Download - AVL Opacimeter
08.04.2010
AVL Opacimeter 439
2Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
AVL Opacimeter Generations
G001 (1998)G001 (1998) G004 (2003)G004 (2003)
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
3Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
Principle of Opacity Measurement
Full Flow Opacimeter
in - line
end - of - line
filled with dynamic
pressure
filled with pumpQ = const.•
Opacimeter
Opacimeter
Partial Flow Opacimeter
4Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
AVL 439 Measurement Principle
Lamp II00Detector II
T, pT, p
LL
I / I0 = Extinction = Absorption + Scattering
NN = 100 ·(1- e – kk · L)
kk = – · ln(1- )NN
100
1
L
= e – kk · L = (1 – )NN
100
I
I0
I0 ...... Light intensity without smoke
I ....... Light intensity with smoke
N ...... Opacity (%)
k ....... Absorption coefficient (m-1)
L ....... Measuring length (m)
5Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
AVL Opacimeter 439 G004
Partial Flow Opacimeter
� For test cell, chassis dynamometer
and on-board testing
� High sensitivity
� High time response
� Legal test runs according to
ECE-R 24
HD EURO 3/4 ELR test
ISO 8178
SAE J 1667
� Exhaust probe conditioning
6Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
AVL 439 Technical Specification
Measurement value resolution :Measurement value resolution : 0.1% opacity or 0.0025 m0.1% opacity or 0.0025 m--11
ZeroZero--level stability:level stability: 0.1% opacity or 0.0025 m0.1% opacity or 0.0025 m--11 / 30 min/ 30 min
Signal rise time:Signal rise time: 0.1 s (at flow rate 40 0.1 s (at flow rate 40 LpmLpm))
Sampling rate for opacity signal:Sampling rate for opacity signal: 50 Hz50 Hz
Electronic measurement value filterElectronic measurement value filter
Moving averageMoving average 0.02 ... 10 s0.02 ... 10 s
Bessel filter of 2nd orderBessel filter of 2nd order 0.2, 0.35, 0.5, 1.0, 1.077, 1.5, 2 s0.2, 0.35, 0.5, 1.0, 1.077, 1.5, 2 s
1st order low pass1st order low pass 0.02 ... 10 s0.02 ... 10 s
Not filteredNot filtered
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AVL 439 Design Features
� Optical Length 430 mm
→ optimised sensitivity
� Diaphragm Sampling Pump
→ constant flow rate
→ constant filling of the measurement chamber
→ high accuracy
� Sample Conditioning
→ standard temperature 100°C
→ adjustable from 70 ... 120°C
→ signal stability
→ temperature protection
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AVL 439 Measurement Chamber
ProbeProbeININ
ProbeProbeOUTOUT
ProbeProbeOUTOUT
ConditioningConditioning100100°°CC
Thermostatically Thermostatically controlled heatercontrolled heater
Orifice
Heated window
element
Light
detector
Light
source
OrificeFrame
Measurement
chamber
Calibration
cartridgeHeated window
element
9Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
AVL 439 Zero-Level Stability
0
-0.02
-0.01
0.01
0.02
0 300 600
-0.86
-0.43
0
0.43
0.86
sigma = 0.001 m-1
k [
m-1
]
N [
%]
Time (s)
10Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
AVL 439 Signal Rise Time
0
50
100
-50 50 150 250
Sig
na
l –
[%]
Time [ms]
90%
10% T10
T90
100 ms
11Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
AVL 439 for Engine Homologation
according to ECE-R24
physical response time ≤ 0.4 selectrical signal rise time 0.9 ... 1.1 s
electronic filter time 1.1 s
resolution N = 1%, k = 0.02 m-1
according to EURO 3 ELR
physical response time ≤ 0.2 s
electrical signal rise time ≤ 0.05 s
electronic filter time 1 s Bessel filter
resolution N = 1%, k = 0.02 m-1
Time – s
C1 C2 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6Ab
so
rpti
on
co
eff
icie
nt
k –
[m
-1]
∆k
XM
Sp
eed
100 %
cycle 1
EURO 3 ELR Test
cycle 2 cycle 3 cycle 4
selectedpoint
C
B
A
Lo
ad
10 %
