illustrates and describes
seam welding out-turned flanges of stacked
011 furnace combustion chamber com-
ponents. The welding wheels are set at a
12><>0 angle and are driven by air motors.
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5.2 TB
RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION KKb
Bibliography
TB-01-WJ-53
The Brazing of Titanium
N. A. DeCecco
Illinois Institute of Technology
John M. Parks
Air Reduction Company
The Welding Journal, Nov. 1953
11 pages, illustrations, micrographs, mac-
rographs, sketches and tables
The article includes brazing by all prac-
tical methods—resistance, induction, torch
and furnace.
Ultimate shear strength tables show
streiigth for various lengths of resistance
heating time.
TB-02-WE-53
New Technique for Brazing Aluminum
to Titanium
Thomas A. Dickinson
The Welding Engineer, Jan. 1953
2 pages, illustrated
The author describes a method for
brazing by several heat sources, including
resistance, aluminum to titanium, par-
ticularly in thin gauges.
TF-01-ST-52
Titanium Alloys Flash Welded Easily
I. A. Oehler
American Welding & Mfg. Co.
Steel, July 15, 1952
Two pages, with illustrations
The author states that flash butt weld-
ing of Titanium alloys presents less diffi-
culties than some other fabricating oper-
ations.
Some machine settings for welding \$'
diam. bars are given.
The author also states that welded areas
of 2 sq. in. have been welded; also that
he sees no reason why areas several times
greater cannot be welded. Reference is
made to welds of titanium to aluminum
and carbon steel, which appears to give
satisfactory results.
Heat treating and cracking problems
are briefly mentioned.
TF-02-WR-55
The Flash Welding of Commercial
Molybdenum—Part I
Ernest F. Nippes, Wen H. Chang
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, March, 1955
9 pages, tables, charts and micrographs
The authors discuss particularly the
temperature gradients during flashing }<j"
sintered and wrought molybdenum rods.
Apparatus, setups and test results are
given.
TF-03-WR-55
The Flash Welding of Commercial
Molybdenum—Part II
E. F. Nippes, W. H. Chang
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, May, 1955
14 pages, photographs, micrographs, charts
and tables
A report on the effect of bend ductility
of arc-cast and sintered molybdenum by
such factors as die spacing and upset dis-
tance. It also reports on the effect of
inert gas shielding.
TF-04-WE-58
Flash-Butt Weld Procedures for Ex-
truded Titanium Parts
R. N. Foster
Cleveland Welding Div.
Welding Engineer, Feb. 1958
2 pages, illustrated
A non-technical article on flash welding
technique for extruded titanium rings.
TF-05-WR-61
Properties of Flash-Welded Molybdenum
Krnest G. Thompson, Harold Binder
Marquardt Corp.
Harold Collins
Dresser Mfg. Div.
Welding Research Supplement, April, 1961
5 pages, illustrations, tables and sketches
A report on the flash welding of arc-cast
molybdenum with 0.5% titanium with
subsequent hot working.
TG-01-WJ-52
Titanium
A duPont News Release
The Welding Journat, April 1952
2 pages
This short article has nothing to do with
welding, except that some worth while
information concerning this important
metal is included.
TG-02-WJ-52
Resistance and Fusion Welding of Tita-
nium and Its Alloys
E. F. Holt, W. H. Moore
P. R. Mallory & Co.
The Welding Journal, March 1952
4 pages, micrographs and tables
The authors tabulate the principal physi-
cal properties of several titanium alloys
and compare these with steel, stainless
steel and 24 S-T aluminum.
Spot and flash welding characteristics
are briefly outlined together with specific
information concerning some actual welds.
TG-03-WE-51
Titanium Is Weldable
Thomas A. Dickinson
Welding Engineer, Nov. 1951
3 pages, illustrations, tables and charts
The author shows by charts how time,
current and electrode force affect weld
strength. Also included is a tabulation of
physical properties of some titanium
alloys, as well as recommended practices
for spot welding 0.068" sheets.
TG-04-WJ-53
Some Recent Advances in the Welding
of Molybdenum
W. H. Kearns, 11. B. Goodwin, D. C.
Martin
Battelle Memorial Institute
E. Eichen
Ohio State University
The Welding Journal, Nov. 1953
7 pages, with illustrations, sketches and
tables
The authors outline a method of pro-
ducing ductile upset-butt welds in com-
mercially pure molybdenum.
TG-05-WR-54
Joining of Molybdenum
James II. Johnston, llarrv Udin, John
Wulfl
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Welding Research Supplement, Sept. i954
10 pages, illustrations, sketches, tables and
macrographs
The paper is a review of the literature on
the welding of molybdenum, but in par-
ticular, outlines research work carried on
at the Institute on resistance welding,
principally spot welding and butt-welding
m various controlled atmospheres.
