Download - Bellringer-April 22, 2015 FILL IN THE LETTERS. Overview of Cellular Respiration H. Biology Ms. Kim
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Bellringer-April 22, 2015
FILL IN THE LETTERS
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Overview of Cellular Respiration
H. BiologyMs. Kim
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Energy Flows into ecosystems as sunlight and leaves as heat
Light energy
ECOSYSTEM
CO2 + H2O
Photosynthesisin chloroplasts
Cellular respirationin mitochondria
Organicmolecules + O2
ATP
powers most cellular work
Heatenergy http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_biology_7/
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Carbon Cycle
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Reminder….Anabolic pathways (“A” for add together)
Build molecules from simpler ones (ex: photosynthesis)
Consume energy (endergonic or endothermic)Catabolic pathways (“C” for cut in parts)
Break down complex molecules into simpler compounds (ex: cell respiration)
Release energy (exergonic or exothermic)
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Cellular respiration
Most efficient catabolic pathwayConsumes O2 and organic
molecules (ex: glucose)Yields ATP To keep working cells
must regenerate ATP
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Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels
The breakdown of organic molecules is exergonic (exothermic)
One catabolic process, fermentationIs a partial degradation of sugars that occurs
without oxygen
Another example is cellular respiration
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Cellular respiration
Occurs in mitochondria similar to combustion of gas in an engine after
O2 is mixed with hydrocarbon fuel.Food and O2 = fuel for respiration. The exhaust =CO2 and H2O.
The overall process is:organic compounds + O2 CO2 + H2O + energy
(ATP + heat)
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be used as the fuel, but most useful is glucose.
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Mitochondria
Intermembrane Space
• Powerhouse of the cell!• The organelle responsible for cellular respiration
• The Krebs Cycle and ETC take place here ATP is produced here!
• It is a double membrane with the inner membrane highly folded (to increase the surface area and make the mitochondria more efficient).
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Mitochondrion Structure
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Mitochondrion Structure• Outer membrane – similar to plasma
membrane; contains integral proteins• Inner membrane- NOT permeable to ions
(needs help to cross); there is a membrane potential across the inner membrane; contains ATP synthase
• Cristae – large surface area due to folding• Matrix - gel-like in middle or lumen; many
contains enzymes for cellular respiration
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RECALL…Redox ReactionsCatabolic pathways yield energy
Due to the transfer of electronsRedox reactions
Transfer e-’s from one reactant to another by oxidation and reductionIn oxidation
Substance loses e-s (it’s oxidized)In reduction
Substance receives e-s (it’s reduced)
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Examples of redox reactions
Na + Cl Na+ + Cl–
becomes oxidized(loses electron)
becomes reduced(gains electron)
Xe- + Y X + Ye-
**energy must be added to remove e-X = e- donor = reducing agent and reduces Y.
Y = e- recipient = oxidizing agent and oxidizes X.
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Oxidation of Organic Fuel Molecules During Cellular Respiration
• During cellular respiration– Glucose is oxidized – oxygen is reduced– E-’s lose potential energy energy is released
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
becomes oxidized
becomes reduced
http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/cellresp/ets_flash.html
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Electrons are not transferred directly to oxygen but are passed first to a coenzyme called NAD+ or FAD
NAD+
HO
OO O–
OO O–
O
O
O
P
P
CH2
CH2
HO OHH
HHO OH
HO
H
H
N+
C NH2
HN
H
NH2
N
N
Nicotinamide(oxidized form)
NH2+ 2[H](from food)
Dehydrogenase
Reduction of NAD+
Oxidation of NADH
2 e– + 2 H+
2 e– + H+
NADH
OH H
N
C +
Nicotinamide(reduced form)
N
Figure 9.4
NAD+ and FAD= e- acceptor and oxidating agent
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2 H 1/2 O2
(from food via NADH)
2 H+ + 2 e–
2 H+
2 e–
H2O
1/2 O2
Controlled release of energy
for synthesis of
ATP ATP
ATP
ATP
Electron transport chain
Free
ene
rgy,
G
(b) Cellular respiration
+
Electron Flow =food NADH/FADH2 ETC oxygen
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Cellular Respiration – Background info• Equation – C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 or 38 ATP
-When food is broken down, energy is released gradually and stored in ATP.
-Respiration is done by BOTH plants and animals
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The Stages of Cellular Respiration
• Respiration is a cumulative process of 3 metabolic stages
1. Glycolysis2. Kreb’s Cycle (The citric acid cycle)
3. Electron Transport Chain (Oxidative phosphorylation)
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The 3 Stages Glycolysis
Breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvateMakes NADHMakes a little bit of ATP
Kreb’s Cycle (Citric acid cycle)Completes the breakdown of glucoseMakes NADH and FADH2
CO2 is waste productMakes a little bit of ATP
Electron Transport Chain (Oxidative phosphorylation)Driven by the electron transport chainGenerates ALOTTTTT of ATPO2 is the final electron acceptor and gets reduced to make
WATER
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General overview – Cellular Respiration1.Glycolysis:• In the cytosol• Anaerobic• Turns glucose to 2 pyruvate net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH
2. Krebs:• In the mitochondrial matrix • Makes little ATP, NADH, and FADH2 (electron taxis) • Passes e- to ETC
3. ETC → uses chemiosmosis to make LOTS of ATP
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Exit Slip-April 22, 2015• Draw a cycle of the ecosystem between
photosynthesis and cellular respiration. • Include the following: photosynthesis, carbon
dioxide, light energy, heat energy, oxygen, glucose, water, and ATP.