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Which is More Costly?
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Senior Manager, Industry DevelopmentPUB Singapore
7/29/2019 AWW201: New Water or NEWater: Which is More Costly? by Moh Tiing Liang
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Biodata of Singapore
Small Island State
High populationdensity
5.3M population / 710 km2
land area
High annual rainfall 2400 mm
Average waterdemand
1.73 million m3/d (380 mgd)
100% of population served by potable
water at the tap & 100% modern
Lack of aquifers and groundwater
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Singapore in our early days
Typical Developing Country
“Singapore … at the 170th position among a list of 190countries in termsof freshwater availability.”
-
Population Growth– Population was1.65million in 1960
Rapid Economic Growth – Per capital GDPfrom USD 428 in 1960
Not all homes are sewered (bucket s stem)
Unaccounted for water is high
Our disadvantage is a source of
Common understanding thatwater sustainability is core to our
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future as a nation
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Singapore’s Water Resources
Only conventional sources before 2002
Imported Water
• had 2 agreements with Malaysia
Reservoirs
• • only 1 left, expires in 2061
,protected and unprotected catchments
PunggolPunggolProtectedCatchmentUnprotected Urban
Legend
a c men StormwaterCollectionSystem
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Unprotected WaterCatchment
Protected WaterCatchment
Urbanized WaterCatchment
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Singapore’s Water Resources
NEWater introduced in 2002; Major Paradigm Shift
1974
PUB embarked on theNEWater initiative
Birth of reclaimingused water
treatmenttreatmentof of
used waterused water
More affordable cost of membrane technology
Completion of 1st two
seasea
1974-2002, ~30 years
a era er
collectioncollectionof used waterof used water
in sewersin sewers
supply of water to thepopulation & industries
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7/29/2019 AWW201: New Water or NEWater: Which is More Costly? by Moh Tiing Liang
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Singapore’s Water Resources
A Systems Approach to Water Managementworks with limitations and opportunities of Singapore’s situation – limited land, littleground water, separate rainwater and used water system, abundant rainfall and
abundant seawater
seasearainrainstormwaterstormwater
managementmanagementreclamationreclamation
of used waterof used water
NEWaterNEWaterCollecting everydrop of rainfall
Using every dropmore than once
collectioncollection
of rainfallof rainfall
in drains &in drains &
collectioncollection
of used waterof used water
in sewersin sewers
desalinationdesalination
reservoirsreservoirs treatment oftreatment ofraw to potableraw to potable
water water
water to the water to the
population &population &
industriesindustriesCollecting every
used drop
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7/29/2019 AWW201: New Water or NEWater: Which is More Costly? by Moh Tiing Liang
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NEWater as an integral part of our Supply System
Can meet up to 30% of our water needs todayN
Woodlands
NEWater SR
Kranji
NF
Kranji 17 mgdBedok 18 mgd
TampinesNEWater SR
UluPandanJurong Hill 65 SR
Ulu Pandan
32 m dBedok
NF
Changi NFJIWWJIWW
LEGEND
Pulau
BukomPROPOSED NEWater SERVICE
EXISTING NEWater PIPELINES
PROPOSED NEWater PIPELINES
PROPOSED NIP LINES
Kent RidgeNEWater SR
• Total NEWater network ~ 360 km
Changi 50 mgd
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EXISTING NEWater SERVICE RESERVOIR
EXISTING NEWater FACTORY
INDUSTRIAL WATER PIPELINES
• NEWater Infrastructure Plan (NIP) ~ 87km of transmission pipelines (2200 mm dia)
• Managing NEWater demand as a whole, increasing reliability of supply
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Uses of NEWater
Mostly Direct Non-Potable Use (DNPU)
Non-potable water(primarily NEWater)
• NEWater is safe forhuman consumption but isnot i ed for otable use
Domestic45 Non-domestic
(Residential)
(Commercial &Industries)
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Is NEWater New?
Concept of Water recycling as a source of water is not new
• It has been practised in several parts of the United States as an indirectsource for more than 20 years.
