BAHAN KAJIANMK. Kajian Lingkungan dan Pembangunan
SUSTAINABLE CITY
Diabstraksikan / disajikan oleh:Prof Dr Ir Soemarno MSPPSUB Agustus 2011
KOTA RAMAH LINGKUNGANA sustainable city, or eco-city
is a city designed with consideration of environmental impact, inhabited by people dedicated to minimization
of required inputs of energy, water and food, and waste output of heat, air pollution - CO2, methane, and
water pollution.
Richard Register first coined the term "ecocity" in his 1987 book, Ecocity Berkeley: building cities for a healthy future.
Emisi kendaraan bermotor di jalan-jalan perkotaan
menjadi salah satu sumber
emisi yang dapat mencemari udara kota
Malang menuju Kota Ramah Lingkungan
Foto smno 2011
Malang menuju Kota Ramah Lingkungan
Jalur hijau di sepanjang jalan-jalan di kota
Malang mempunyai andil sangat besar dalam menentukan indeks kenyamanan
lingkungan kota.
Penataan lebih lanjut dapat diarahkan pada perawatan tajuk pohon dan penanaman jenis-jenis yang lebih ramah
lingkunganFoto smno 2011
KOTA RAMAH LINGKUNGAN
A sustainable city can feed itself with minimal reliance on the surrounding countryside, and power itself with
renewable sources of energy.
The crux of this is to create the smallest possible ecological footprint, and to produce the lowest
quantity of pollution possible, to efficiently use land; compost used materials, recycle it or convert waste-to-
energy, and thus the city's overall contribution to climate change will be minimal, if such practices are
adhered to.
Occupation level coefficient
Concept of occupation level coefficient is ratio of authorized area for construction with respect to total denotative parts area. On this basis, above
index achieves by dividing authorized occupation area to total denotative parts area and expresses as a percentage.
For example, when the index level of occupation coefficient for a 400 m2 piece of land is 60%, it means that 60% of this land can be constructed. Occupation level coefficient has direct effect on construction pattern of infrastructure of
cities. Effects of occupation level coefficient on given infrastructure decrease
severely when construction of more than one floor buildings spreads. Today the most common occupation level coefficient in urban designs is 60%;
however this coefficient can be decreases to 50% or 40% in some urban areas.
It should be noted that occupation level coefficient is one of most ineffective indexes for population density control and only can effects the control of
population density when combine with other indicators such as number of building’s floors. This indicator has particular importance in urban design.
KOTA RAMAH LINGKUNGAN
The ecological cities are achieved through various means, such as:
Different agricultural systems such as agricultural plots within the city (suburbs or centre). This reduces the distance food has to
travel from field to fork. Practical work out of this may be done by either small scale/private farming plots or through larger scale
agriculture (e.g. farmscrapers).
Renewable energy sources, such as wind turbines, solar panels, or bio-gas created from sewage. Cities provide economies of scale
that make such energy sources viable.
KOTA RAMAH LINGKUNG
The ecological cities are achieved through various means, such as:
Various methods to reduce the need for air conditioning (a massive energy demand), such as planting trees and
lightening surface colors, natural ventilation systems, an increase in water features, and green spaces equaling at least
20% of the city's surface. These measures counter the "heat island effect" caused by an
abundance of tarmac and asphalt, which can make urban areas several degrees warmer than surrounding rural areas—as
much as six degrees Celsius during the evening.
Lahan sawah di sekitar Kota Malang
Ruang terbuka hijau berupa lahan sawah
dengan pepohonan di sekitarnya dapat menyumbangkan
kenyamanan lingkungan bagi atmosfir Kota
Malang.
Lahan-lahan seperti ini terancam oleh pertumbuhan kota
yang tidak terkendaliFoto smno 2011
KONVERSI SAWAH MENJADI PUSAT BISNIS
Lahan sawah di pinggiran Kota
Malang dikonversi menjadi Pusat Pasar
dengan fasilitas pendukungnya.
ADA jasa-jasa lingkungan yang
hilang akibat konversi lahan seperti ini
Foto smno 2011
KOTA RAMAH LINGKUNG
The ecological cities are achieved through various means, such as:
Improved public transport and an increase in pedestrianization to reduce car emissions.
This requires a radically different approach to city planning, with integrated business, industrial, and
residential zones. Roads may be designed to make driving difficult. Optimal building density to make public transport viable but avoid the creation of urban heat islands.
