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Before the Revolution in France
The Old Regime- feudal system
The Estates- social classes1- Catholic clergy- owned 10% of
land, paid 2% of taxes2- Rich nobles- owned 20% of land,
no taxes3- Third Estate- 98% of the people
A) Bourgeoisie- merchants & artisans, high taxesB) Workers- cooks & servants, low wages, barely survivingC) Peasants- 80% of population, 50% of income to nobles/ church
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Seeds for the Revolution-Enlightenment- ideas of life, liberty, property,
democracy appealed to the Third Estate-American Revolution- gave French citizens hope-Poor Economy- outrageous taxes, crop failures, high
food prices (bread price doubled), govt. debt ($ to Amer. Revolution)
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Bad GovernmentKing Louis XVI- poor ruler,
ignored problems
Queen Marie Antoinette- nicknamed “Madame Deficit” (they married at 15 & 14) spent millions- gowns, jewelry, parties, gambling (1 mil+ / 1 yr.)
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The Revolution*The National Assembly-
formed by Bourgeoisie to make laws, act of treason
*Tennis Court Oath- King banned Assembly meeting- vowed to meet until they wrote a new constitution
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Storming the Bastille
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The Revolution
*Storming the Bastille- July 14, 1789- revolutionaries took a prison, gunpowder stored there, Bastille Day
*The Great Fear- panicpeasants & nobles attacked
each otherwomen rioted (bread prices)
stormed the Palace at Versailles
captured Louis and Marie
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March on Versailles
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The Revolution and the National Assembly
*Declaration of the Rights of Man- passed by Assembly- life, liberty, property, equal justice
*New Constitution- 1789- Assembly to pass laws, tax, declare war
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War with Austria & PrussiaAustrian and Prussian kings
feared revolution- wanted Louis XVI put back on the throne.
France declared war on Austria and Prussia
French lose early battlesLouis XVI & Marie jailed1000’s of Louis supporters
killedFrench win
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Death Louis XVIFrench citizens joined
political clubs - The Jacobin wanted Louis dead
Louis found guilty of treason and executed by guillotine (1/21/1793)
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Guillotine
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The Reign of TerrorMaximilien Robespierre
lawyer, great orator, controlled the assembly, wanted to abolish nobility
Committee of Public Safety closed churches, abolished Sundays, executed 1,000’s by guillotine, including Marie Antoinette
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Execution of Marie Antoinette
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The Reign of Terror
Jean Paul Marat- wrote articles from bathtub calling for more executions- Marat stabbed
40,000 executed including Robespierre himself
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The National Convention
New constitutionPower to upper middle classNew govt. w/ a 2-house legislature“The Directory”- 5 member executive branch
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NAPOLEON
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Napoleon Bonaparteb. 1769 in CorsicaMilitary school at 9, finished at 16Artillery Lieutenant (cannons) in
Revolutionary Army1795- Defended National
Assembly against king’s army1796- Helped defeat Austrians1799- Commander of military, the
“Grand Army”- b/cm dictator
1802- Signed peace treaty w/ Russia, Austria & Britain
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Napoleon Helps France
1- Stable economy- fair taxes, National Bank, new currency
2- Gov’t reform- Napoleonic Code- new laws for all, fired corrupt officials, limited speech/ press
*Lycees- schools for all children3- Brings back Church- w/ gov’t
control, concordat w/ Pope Pius VII
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Napoleon and Josephine
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The Empire
Napoleon wanted world conquest*1803- Sold Louisiana Territory to US
(Jefferson) - $15 million -hard to control –slave rebellions needed money for army
*1804- declared himself Emperor
Invaded Netherlands, Italy, Belgium, Spain, Prussia
Put relatives/friends over new territories (Brother Joseph- king of Spain) - Nepotism
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Napoleon Miscues*Battle of Trafalgar (1805)
British Admiral Horatio Nelson kept Napoleon out of Britain, both used blockades (Britain’s more effective), British defeated French SW of Spain
*Portugal- Napoleon tried to attack Portugal thru Spain, guerillas in Spain fight French, and killed 300,000 French in 5 years
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Rise of NationalismBelief that people should be loyal to their country,
pride in your nationNationalism - spread thru Europe, resist the French
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Napoleon in RussiaRussia- June 1812- Napoleon &
422,000 men invaded RussiaRussians retreated & scorched-
earth policyFrench - nothing to eat (horses),
soldiers desertedSept. 1812- French captured
Moscow but Czar Alexander had burned the city
Nov. 1812- French starving, no supplies (some barefoot)
Russian Winter (-30 F) French froze, starved, exhausted
The “Grand Army” destroyed
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Battle of Leipzig (1813)Austria, Russia & Prussia
easily defeat NapoleonNapoleon surrenderedSent to live on Island of
Elba
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Napoleon EscapesLouis XVIII very unpopular
Napoleon- escaped Elba, marched to Paris, gained support, arrived in Paris to cheers
“Hundred Days”- his 2nd rule
Waterloo- Napoleon defeated by British & Prussians
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Battle at Waterloo
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Napoleon ExiledNapoleon sent to remote
island of St. HelenaDied 6 yrs later
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Congress of Vienna 1814-15
Leaders of Europe met to redraw the map of Europe
Est. a “Balance of Powers”
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