ICA-RUS International Workshop 2013 & Sustainable Negative Emissions Workshop, December 6 , 2013
1
BECCS in integrated assessment models
-
road to the negativeemissions based on Japanese
experiences -
Atsushi KurosawaThe Institute of Applied Energy (IAE)
Atsushi KurosawaThe Institute of Applied Energy (IAE)
Biomass Energy CO2
capture and storage
(CCS) BECCS in integrated assessment models
Summaries
Biomass Energy CO2
capture and storage
(CCS) BECCS in integrated assessment models
Summaries
ICA-RUS International Workshop 2013 & Sustainable Negative Emissions Workshop, December 6 , 2013
Acknowledgements
•
Ryo Moriyama (IAE) and Yoshitaka Murakami (IAE) for BECCS technology portfolio survey.
•
Ryo Moriyama (IAE), Yuki Ishimoto (IAE), Kazuhiro Tsuzuki (IAE), Masahiro Sugiyama (CRIEPI) and Kooiti Masuda (JAMSTEC) for modeling framework enhancement discussions.
•
Research activities were supported by the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (S-10) of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan.
ICA-RUS International Workshop 2013 & Sustainable Negative Emissions Workshop, December 6 , 2013
Biomass resources in Japan
3http://www.asiabiomass.jp/english/topics/1209_03.html
•
Currently, paper (incl. black liquor) and livestock excrement are the two major area of biomass resource used.
Source: Asia biomass web page, strategy for commercialization of
biomass
ICA-RUS International Workshop 2013 & Sustainable Negative Emissions Workshop, December 6 , 2013
Targets of resource utilization rate in 2020
4http://www.asiabiomass.jp/english/topics/1209_03.html
•
Most of the biomass resource are already used (excluding timber offcuts from forests).
Source: Asia biomass web page, strategy for commercialization of
biomass
ICA-RUS International Workshop 2013 & Sustainable Negative Emissions Workshop, December 6 , 2013
Primary Energy Supply of Japan (1)
0
5
10
15
20
25
2010 2011 2012
(EJ
)
Nuclear Energy
Large-Scale Hydraulic
New & RenewableEnergy
Natural Gas
Oil Products
Oil
Coal Products
Coal
Source: Energy balance table, ANRE/METI
ICA-RUS International Workshop 2013 & Sustainable Negative Emissions Workshop, December 6 , 2013
Primary Energy Supply of Japan (2)
0
5
10
15
20
25
2010 2011 2012
(EJ
)
Nuclear Energy
Large-Scale Hydraulic
New & RenewableEnergy
Natural Gas
Oil Products
Oil
Coal Products
Coal0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
2011
(EJ
)
Waste Heat
Refuse
Geothermal
Biomass
Wind Power
Solar
Source: Energy balance table, ANRE/METI
0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
2011
(EJ
)
B iomass
Thermal Use
Biomass Power
Generation
ICA-RUS International Workshop 2013 & Sustainable Negative Emissions Workshop, December 6 , 2013
Major Policy Milestones in Recent Years (1)
•
2002 Biomass Nippon Strategy–
Sustainable society by fully utilizing biomass
–
Create 300 biomass towns to promote the sustainable utilization•
2005 Kyoto Protocol Target Achievement Plan–
Promote widespread use of biofuels including fuel for transportation (500,000 kL by 2010)
–
Biomass towns and develop biomass energy conversion technologies•
2007 Next-generation Vehicle and Fuel Initiative (METI)–
An importance of the development of cellulosic biomass is mentioned for spreading biofuel and less using fossil fuel.
•
2008 Biofuel Technology Innovation Plan (METI and MAFF)–
Cost target for cellulosic ethanol is 40 yen per liter in 2015
•
2009 Basic Act for the Promotion of Biomass Utilization–
Draw up the ‘national plan for the promotion of biomass utilization
–
Set up the ‘national biomass policy council’
Source: MAFF and METI 7
ICA-RUS International Workshop 2013 & Sustainable Negative Emissions Workshop, December 6 , 2013
Major Policy Milestones in Recent Years (2)
•
2010 Basin Energy Plan–
Introduce renewable energy in 10% of primary energy supply by 2020
–
Increase biofuel at a volume equivalent to 3% cut of gasoline demand by 2020
•
2010 Act on Sophistication of Energy Supply Structures–
An obligation to use a certain amount of biofuel is imposed on oil refineries.
–
The development of next-generation biofuel technology, whose GHG emission reduction is more than 50% compared to fossil fuel, shall be promoted and introduced in the oil refining industry.