Ramainya alon-alon Kota Malang
Rimbunnya pepohonan di alon-alon Kota
Malang apa mampu menyerap emisi kendaraan bermotor yang
semakin “crowded”
Foto smno 2011
BUILDING DENSITY = Surface of infrastructure coefficient
Sumber: http://region6.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=101&language=en-US
Surface of infrastructure coefficient or building density is
one of most common methods of population density control in the world and especially on cities.
This index is achieved by dividing surface of constructed building’s infrastructure to total
denotative land surface. Building density is usually without unit
and represents as a percentage. In fact, this index indicates authorized percentage of
construction of infrastructure toward total denotative land
area.
KOTA RAMAH LINGKUNGThe ecological cities are achieved through various
means, such as:
Solutions to decrease urban sprawl, by seeking new ways of allowing people to live closer to the workspace
Since the workplace tends to be in the city, downtown, or urban center, they are seeking a way to increase density by changing the antiquated attitudes many suburbanites
have towards inner-city areas.
One of the new ways to achieve this is by solutions worked out by the Smart Growth Movement.
KOTA RAMAH LINGKUNG
The ecological cities are achieved through various means, such as:
Green roofs Zero-emission transport
Zero-energy building
Sustainable urban drainage systems or SUDS Energy conservation systems/devices
Xeriscaping - garden and landscape design for water conservation
Taman halaman gedung dengan sistem multistrata
Taman multistrata ternyata mempunyai kemampuan indeks
kenyamanan lingkungan yang lebih
baik dibandingkan dengan monostrata
Nilai amenitas dari biodiversitas tanaman
pertamanan
Foto smno 2008
Delman: Zero emission transport
Sumber: http://ndobos.blogdrive.com/comments?id=252
Sustainable City AwardThis award
focuses on a holistic approach on Sustainability
in cities and integrates
different types of resources or capital's for a
better future in cities around the
world.
Viikki EcoCity, Germany
Experimental ecological buildingTwo separate competitions were arranged to find new, more ecological
housing solutions for the southern part of Latokartano.
A set of specific ecological criteria was created to encourage sustainable development in the building process, and make it possible
to measure the level of respect for the ecosystem evinced by the various building projects.
The projects were judged with regard to pollution, use of natural resources, how healthy the houses were to live in, diversity of nature
and food production.
Passive and active use of solar energy has been most important among the experimental building themes employed in Viikki.
Viikki EcoCity
The first of the new inhabitants of Latokartano moved there in 1998
The building programme for the area is varied. People living in the high-rise buildings, smaller buildings with
more than one storey, terrace houses and semi-detached houses in Latokartano will be able to choose between
owning their home outright, tenant ownership rights, or renting their home.
Building’s floorsAnother indicator that used for population density control is
authorized building’s floors. Use of height scoping is common for applying control indicator of
building’s floors number for different urban areas. Index of number of
building’s floors has direct effect on sky line and urban visage and
therefore is an important indicator for urban designers. Briefly,
authorized building’s floors method is used beside authorized
occupation level for freeing the lands. Construction of high
buildings in Iran has been formed based on this logic.
http://region6.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=101&language=en-US
Intensity of land usage
Intensity of land usage is used for construction and population density as a more complete index. This index controls development and construction in the land
simultaneously with residential population numbers. In the other words, intensity of land usage controls infrastructure of land and residential units’ numbers
simultaneously. In addition, it determines minimum parking, open and residential needed spaces.
Base of intensity of land usage index is ratio of infrastructure of building to land area. Numerical scale of measuring the intensity of land usage is in exponential form. If the intensity of land usage be 2.5 % and reaches to 2%, then equivalent
building density will be 5%; and if intensity of land usage reaches to 3% then building density will be doubled and reach to 10%. This difference increases at
higher intensities of land usage and can be seen more clearly, so that when intensity of land usage increases from 6% to 7%, then building density will be
increase from 80% to 160% and if intensity of land usage increases from 7% to 8% then building density will be increase from 160% to 320%.
http://region6.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=101&language=en-US
Viikki EcoCity as science district
Viikki has become a green university campus district. The Viikki Science Park is at the heart of the new town
district.The Science Park is a centre for research, study and
entrepreneurship focused on biology and biotechnology that has grown up around Helsinki
University institutions.The University’s faculties of agriculture and forestry, biosciences and pharmacy, and veterinary medicine
are all now located at Viikki.To aid start-up companies two company incubator
units have been included in the Science Park.
