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Benefit more from faba bean production by protecting native pollinators
Farming with Alternative Pollinators (FAP)
ICARDA/INRA field guide for farmers in high rainfall areas and mountainous areas of Morocco
Dr. Stefanie Christmann Dr. Moulay Chrif Smaili Dr. Patrick Lhomme Dr. Fouad Maalouf Mr Youssef Bencharki Mrs Jihane El-Qasmi
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Farmers all over the world invest much in fertilizer, fuel, tractors,
seeds and chemicals for plant protection – and a lot of their time and
energy in ploughing, seeding, weeding, harvesting.
Most farmers in all continents forget a very important production
factor for many high income and high value crops: pollinators.
Unpaid little insects create millions of income for farmers every year.
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Wild bees, flies, wasps, butterflies and other wild pollinators provide
85% of the pollination services.
I
However, in such landscape they don’t find nectar and pollen to
cover their needs during the whole year. They also do not have
nesting material and sites, shelter against wind etc. Often, they are
exposed to insecticides. Globally, more and more species go extinct
and consequently farmers, nature and mankind lose their services.
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Honeybees need 15°C and fine weather to provide pollination
service. They cannot fly, if the weather is dark, rainy or cold – even if
the beekeeper brings the hives close to your field.
Wild pollinators are a free safety net for farmers. Many wild
pollinators can fly and pollinate crops also during rough weather.
In the course of climate change, seasonal abnormalities will
increase. Already, late frost, late and strong rain or cold endanger in
particular the pollination of early flowering crops by honeybees.
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Wild pollinators need forage (nectar and pollen) around the year and
nesting sites and material.
In Morocco, the landscape still offers many options for habitat
enhancement as plant corridors e.g. by cactus still exist.
Below corridors of cactus
many valuable wild pollinator
find safe nesting sites in the
soil, because farmers will not
do tillage so close to cactus.
You can enhance these
corridors by seeding e.g. a
narrow strip of coriander,
canola or sunflower along the
cactus to provide a forage
corridor for wild pollinators.
You can harvest before
harvesting cactus.
Or plant e.g. rosemary once –
and pollinators and your farm
will benefit on long term. Or
plant blackberry and produce
very healthy jam.
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Strips and field edges with plants attracting a high diversity of
pollinators and natural enemies can increase your yield and sustain
pollinator diversity.
Coriander attracts very high diversity of pollinators and natural enemies, but often
flowers after faba bean. Canola flowers very early, at the same time as faba bean.
Currently, the team conducts field trials in Sefrou with different habitat enhancement
plants, which match better with the seeding time of faba bean.
We call enhanced fields “FAP-fields” and compare them with control fields producing
only faba bean – a monoculture. Control fields attract less pollinators and natural
enemies.
High diversity of pollinators causes more movements of pollinators from flower to flower and thus enhances pollination and yields. In our trials FAP-fields had on average 5-8 different pollinator species. Control-fields on average 0-1 pollinator species (usually honeybee).
You might benefit from keeping some
weeds.
If you cannot avoid use of
chemicals, apply them before
sunrise or after sunset –
when less beneficial insects
are in the field. Use friendly
insecticides with pollinators.
Avoid the use of systemic
insecticides that can kill the
beneficial pollinators.
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In the area with adequate rainfall, e.g. in Kenitra and Skhirat,
carpenter bees (Xylocopa) are the most effective pollinators for faba
bean.
Carpenter bee (Xylocopa), found in the fields FAP 1 Skhirat (farmer Mohamed Daha)
Carpenter bee (Xylocopa), found in the fields FAP 1 Kenitra (farmer Laaroussi Touil)
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Carpenter bees need old and crumbly dead wood to make their nests.
Close to smallholders’ fields, these bees use stables or old trees,
they also use wooden pillars for electricity.
In large fields nesting sites and material get rare – and this effective
pollinator might locally disappear. You can easily enhance the
situation by adding some wood, which is already a bit rotten a bit
elevated (at least around 2 m high).
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Valuable Pollinators from Skhirat
Flower fly (Syrphidae), FAP 3 (farmer El Miloudi Chigga)
Leafcutter bee (Lithurgus), FAP 2 (farmer Abderrahim Kamoun)
Digger bee (Anthophora), FAP 4 (farmer Bouchaib Kaabi) KAABI)
Sand bee (Andrena), FAP 1 (farmer Mohamed Daha)
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Valuable pollinators from Kenitra
Leafcutter bee (Megachile), FAP 2
(farmer Bouchti Skouef) Digger wasp (Scoliidae), FAP 1 farmer (Laaroussi Touil)
Long-horn bee (Eucera), FAP 5 (farmer Mohamed Samih)
Sand bee (Andrena), FAP 4 (farmer Boughaba Laghrarba)
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In mountainous regions of Morocco (Sefrou), the diversity of
effective pollinators of faba bean is higher than in coastal areas.