–
Biofuel target 500,000kL (oil equivalent) by 2017, achievable by imported fuel
•
2010 National plan for promotion of biomass utilization–
Set the targets for 2020
–
Set the basic policies on the development of technologies for effective biomass utilization
Source: MAFF and METI 8
ICA-RUS International Workshop 2013 & Sustainable Negative Emissions Workshop, December 6 , 2013
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Strategy for the Commercialization of Biomass (2012)
Source: Asia biomass web page
•
Collaboration of seven ministriesCabinet Office, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Ministry of
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), Ministry of Economy,
Trade and Industry (METI), Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT), Ministry of the Environment (MOE)
•
Currently, Japan’s resources of biomass is 255.5 million tons (when converted to carbon, 34.44 million tons of carbon), with its reuse rate for all of its biomass being 74.8%. The objectives listed in the Basic Plan for the Promotion of Biomass Utilization by the year 2020 are:–
Use biomass equivalent to approximately 26 million tons of carbon (raise the reuse rate to 88.5%)
–
Create new industries–
Formulate plans to promote the utilization of biomass in 600 municipalities
•
If these objectives were to be achieved then 13 billion kWh of power generation from biomass and energy from 11.8 million kL of fuel usage (crude oil equivalent)
could be obtained, which would constitute a reduction in the amount of CO2
emitted of 40.7 million tons (3.2% of the amount of CO2
emitted by Japan).•
Research collaborations are going on with foreign countries, especially in Asia
ICA-RUS International Workshop 2013 & Sustainable Negative Emissions Workshop, December 6 , 2013
Feed-in tariff
Source: MAFF and METI 10
ICA-RUS International Workshop 2013 & Sustainable Negative Emissions Workshop, December 6 , 2013
METI : Biofuels Technology Development Schedule ・Improve the efficiency of cellulosic ethanol production and reduce the production cost・Introduce and promote next-generation bio-fuels that do not compete with food supplies
FY2015FY2010FY2005 FY2013 FY2020
More than 3% of gasoline used in Japan will be replaced by biofuel in2030(Basic Energy Plan, 2010)
Projects to develop next-generation biofuels, such as those obtained from algae and BTL(Biomass To Liquid)(FY2010-FY2016)
Projects to develop integrated production systems for non-
edible plant-derived bioethanol(FY2009-FY2013)
Projects to develop base technology for non-edible plant-derived bioethanol(FY2007-FY2012)
B : Bioethanol Fundamental
R&D
C : Bioethanol & System
A : Next generation biofuel R&D
Projects to be facilitated into next stage, such as scale-
up test and demonstration
Those projects plan to continue for developing integrated production systems in scale up demonstration plant while addressing major technical barrier.
Source: METI 11
ICA-RUS International Workshop 2013 & Sustainable Negative Emissions Workshop, December 6 , 2013
Develop next-generation technology using biomass , which does not affect food supplies, micro algae in particular.
Identify algae, which have a good potential use in producing oil and develop technology for improving the productivity and oil
content of those algae.
Development of technology to optimize systemsfor culturing algae, extracting oil.
Render the entire process economical
Overview and objectivesOverview and objectives
Projects to develop next-generation biofuels
Example of projectsExample of projectsBotryococcus braunii Concentration
Solvent
extraction
Source: METI 12
ICA-RUS International Workshop 2013 & Sustainable Negative Emissions Workshop, December 6 , 2013
The projects aim to indentify and cultivate seeds for a wide range of medium – to long‐term technologies, including biomass resource engineering,
thermo and biochemical conversion and utilization technologies.1. Bench scale plant for bio‐ethanol production 2. Saccharification and fermentation technology development
Overview and objectivesOverview and objectives
Projects to develop base technology for non-
edible plant -derived bio-ethanol
Example of projectsExample of projectsSaccharification and fermentation Saccharification Pretreatment
Source: METI 13
ICA-RUS International Workshop 2013 & Sustainable Negative Emissions Workshop, December 6 , 2013
A comprehensive system, which includes processes for cultivating cellulosic biomass resources, for producing non‐edible derived bioethanol has been
developed by means of innovative technologies.
Scale‐up and commercialization of integrated ethanol production system.
