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Bay Scallop Habitat Requirements
Jay Leverone, Ph.D.Sarasota Bay Estuary Program
Presentation to the CHNEP Shellfish Restoration Needs Workshop
February 23, 2011
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Bay Scallop HabitatRequirements
• Bay scallops need seagrass to recruit, survive, grow and spawn!
• Questions?
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Bay Scallop EnvironmentalRequirements
(Leverone, 1993, MML Tech Rpt 253;Two articles in Fla. Sci. 58)
• Water Quality– Temperature, Salinity, DO,
• Food– Phytoplankton composition, chl, TSS
• Reproduction• Habitat• Hydrodynamics• Harmful Algal Blooms (i.e., red tides)
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Sources of Information
• Results from a 1992-3 field and laboratory study Tampa Bay.
• Requirements based on correlations of growth, mortality and reproduction with species-relevant measures of water quality
• Literature information most appropriate for Florida populations of bay scallop
• Technical Report “Literature Search and Data Synthesis on the Bay Scallop with Emphasis on Florida Populations”
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References on relevant WQ and environmental conditions for the southern bay scallop
PARAMETER REFERENCE
Temperature Tettlebach & Rhodes, 81
Dissolved Oxygen Van Dam, 54; Shumway & Sandifer, 91
Salinity Tettlebach & Rhodes, 81
Food Supply Fegley et al., 92; Calahan et al., 89
Macrophyte Abundance Ambrose, 89; Prescott, 90; Eckman, 87
Current Speed Eckman et al., 87
Turbidity Stone & Palmer, 75
Suspended Solids Dyer, 75
Predators Peterson et al., 89
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Unique Life History Differences for Florida Populations
• Shorter life expectancy• Higher metabolic rates• Reproductive cycle occurs later in the
year– Lower fecundity– Smaller egg size– Higher energetic cost of reproduction
• Limits southern distribution and may accelerate senescence
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Tampa Bay: Field Study
• Deploy and maintain scallops at two sites– Beacon Key– Boca Ciega Bay
• Two deployments– June (laboratory spawned)– August (wild scallops from Steinhatchee)
• Collect relevant WQ data (biweekly)– Temperature, salinity, DO, turbidity, TSS, chl a,
phytoplankton composition• Measure biological responses (biweekly)
– Growth, mortality, reproductive development, fouling potential
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Tampa Bay Stations
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Scallop Growth
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Temperature Ranges
• Alligator Harbor populations: 9 – 32oC (Sastry, 1965)
• Anclote Harbor populations: 21 – 32oC (Barber and Blake, 1985).
• Tampa Bay populations: 23 – 31oC
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DO Record at Boca Ciega Bay(8/27 – 10/27/1992)
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DO Record at Beacon Key(8/27 – 10/27/1992)
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WQ at BCB ( ) and BK ( )
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Phytoplankton Densities (cells/L)
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Cumulative Percent Mortality
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Reproductive Conditionfrom Both Deployments
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Tampa Bay: Laboratory Studies
• Bay scallop responses to low DO at several temperature : salinity combinations (for 2 days)– DO: 1 – 5 mg/L– Temp: 25 – 35o C– Salinity: 15 – 35 ppt
• Returned to normoxic conditions and observed latent mortality
• Measured “escape response”
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Laboratory Results
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Impacts of Karenia brevis on early life stages of Florida populations of bay scallop
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Bay scallop larvae
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84
88
92
96
100
Control W-10 L-10 W-100 L-100 W-1,000 L-1,000
Treatment
aa
aa
a
b b
Surv
ival
(%)
Survival of 3-day old bay scallop larvae exposed to K. brevis and its toxins
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Survival of 7-day old bay scallop larvae exposed to K. brevis and its toxins
0
20
40
60
80
100
Control 10 100 1,000 5,000Karenia brevis (cells . ml-1)
*
Surv
ival
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Conclusion from larval paper:
“Special attention should be paid to blooms of K. brevis where these shellfish occur naturally or where aquaculture and restoration activities are either ongoing orplanned.”
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Juvenile bay scallops
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Clearance rate of juvenile bay scallops exposed to K. brevis
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Control Whole-10 Lysed-10 Whole-100 Lysed-100 Whole-1,000 Lysed-1,000
Treatment
a aa
b b
c
b,c
Cle
aran
ce R
ate
(ml .
hr-
1 . m
g dr
y w
t-1)
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Clearance rate of juvenile scallops exposed to whole K.brevis under flow-through conditions
0
1
2
3
4
5
Day 1 (PM) Day 2 (AM) Day 2 (PM) Day 3 (AM) Day 3 (PM)
Day/Time
Control100 cells/ml1,000 cells/ml
Cle
aran
ce R
ate
(ml . h
r-1 . m
g dr
y w
t-1)
a aaaa
b b
b b
b
b
b b
bc
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Clearance rate of juvenile scallops exposed to lysed K.brevis under flow-through conditions
0
1
2
3
4
Day 1 (AM) Day 1 (PM) Day 2 (AM) Day 2 (PM)
Day/Time
Control100 cells/ml1,000 cells/ml
Cle
aran
ce R
ate
(ml . h
r-1 . m
g dr
y w
t-1)
aa
b
aa a
b b b
b bc
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Conclusion from juvenile paper:
“The prospect for recovery of bay scallop populations in Florida estuaries where they were once abundant may be hampered by recurring blooms of K. brevis.”
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Optimal Ranges forFlorida Bay Scallops
WATER QUALITY PARAMETER
TARGET
Temperature (Bottom) 25 – 30o ideal; not to exceed 32o for prolonged periods
Salinity (Bottom) Greater than 20 ppt (24 – 30 optimal)
DO (Bottom) Not less than 2 mg/L for less than 2 hours
Turbidity 5 – 10 NTUs
Total Suspended Solids Less than 40 mg/L
TSS/VSS Ratio Greater than 1.282 (inorganic C % of seston < 78%)
Chlorophyll a 5 – 10 μg/L
Phytoplankton Density: less than 5 x 106 cells/L; Species; blooms harmful; Karenia breve fatal.
Seagrass Thalassia/Syringodium mix ideal. Density: > 75 shoots/m2; Continuous seagrass beds preferred.