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AVL 439 Functional Diagram
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439 Opacimeter High Pressure Option
14Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
AVL 439 for Engine Homologation
Check with Certified Calibration Filters
according to
ECE-R24
� with 50% calibration filter
� limit of agreement is +/- 1%
EURO 3/4 ELR
ISO 8178-9
ISO 11614
SAE J 1667
� with 10%, 20% and 40% filters
� limit of agreement is +/- 2%
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AVL 439 Test Cell Installation
Exhaust line
Tube 10 x 1
Welding piece
200Exhaust
Probe
Backflow
Engine
Silencer
16Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
AVL 439 Dimensions
650 mm
420 m
m
450 mm
Dimensions
650 × 420 × 450 mm (W × H × D)
Weight
approx. 47 kg
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European Load Response (ELR) Test
Sp
eed
100 %
Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3 Cycle 4
Selectedpoint
C
B
A
Lo
ad
10 %
18Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
AVL 439 for ELR Test Application
Time [s]
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
Op
ac
ity
[%]
Sp
ee
d[r
pm
]T
orq
ue
[Nm
]
19Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
AVL 439 for Transient Engine Development
Time [s]
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
Op
ac
ity
[%]
Sp
ee
d [
rpm
]T
orq
ue
[N
m]
0 200016001200800400
20Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
AVL 439 Load Response
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Lo
ad
[Nm
]
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Alp
ha
[%
]
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time [s]
Op
ac
ity
[%]
625 ml/30s594 ml/30s625 ml/30s - 30%Alpha
� Nozzle variation (injection rate/time)
� Heavy-duty 6-cylinder engine, vH=7 l
� n = 1200 rpm
� Limitation of max. opacity N = 30%
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AVL 439 in NEDC Test: Start Phase
Comparison Opacity , Euro-Super, NEDC -7°C
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Time [s]
Opacity after Catalyst - NEDC
Op
acity [%
]
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1,8 l GDI, EURO 22,0 l MPFI, EURO 3Speed
Spe
ed
[km
/h]
Opacity scale 0-100%
22Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
Comparison Opacity , Euro-Super, NEDC -7°C
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Time [s]
Opacity after Catalyst - NEDC
Op
acity [
%]
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1,8 l GDI, EURO 22,0 l MPFI, EURO 3Speed
Sp
ee
d [
km
/h]
AVL 439 in NEDC Test: Running-In Phase
Opacity scale 0-10%
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AVL 439 Data Handling
Opacity raw value
analogue + RS 232
ECE-R24
cycle aid and display
EURO III ELR
cycle pre-programmed
BESSEL filter
SLIDING AVERAGE
24Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
Opacity / Soot / Particulates
FS
N
Op
acit
y
SO42-
C
HC
AshF
ilte
r G
ravim
etr
y
Black CarbonBlack Carbon
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
0 2 4 6 8 10
Carbon particulates [mg/m3]
Op
acit
y [
%]
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
0 2 4 6 8 10
Total particulates [mg/m3]
Op
acit
y [
%]
Opacity can often be correlated to:
but:but:
not tonot to
ParticulatesParticulates
25Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
Opacity vs. Black Soot (FSN)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5
Filter Smoke Number (FSN)
Op
acity
(%)
2.5 l, TDI, CR
2.4 l, IDI
4l, TDI
12 l, TDI, CR
8 l, TDI
4,2 l, DI
26Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
Example of Sensitivity and Zero Stability
0.00
0.05
0.10
0 10 20 30
Time – minutes
FSN = 0.20 0.120.37 0.13
Opacity Values at Low Soot Emission
k (
m)
-1