Overview and objectivesOverview and objectives
Project to develop integrated production system for non-edible plant-derived bio-ethanol
Example of projectsExample of projects
Erianthus
EucalyptusPilot plant (example)
Woody Biomass, 1ton/day(max.)Ethanol 250-300 L/day
Source: METI 14
ICA-RUS International Workshop 2013 & Sustainable Negative Emissions Workshop, December 6 , 2013
CO2
capture and storage (CCS)
•
Japan has 25 years of CCS related R&D activities which include both technological and non-technological ones for the whole CCS chain. IAE involved in Japanese CCS R&D from initial stage and advised energy and environment R&D portfolio including CCS to the government.
•
Capture projects in Japan: Small scale demonstration in the power plants (NGCC, IGCC) and industries (iron&steel)
•
Storage projects in Japan: Deep saline formations (onshore-completed, offshore), ECBM (completed)
15
ICA-RUS International Workshop 2013 & Sustainable Negative Emissions Workshop, December 6 , 2013
Osaki Coolgen (under construction)
16http://www.osaki-coolgen.jp/english/index.html
Coal IGCC, 166,000kWe, slip stream
16
ICA-RUS International Workshop 2013 & Sustainable Negative Emissions Workshop, December 6 , 2013
Tomakomai CO2
Storage Project
17
http://www.japanccs.com/en/business/demonstration/17
ICA-RUS International Workshop 2013 & Sustainable Negative Emissions Workshop, December 6 , 2013
Extended Reach Drilling / Tomakomai
18
http://www.japanccs.com/en/ business/demonstration/
18
ICA-RUS International Workshop 2013 & Sustainable Negative Emissions Workshop, December 6 , 2013
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Adaptation
Geoengineering
Mitigation
Integrated Assessment Model GRAPE -
Proposed Modified Framework -
Energy (+CDR)
Climate +SRM&CDR
Climate Impacts +Adaptation Landuse
Macroeconomy
CO 2,CH 4,N 2O
(Fossil Fuel)
Energy CostEnergy Demand
Biom
assE
nergy
Atm
ospheric
Temperature
Land
use a
nd
Agric
ultu
re C
ost
CO2 (Landuse change)
CH4 (Livestock, Paddy)
N2 O(Fertilizer)
CH4, N2O,F-gases,
Impact
costGeoengineering Cost
Adaptation co
st
Climate impact mitigation countermeasure
15 global regions
1-D simple climate model
-
carbon and energy balance
-
GHGs, Aerosols
ICA-RUS International Workshop 2013 & Sustainable Negative Emissions Workshop, December 6 , 2013
Bioenergy conversion process and potential CO2
capture rateCategory Conversion
ProcessProduct Potential CO2
capture rate included in the feedstock
Thermochemical conversion
Power generation
Electricity High
Combustion Heat HighGasification Liquid fuel ModeratePyrolysis Liquid fuel ModerateDirect liquefaction
Chemical product
Moderate
Biochemical conversion
Fermentation Methane, Ethanol, Hydrogen
Moderate (methane and ethanol)
/ High (hydrogen)Kurosawa, Moriyama and Murakami (2013)
Category Conversion Process
Product Potential CO2
capture rate included in the feedstock
Thermochemical conversion
Power generation
Electricity High
Combustion Heat HighGasification Liquid fuel ModeratePyrolysis Liquid fuel ModerateDirect liquefaction
Chemical product
Moderate
Biochemical conversion
Fermentation Methane, Ethanol, Hydrogen
Moderate (methane and ethanol)
/ High (hydrogen)
ICA-RUS International Workshop 2013 & Sustainable Negative Emissions Workshop, December 6 , 2013
BECCS in power generation•
EMF27 / 550e, full technology portfolio
•
Other BECCS technology options (e.g. biofuel for transport) will
be included.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100
(EJ)
Wind
Solar
Hydro
Nuclear
Biomass|w/o CCS
Biomass|w/ CCS
Gas|w/o CCS
Gas|w/ CCS
Oil|w/o CCS
Oil|w/ CCS
Coal|w/o CCS
Coal|w/ CCS
Global power generation
ICA-RUS International Workshop 2013 & Sustainable Negative Emissions Workshop, December 6 , 2013
Summaries•
Japanese industries have technology basis for bioenergy utilization and CCS.
•
Scale-up demonstrations for both bioenergy and CCS technologies in Japan.
•
There is no integrated BECCS demonstration project in Japan. We need to build a bridge between two technologies.
•
Cost reduction and policy support of bioenergy and CCS to assist the road to BECCS.
•
BECCS should be assessed in the broad conversion technology portfolio.
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ICA-RUS International Workshop 2013 & Sustainable Negative Emissions Workshop, December 6 , 2013
2323
Thank you for kind attention.