TL-01-WR-53
Tension, Shear and Impact Strengths of
Spot-Welded Titanium Joints
M. L. Begeman, E. H. Block, Jr., Frank
W. McBee, Jr.
University of Texas
Welding Research Supplement, Dec. 1953
6 pages, illustrations and charts
The authors plot tension-shear, direct
tension, tension impact, shear impact,
indentation, penetration, weld nugget
diameter against welding current and weld
time, all in commercially pure 22, 24 and
25 gauge titanium sheet.
TM-01-ST-61
Refractory Metals Emerging as Struc-
tural Materials
Staff Article
Steel, May 8, 1961
16 pages, illustrated
This is a fairly extensive article on the
properties, uses and sources of the so-
called exotic or refractory metals. While
these are for the most part difficult to
weld, a study of their properties will assist
in developing welding possibilities and
further usage.
TS-01-WR-51
The Physical and Metallurgical Charac-
teristics of Spot-Welded Titanium
M. L. Begeman, F. W. McBee, Jr., J. C.
Fontana
University of Texas
Welding Research Supplement, Sept. 1951
6 pages, micrographs, macrographs and
curves
Spot-welding procedures and techniques
on commercially pure titanium sheet 0.021
in., 0.026 in. and 0.031 in. thick were
studied, and the results reported.
TS-02-WJ-52
Spot Welding of Titanium Alloy Sheet
M. L. Begeman, E. H. Block, Jr., Frank
W. McBee, Jr.
University of Texas
The Welding Journat, October 1952
6 pages, charts and macrographs
This paper reports the results of an
investigation of spot welding 0.031 in.
thick TI-100A Titanium.
Particular attention is given to weld
strength, penetration, indentation, hard-
ness and micro-structure.
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5.2 TS
Page 1
1-1-63 RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Bibliography
TS-03-WJ-52
Forming and Welding of Titanium
Francis H. Stevenson
Aerojet Eng. Corp.
The Welding Journat, November 1952
7 pages, illustrations, tables and macro-
graphs
The paper is devoted principally to cold
forming and inert-arc butt-welding pure
titanium Ti-75A.
The results of one series of spot welding
tests on 0.063 in. thick stock is reported.
TS-04-WR-53
Effects of Carbon, Oxygen and Nitrogen
on Welds in Titanium
D. C. Martin
Battelle Memorial Institute
Welding Research Supplement, March, 1953
16 pages, photographs, micrographs, mac-
rographs, sketches and tables
The article deals with both spot welding
and inert-arc shielded arc weld. Weld-
ability tests were made on unalloyed iodide
and sponge titanium sheet and on ti-
tanium-oxide and titanium-nitrogen alloys,
using sponge titanium.
The article includes stock preparation
and test data.
TS-05-WJ-53
Spot Welding of Titanium-Carbon
Alloys
E. F. Holt
N. L. McClymonds
P. R. Mallory & Company, Inc.
F. H. Vandenburgh
Mallory-Sharon Titanium Corp.
The Wetding Journal, Nov. 1953
10 pages, illustrations, charts and tables
A report on welding techniques and re-
sults on alloys containing 0.1, 0.4, and
0.6% carbon and in stock thicknesses of
0.038-0.047 in.
Surface conditions and comparison with
stainless steels are also given.
TS-06-WJ-54
Resistance Spot Welding of Titanium
and Its Alloys
A. J. Rosenberg
General Electric Company
The Welding Journal, April, 1954
5 pages, illustrations, tables and charts
The author charts shear strengths
against spot-weld diameters. Comparisons
are made between welds in Titanium
Alloys and Stainless Steel.
TS-07-WR-54
The Spot Welding of Titanium
E. R. Funk
Goodyear Aircraft Corp.
Welding Research Supplement, Aug. 1954
3H pages, illustrations, charts and tables
The author outlines the experience of
Goodyear Aircraft in spot welding ti-
tanium.
Materials used were commercially pure
titanium Ti-75A 0.020-in. thick annealed
sheet. Welds were made on a standard
R.W.M.A. Size 2 single phase press type
spot welder with synchronous control.
Welding schedules and physical test re-
sults are given.
TS-08-WR-55
The Static and Fatigue Behavior of
Spot-Welded Joints in Titanium
W. H. Kearus, W. S. Hyler, D. C. Martin
Battelle Memorial Institute
Welding Research Supplement, May, 1955
10 pages, photographs, charts, sketches
and tables
This paper outlines experimental welds
on titanium as compared with equivalent
welds in aluminum and stainless steel.
Particularly it compares the results of
tension-shear tests in the above metals.
TS-09-IA-56
How to Weld Zirconium
Hugh Justis, Chester Lawrence
The Glenn L. Martin Co.
The Iron Age, March 22, 1956
3 pases, tables and macrographs
The article outlines procedures for both
fusion and resistance spot welding. Macro-
graphs and test results indicate relative
welding ease in securing good results.
TS-10-WJ-56
Resistance Welding Ductile Joints in
Commercially Pure Titanium
R. Wickham
Marquardt Aircraft Co.
The Welding Journal, May, 1956
5 pages, illustrations and tables
The author outlines conditions necessary
to obtain good spot and seam welds in
titanium sheet, and includes several
tables of set-up variables.