These are very effective pollinators from Sefrou
Digger bee (Amegilla), FAP 2 (farmer Assou Sediri)
Sand bee (Andrena), FAP 6 (farmer Mouloud Aghjoul)
Bumble bee (Bombus), FAP 6 (farmer Mouloud Aghjoul)
Flower fly (Syrphidae), FAP 4 (farmer Boubker Mrabet)
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Photos of other valuable pollinators in Sefrou
Long-horn bee (Eucera), FAP 6 (farmer Mouloud Aghjoul)
Leaf cutter bee (Megachile), FAP 1 (farmer Fatima Sahel)
Digger wasp (Scoliidae), FAP 6 (farmer Mouloud Aghjoul)
Weevil wasp (Cerceris), FAP 2 (farmer Assou Sediri)
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Many very effective wild pollinators have their nests in the soil, e.g.
bees, solitary bees and also bees developing a colony. Some use the
hole of a mouse or other small rodents, some a snail shell or a piece
of old wood with an already existing hole.
Exclude some small parts of the field from tillage and do not clean
up the field too thoroughly. If you have small stone walls, keep them
for nesting. Be aware: Wild pollinators don’t have a beekeeper providing
them with a hive.
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Wild species need place and material close to or on your field to build
a nest: a little clay wall, dead wood, or hard soil.
They want to drink and benefit from shelter against wind (e.g. from sunflower,
blackberry or currant)
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Higher crop diversity helps you to attract many beneficial pollinators
and also predators and parasitoids, which help to control pests
attacking faba bean.
FAP reduces pests due to higher abundance and diversity of predators, concerning faba trials by around 5-10 %.
Digger wasps (Scollidae) are
predators of beetle larvae
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The higher diversity of pollinators increases the quality and the
quantity of faba bean produce. In FAP fields, more flowers produce
pods.
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
FAP control
Average number of harvested faba bean pods /
75% zone, Skhirat 2017
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
FAP control
Average number of harvested faba bean pods / 75% zone,
Kenitra 2017
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
FAP control
Average number of harvested faba bean pods / 75% zone, Sefrou 2017
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
1
Average productivity (3 sites)
FAP Control
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FAP fields produce more seeds per pod than control fields/
monoculture.
A high diversity of pollinators induces these insects to move more often from flower to
flower and from plant to plant. This improves the result of pollination.
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
1 2 3 4 5
FAP increased significantly the number of seeds /pod
FAP Control
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If you produce mainly for your family, we suggest this planting
sketch for 0.03 ha (300m2) for regions with adequate rainfall.
Due to external issues, we seeded too late in Sefrou in 2017 (below
field sketch). In winter 2017/2018 we seeded other habitat plants
according to farmers’ preferences for seeding time of faba bean, end
of December.
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The fields with more crops and better living conditions for wild pollinators provide
higher income from faba bean (blue part of the columns) and also in total. The habitat
zone can buffer against income loss in case the main crop is affected by disease or
pests.
0
5000
10000
15000
FAP control
Average net income from FAP-faba bean in
Shkirat 2017in MAD, field size 0.03
ha
income 25% zone
income 75% zone
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
FAP control
Average net income from FAP-faba bean in Kenitra
2017in MAD, field size 0.03 ha
income 25% zone
income 75% zone
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
FAP control
Average net income from FAP-faba bean Sefrou
2017 in MAD, field size 0.03 ha
low income due to delay of seeding by 3 months
income 25% zone
income 75% zone
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Many more crops depend on pollinators. In regions with adequate
rainfall and mountainous sites in Morocco e.g. the crops in this table.
Crops depend to different extent on pollinators, e.g. it is more
important to have pollinators for apple or pumpkin than for green
pepper.
Overview on crops based on Klein et al. 2006
If you lose these insects close to your field, you might lose harvest.
Therefore, protect your pollinators and have better income.
Copyright and Fair Use: ISBN: 9789291275014 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International License Copyright ©2018 International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) All rights reserved. photos by authors
International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), PO Box 114/5055, Beirut, Lebanon