– Orange County, South California (1976)
– Upper Occoquan Sewage Authority, North Virginia (1978)
• Rivers a source of sewage treatment plant effluent and a source of potable water
Rivers
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Merits of NEWater
Building a more Sustainable Water Supply
• Independent of rainfall fluctuations
• Enhances Singapore’s resilience against prolonged periods of droughtand climate change
• Frees up large amount of water for potable use
• Multiplier Effect of Water Recycling
– If 50% of each water drop is recycled, the theoretical limit isdoubling the water supply
• Cheaper than Desalination
But Needs …
• Mindset change – “Used water is a resource”
• Infrastructure in place to collect used wate
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The NEWater Technology
Multiple Barrier Process
MICROFILTRATION
REVERSEOSMOSIS
ULTRAFILTRATION
Semi-permeable
membranes
Hollow fibres TreatedUsed
NEWaterNEWater
PressureWater
Suspended solids and0.0004microns
Water isfurtherdisinfected
Unwanted solidstrapped on the outside
ac era o more an0.2 microns are filteredout. Filtered water isconducted through the
mem ranes
light.
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m e o e o owfibres.
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The NEWater Technology
Sampling and Monitoring Programme (SAMP) & Health Effects Study
• 295 water quality parameters, over and above the 100specified by USEPA and 122 specified by WHO
• urpasses an s an ar s
• Categories of parameters:
– P ysca , Inorganc, Organc etc..
• To date, more than 133,000 tests have been conducted on
• Health Effects Study carried out on mice and fish to test–
effect
•
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and operations
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The NEWater Technology
Comparison of Water Quality
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The NEWater Technology
Comparison of Water Quality
Water Quality ParametersLocal
Reservoir
PUB
TapNEWater USEPA / WHO
Standards
Turbidity [NTU]Total Dissolved Solids [mg/l]
Lead m /l
0.5 - 11117 - 154
< 0.013
< 0.1149.5
0.002
< 0.148.5
< 0.0005 to
5500
0.01
Mercury [mg/l]
Hormones (Synthetic & Natural) [μg/l]
<0.00003
ND
<0.00003
ND
0.002
<0.00003
ND
0.001
Not Specified
PCBs [μg/l]
Dioxin [pg/l]
Total Organic Carbon [mg/l]
ND
ND
2.6 – 6.2
ND
ND
1.9 – 3.5
ND
ND
<0.1
0.5
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Not Specified
Total Coliform [cfu/100 ml]
Enterovirus
3 - 967
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND – Not Detected
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Gaining Public Acceptance
Communicating EffectivelyThe Straits Times, 18 July 2002
• Good Branding– “NEWater”
• Choice of words
– “Used Water” vs “Wastewater”;
– “Water Reclamation” vs “Sewage Treatment”
• Engaging the Media
– Briefings and visits to NEWater demo plant– Media familiarisation trip to USA
– Documentar ‘Thirstin for new sources’ on
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national TV
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Gaining Public Acceptance
Spreading the Message
• Political Leaders Lead by Example
• Endorsement by water experts • Branding and Providing Samples
• Public Education
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So NEWater or New Water?
• Cost-recovery principle
• Started at S$1.30/m3 in 2003
– Includes cost of production + transmission
• Important to consider relative cost, rather than just lookingat a so ute cost
– Vs desalination
– Vs tapping groundwater I M E N
– Vs massive water diversion projects
• The option of PPP S P E
• Looking forward, membranes will become moreadvanced, cost will come down
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7/29/2019 AWW201: New Water or NEWater: Which is More Costly? by Moh Tiing Liang
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Concluding Remarks
Key Takeaways
“… the elixir of life and in thiscase, Singapore’s ownspecial brand: NEWater” –
- ,
Secretary-General
• NEWater as a concept is not new, and can be replicated
•
• NEWater future-proofs Singapore’s water needs
• NEWater’s energy needs are less than that of desalination
•
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Thank You
Bringing the world together to
-
water solutions
Learn more about Water Recycling at SIWW!
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1-5 J une 2014
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Thank you
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