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BMW Forschung u. Technik GmbH.25th Anniversary of a Think Tank.
Efficient Dynamics.
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Efficient Dynamics.Contents.
Introduction.
Hydrogen engines.
Reformer system.
Fuel cell as Auxiliary Power Unit.
Fuel cell hybrid vehicle.
Hybrid research.
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Efficient Dynamics.Our strategy is sustainable.
Hydrogen
Electricity
Significantly CO2-reduced drivingwith carbon based energy sources
CO2-less drivingwith alternativeenergy sources
Low rollingresistance
Highly efficientcombustion engines
Situative and active energy management
Hints forefficient driving
Use of wasteenergy
Intelligentlightweight
construction
ActiveHybrid
Best of Hybrid
Range ExtenderOptimizedTransmission
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Efficient Dynamics.The Most Important Challenges.
New storage systems for electricity and hydrogen.
Combustion engines and electric motors with highspecific performance and efficiency.
Cost effective hybrid systems.
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Efficient Dynamics.Future hydrogen vehicles aiming at:1 kg H2/100 km.
integratedlight-weight tank
intelligent energymanagement
with asmallfuel cell
highpowerdensity
Monovalent vehicle,function-related Design
Infrastructurecoverage
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Efficient Dynamics.Research in hydrogen engines.
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Efficient Dynamics.Research in hydrogen engines.
Milestones
2005: Sports-car engine with cryogenic mixture formationrecord for naturally aspirated H
2
enginesspecific performance 67 kW / l displacement
2007: Single-cylinder research engine with Otto geometryrecord for turbocharged H2 enginesspecific performance 109 kW / l displacement
2009: Single-cylinder research engine with Diesel geometryrecord for H2 engineseffective efficiency e = 43 %
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Efficient Dynamics.H2 four-cylinder engine with sportive genes.
Two small BMW subsidiariesachieve something great.
BMW Forschung und Technik GmbH:
H2 technology with cryogenic mixture formation
Record for naturally aspirated H2 engines:specific performance 67 kW / l displacement
BMW M GmbH:sports-car engine for high rpm
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Efficient Dynamics.H2 single-cylinder research enginewith Otto geometry.
High Tech for maximum performance.
with high-pressure H2 direct injection
Record for turbocharged H2 engines:specific performance 109 kW / l displacement
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Efficient Dynamics.H2 single-cylinder research enginewith Diesel geometry.
High Tech for maximum efficiency.
with high-pressure H2 direct injectionand a very high compression ratio
Record for H2 engines:effective efficiency e = 43 %
this corresponds with the best conventional Dieselengines even after a very short development time
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Efficient Dynamics.Reformer System.
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Efficient Dynamics.Reformer System. Emission potential.
EU51)- emission resultsfor petrol resp. reformer operation(warmed up).(petrol results = 100 %)
1) EU5- limits:HC= 0,1 g/km;NOx= 0,06 g/km;CO= 1 g/km
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 2 3
Emissionen
[%]
Benzin- Betrieb Reformat- Betrieb: Messung (Potential)
Kohlenwasserstoffe (HC) Stickoxide (NOx) Kohlenmonxid (CO)
-61,0
(-87,0
)%
-51,1
(-78,3
)%
-52,6
(-78,1
)%
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Efficient Dynamics.Reformer System. Functionality.
POX-Reformerfuel + air
( 0,33) Heat
Reformate
Q
H2+ CO + 2 N280 %
20 %
N2
COH2
catalyst
injector
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Efficient Dynamics.Reformer-System. Functionality.
Air
FuelAir
Fuel
Reformate
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Efficient Dynamics.Fuel cell as Auxiliary Power Unit.
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Efficient Dynamics.Fuel cell as Auxiliary Power Unit.
Quick Refueling
Gasoline,Diesel, H2
ElectricPower
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Efficient Dynamics.Fuel cell as Auxiliary Power Unit.
5 kW High Efficiency
Office
Air Condition
CityCruising
Mobile Powerplant
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Efficient Dynamics.Fuel cell as Auxiliary Power Unit.
Car IntegrationFirst fuel cell
1997 2000 2003 2006 2009
System package
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Efficient Dynamics.Fuel cell as Auxiliary Power Unit.
High EfficiencyUltra low Pressure PEM System(no supercharger)
Extended liftime5000h (vehicle lifetime)succesfully confirmed
Reduced System complexity
Internal humidificationLower costs
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Wirkungsgrad
Leistung [kW]
LebensdauerbeginnG EN IV
LebensdauerbeginnG EN III
FC Stack
Air Hydrogen
RecirculationPump
0 5 00 1 00 0 1 50 0 2 00 0 2 50 0 3 00 0 3 50 0 4 00 0 4 50 0 5 00 0 5 50 0
Zykluszeit[h]
SpannungStack[V]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
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Cooling by Evaporation
Advanced water management
Natural Water Drainage(supported by gravity)
Reduced startup and shutdown time
Efficient Dynamics.Fuel cell as Auxiliary Power Unit.