TS-11-WR-56
Problems Involved in Spot Welding Ti-
tanium to Other Metals
Frank W. McBec, Jr., Jimmy Henson,
L. R. Benson
University of Texas
Welding Research Supplement, Oct. 1956
7 pages, tables, charts and macrographs
This paper is a report on an investiga-
tion sponsored by the Navy to explore
the possibilities of spot welding titanium
to other metals, particularly stainless
steel.
The investigation chiefly consisted of
tests and experiments in spot welding
titanium to the components of stainless
steel, nickel, chromium and low carbon
steel as well as to zirconium, aluminum
and magnesium.
TS-12-WR-58
Spot Welding of T1-6AI-4V Alloy
R. K. Nolen, J. F. Rudy, H. SchwarUbart
Armour Research Foundation
H. D. Kessler
Titanium Metals Corp. of America
Welding Research Supplement, April, 1958
9 pages, illustrations, sketches, oscillo-
grams, macrographs and tables
A report on Spot weld characteristics of
Ti-6AI-4V sheets with effects of post heat
treatment and the effects of elevated
temperatures on strength. The authors
found that welding schedules were com-
parable to stainless steel in the same
gages.
TS-13-WR-59
Spot Welding of Titanium Alloys
R. K. Nolen, J. F. Rudy, H. Schwartzbart
Armour Research Foundation
H. D. Kessler
Titanium Metals Corp. of America
Welding Research Supptement, May, 1959
3 pages, tables and graphs.
This is an extension of the work re-
ported in paper TS-12-WR-58 in addition
to Ti-6-AL4V reported in the previous
paper. The present report also covers
Ti-4 Al-3Mo-IV and Ti-SAL-2.5 SN
alloys. All of these are found to be
readily spot weldable.
TS-14-WE-59
Resistance Spot-Welding of Tantalum
Studied at Battelle
J. J. Vagi, R. L. Koppenhofer
Battelle Memorial Institute
Welding Engineer, Oct. 1959
2 pages, illustrations and graphs
The authors give spot welding tech-
niques for 0.020 and 0.030-in. thick arc-
cast tantalum sheets.
TS-15-WR-60
Spot and Seam Welding of Zircaloy 3
E. F. Nippes, W. F. Savage, K. C. Wu
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, March, 1960
7 pages, tables and graphs
This article reports on spot welding
zircaloy 3 (0.25% tin, 0.25% iron) in
0.062-in. and 0.110-in._ thicknesses and
seam welding in 0.062-in. thickness. It
reports also on the necessary surface prepa-
ration for welding.
TS-16-WJ-62
Resistance Spot Welding Beryllium
Sheet.
Herbert A. Jahnle
Budd Company
The Welding Journal, April, 1962
7 pages, photographs, micrographs and
tables.
The paper outlines some of the uses of
beryllium sheet and tabulates spot weld-
ing technique and machine settings for
0.016-in. and 0.040-in. thick sheets.
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This is one of a series of bulletins available through the Association
and issued in the interest of Resistance Welding. We suggest you
retain this in your files for future reference.
If you wish to receive other bulletins as issued by the Resistance
Welder Manufacturers' Association, please write to the office of the
Secretary, 1900 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa., and he will furnish a
literature order form.
Resistance Welder Manufacturers Association
1900 Arch Street Philadelphia, Pa.
MEMBER COMPANIES
ACME ELECTRIC WELDER COMPANY
Los Angeles 58, California
ACRO WELDER MFG. CO.
Milwaukee 3, Wisconsin
AMPCO METAL, INC.
Milwaukee 9, Wisconsin
BANNER WELDER. INC.
Milwaukee 9, Wisconsin
EISLER ENGINEERING CO.. INC.
Newark 3, New Jersey
THE ELECTROLOY COMPANY. INC.
Bridgeport, Connecticut
EXPERT. INC.
Detroit 12, Michigan
FEDERAL-WARCO DIVISION
THE McKAY MACHINE COMPANY
Warren, Ohio
* GOODRICH WELDING EQUIPMENT CORP.
Hudsonville, Michigan
HERCULES WELDING PRODUCTS COMPANY
Warren, Michigan
KIRKHOF MANUFACTURING CORPORATION
Grand Rapids 7, Michigan
LORS MACHINERY INCORPORATED
Brooklyn, New York
NATIONAL ELECTRIC WELDING MACHINES CO.
Bay City, Michigan
PEER, INCORPORATED
Benton Harbor, Michigan
PRECISION WELDER AND FLEXOPRESS CORP.
Cincinnati 9, Ohio
RESISTANCE WELDER CORPORATION
Bay City, Michigan
SWIFT OHIO CORPORATION
Kenton, Ohio
THE TAYLOR-WINFIELD CORPORATION
Warren, Ohio
TIPALOY INCORPORATED
Detroit 11, Michigan
TUFFALOY PRODUCTS
AIR REDUCTION SALES COMPANY
Detroit 13, Michigan
H. W. ULMER COMPANY
Oceanside, California
Printed in U. S. A.
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