KOTA RAMAH LINGKUNGAN
What has been done?Cooperation and coordination in Regional level:•Greater Helsinki Vision Competition•Climate Strategy for the Helsinki Metropolitan Area 2030•Helsinki Regional Area Transport System Plan (HLJ 2011)•Waste Act on behalf of the YTV member municipalities (4)•Active interaction in governance level
Problems:•Dispersion of regional structure, scattered development•Division in municipal structure (strong autonomy)•Lack of strong and comprehensive regional policy on developing means and paths
SMART GREEN CITY PLANNING UNTUK MASA DEPAN
Perkembangan kawasan kota yang semakin pesat menyebabkan tingginya
desakan terhadap pemenuhan kebutuhan
ruang hunian dan aktivitas ekonomi. Hal
tersebut berpotensi menimbulkan berbagai
masalah yang bisa menciptakan urban
paradox, di mana kota yang diharapkan
menciptakan kesejahteraan justru melahirkan kantong-
kantong kemiskinan baru.
http://green-city-015.blogspot.com/
GREEN CITY IN THE WORLD = Victoria, British Columbia
http://ecopreservationsociety.org/site/index.php/the-news/sustainability/356-5-green-cities-of-the-future
Victoria, British Columbia, plans to be carbon-neutral by 2012. Its Dockside Green pro ject brings that goal closer to
realization. The environmentally sustainable plans for Dockside Green
combine residential, commercial, light industrial
and green space on 15 acres (roughly 0.06 square
kilometers) of harbor-front land.
Sweden
Gothenburg, and especially Älvstaden (central city by the river Göta Älv) are good examples of sustainable city in
Sweden.
They have low environmental impact, contain passive houses, good recycling
system for waste, etc.
Korea
Songdo IBD is a planned city in Korea which has incorporated a number of eco-friendly
features. These include a central park, irrigated with
seawater, a subway line, bicycle lanes, rainwater catchment systems, pneumatic waste
collection system, ...
Finally, 75% of the waste generated by the construction of the city will be recycled.
CanadaIn 2010, Calgary ranked as the top eco-city
in the planet for its, "excellent level of service on waste removal, sewage
systems, and water drinkability and availability, coupled with relatively low air
pollution.” Ottawa ranked in third place.
The survey was performed in conjunction with the reputable Mercer Quality of Living
Survey
Australia
The City of Moreland in Melbourne's north, has programs for becoming carbon neutral, one of which
is 'Zero Carbon Moreland', amongst other existing sustainable implementations and proposals.
City of Melbourne. Over the past 10 years, various methods of improving public transport have been
implemented, car free zones and entire streets have also been implemented.
The Sustainable city of Barcelona
Working through the 5-year Sustainability Plan for the City of San Francisco:
1.Air Quality2.Biodiversity3.Energy, Climate Change and Ozone Depletion4.Food and Agriculture5.Hazardous Materials6.Economy and Economic Development7.Environmental Justice 8.Human Health9.Parks, Open Spaces and Streetscapes10.Solid Waste11.Transportation12.Water and Wastewater13.Municipal Expenditures14.Public Information and Education 15.Risk Management (Activities of High Environmental Risk)
URBAN AIR QUALITY
Airborne pollutants can be classified broadly into two categories: primary and secondary.
Primary pollutants are those that are emitted into the atmosphere by sources such as fossil fuel combustion from power plants, vehicle engines and industrial production, by
combustion of biomass for agricultural or land-clearing purposes, and by natural processes such as windblown dust,
volcanic activity and biologic respiration.
Secondary pollutants are formed within the atmosphere when primary pollutants react with sunlight, oxygen, water and other
chemicals present in the air.
http://www.worstpolluted.org/projects_reports/display/64
KUALITAS UDARA KOTA
Outdoor air pollution in the context of public health is characterized by several major airborne pollutants.
Particulate Matter (PM), Tropospheric Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), and Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) are some of the most commonly
monitored pollutants.
Particulate matter in the atmosphere is mainly attributed to the combustion of fossil fuels, especially coal and diesel fuel, and is
composed of tiny particles of solids and liquids including ash, carbon soot, mineral salts and oxides, heavy metals such as lead,
and other organic compounds.
SUMBER: http://www.worstpolluted.org/projects_reports/display/64
Kepadatan lalulintas di jalanan Kota Malang
Emisi kendaraan bermotor menjadi
faktor utama penentu kualitas
udara kota
Foto smno 2011