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Freeze Capability Validated200 Starts without degradation
Result Summary Freeze Test
Efficient Dynamics.Fuel cell as Auxiliary Power Unit.
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Efficient Dynamics.Fuel cell hybrid vehicle.
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Efficient Dynamics.Fuel cell hybrid vehicle.
50 km
zero emissionarea
Driving without limitsin performance, range,availability and usable space
Interurban driving withcombustion engine
Electric driving in theinner city with a fuel cell
Accelerationwith both engines
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Efficient Dynamics.Fuel cell hybrid vehicle.1. step in a BMW 1 series.
standard hydrogencylinders
electric backupstorage:supercaps
electro-engine82 kW
PEM fuel cell 5 kW
voltage transformer
combustion engine
ff
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Efficient Dynamics.Propulsion concepts. Effort-range ratio.
Storagecosts/volume/
weight
Range
Battery-electricvehicle
small fuel cell+ small e-storage+ EM + VM
Effi i D i
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Efficient Dynamics.Hybrid research.
Effi i D i
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Efficient Dynamics.Evolution of Electric Powertrain.
1994
518i Parallel Hybridwith NiMH battery
1995
316i Serial Hybridwith NaNiCl battery
2003
X5 Activetransmissionwith supercaps
2005
X3 Full Hybrid withactive transmission,battery andsupercaps
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Hybrid
Electro
1972
BMW 1602with lead batteries
1987
BMW 325with NaS battery
1992
BMW 325with NaNiCl battery
1993
BMW E1with NaS battery
Effi i t D i
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Efficient Dynamics.BMW 5 Series 3rd generation parallel hybrid(1994).
Combined Driving with internal combustion engine / electric motor
A B
C
D
E F
A = Internal combustion engine
B = ClutchC = Electric motor
D = Transmission
E = Power electronics
F = Battery
Basic vehicle: BMW 518i
4-cyl. -1.8l petrol engine, 83 kWAsynchronous electric motor,
18 kW, peak 26 kW/165 Nm
NiMH battery 3,5 kWh
Electric range 11 km
Effi i t D i
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Efficient Dynamics.BMW 3 Series 3rd generation series hybrid(1995).
5 kW permanent charge output is adequate for city driving
AB
C
D
E E
A = Internal combustion engine
B = GeneratorC = Electric motor
D = Battery
E = Power electronics
Basic vehicle: BMW 316i
4-cyl. -1.6l petrol engine, 40 kWPermanent magnet synchronous motor,
31 kW continuous output, max. 35 kW
NaNiCl battery, electric range 38 km
Effi i t D i
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Efficient Dynamics.Evolution hybrid drive, system development.
Parallel Hybrid: optimum balance between cost and benefit
Serial Hybrid Parallel HybridTorque-split Hybrid
Effi i t D i
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Efficient Dynamics.Evolution of hybrid drive, componentdevelopment.
Minimisation of space requirements by integration of electric motor intransmission
No hydrodynamicConverter
Electric motorin transmission
Effi i t D i
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Efficient Dynamics.Evolution of hybrid drive, system architecture.
E-engine
Oil pump
Internal combustion engineClutch 1 Clutch 2
Automatic transmission
Effi i t D i
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Efficient Dynamics.Evolution of hybrid drive, electric storage.
Supercap
high powerdensity
high durability
very fast charge
and dischargecycles possible
Efficient Dynamics
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Efficient Dynamics.BMW X5 Power Assist ( 2003).
Improved driving pleasure
A = Internal combustion engine
B = Power inverter
C = Electric engineD = Transmission
E = Drive management
F = Super Caps
Basic vehicle: BMW X5
8-cyl. 4.4l petrol engine, 210 kW
5-speed automatic transmission without converter
Asynchronous electric motor 14 kW continuous outputmax. 70 kW/660 Nm (electric), > 1000 Nm combined
Super Cap energy storage 650 kWs
Efficient Dynamics
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Premises
Integration as add-on solution
No additional package space requiered
Low cost of Hybrid system by Design toRequirement and optimized packageintegration
Efficient Dynamics.BMW Concept X3 EfficientDynamics (2005).
Super Caps
Battery
Activetransmission
Efficient Dynamics
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Efficient Dynamics.BMW Concept X3 EfficientDynamics (2005).
DCDC
Power inverter
Electric motor
Electric motor, clutches, powerinverter and DC/DC converterintegrated in the transmission
Active transmission
Efficient Dynamics
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Efficient Dynamics.Thank you for your attention.