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Basic Tree AnatomyCitizen Forester
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What is a Tree
“A tree may be defined
as a woody plant
reaching 20 feet or more
at maturity, with a single
trunk and a definite
crown”Harlow, Harrar, Hardin and White;
Textbook of Dendrology
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Now, Let’s Talk Parts
The Leaves
The Stem
The Roots
Sunlight energy is converted
into fuel that the plant needs
to live. This process is called
photosynthesis.
Main water and nutrient
transport system. Supports
crown and stores carbon.
Acts as an anchor, holding the
plant in place. Water and
nutrient absorption, storage,
and transport.
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5% Leaves
15% Stems
60% Trunk
15% Woody Roots
5% Absorbing Roots
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Root Structure
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Root Structure
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Root Structure
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Root System
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Root Development
The most important
part of the root does
not have a woody
covering yet.
Single-cell root hairs
provide most of the
tree’s water and
nutrient uptake from
the soil.
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Mycorrhizae and Lateral Roots
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Vascular of Primary Root
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Vascular Conversion to Secondary
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Root Secondary Growth (Wood)
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Stem and Root Growth Timeline
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The Stem
The trunk and branches of a tree provide the tree’s framework.
They conduct water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.
They also store energy in the form of sugars and starches.
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Grow Upward and Outward
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Stem Anatomy Vascular Cambium: Area of cell division that is responsible
for secondary growth. Creates and separates the xylem and phloem.
Xylem: Grows to the inside of the vascular cambium to transport water and nutrients from roots to leaves. Prominent cells are vessels, tracheids, fibers (Angiosperm) or tracheids (Gymnosperm).
Phloem: Thin layer growing on the outside of vascular cambium to transport nutrients down from leaves. Prominent cells include sieve tubes and companion cells.
Cork Cambium: Area of cell division that forms bark and lenticels to the outside. Designed to protect inner cells and allow gas exchange.
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Xylem Stem Anatomy