‘TheLungsofLeeds’TheContestedHistoryofWoodhouseMoorDAVIDCHURCHILL , SCHOOLOFLAW,UNIVERSITYOFLEEDS
AHRCgrantreferenceAH/N001788/1
Aims1. TooutlinetheoriginsofWoodhouseMoorasapublicpark
2. ToilluminatethedifferentvisionsforwhatkindofparktheMoorshouldbe
3. ToexploresomeofthevarieduseswhichpeoplehavemadeoftheMoor
TheFirstPublicParkinLeedsTHEORIGINSOFWOODHOUSEMOOR
‘Leeds’byJ.Bartholomew,publishedbyA.Fullarton&Co.inTheImperialGazetteerofEngland&Wales,1866.
OrdnanceSurvey(countyseries)mapofLeeds,1851
WoodhouseMoorbythe1850sAcustomaryspace:• Rightofpublicaccesssince‘timeimmemorial’• Presenceofcommonrights(grazingcows,donkeys,etc.)• Seeminglylaxmanorialcontrol
RightofPublicAccessFromtimeimmemorialtheinhabitantsofLeedshaveavailedthemselvesofaprivilegewhichtheydeemedincontestable– theyhavesaunteredandloungeduponWoodhouseMoor…Itiswithgreatregret,therefore,thatwehaveobservedadesireonthepartofthelordsofthemanortoencroachuponthetraditionalprivilegesofthepeopleofLeeds,byaproposedinclosure [sic]ofpartoftheMoor.They,ofcourse,foundtheirdemandorpretensionuponsomerightsrealorsupposed.(LeedsTimes,28October1854,p.5.)
TheMoorunderThreat• Longrecordof‘encroachment’upontheMoor(piecemeal)• ProposaltousepartoftheMoorasbaseforamilitiacamp(1854)createsurgentsensethattheMoorisunderthreatasanopenspace
Encroachment&PreservationEveryattempttoencroachupontheMoorhasbeenopposed,andtherightsoftheburgessestotheunrestricteduseoftheMoorhavebeenguardedwithjealouscare.(LeedsMercury,23June1855,p.5.)AnyencampmentoftheMilitary,howeverlimitedinnumber,establishedonWoodhouseMoor,wouldinterferewiththeenjoymentsandpublicrightsoftheInhabitantsoftheBorough.(Council,WoodhouseMoorSub-Committee,25June1855.)
TheAcquisitionProcess• 1854 Militiaencampmentfirstmooted
FirstpublicmeetingtocallforbringingtheMoorintoCouncilownership
• 1855 CouncilresolvetopurchasetheMoor
• 1857 PurchaseagreedbetweenCouncilandLordsoftheManor
WhatKindofPark?COMPETINGVISIONSOFWHATWOODHOUSEMOORSHOULDBEANDBECOME
A NewKindofPark• BesideswishtopreserveWoodhouseMoor,prominentcouncillorsandpublicfigureswantedtoimprovetheconditionoftheparktomakeitintoanimprovingspace• Victoriannotionofimprovementverybroad– referredtophysicalconditionofcities(sanitation,streetlighting,roadwidening,airpollution,slumclearance),butalsotosocial,politicalandmoralbetterment(educationalstandards,crimerates,publichealth,religiousattendance,respectabilityofpopularrecreations,etc.)
• AimtomakeWoodhouseMooranimprovingspace– particularly:1. Publichealth– providing‘ventilation’forthecity(linkwithmiasmictheoryof
disease)2. Socialmixing– encouragingmutualassociationofrichandpoor(linkwithconcern
regardingsocialsegregation– Disraeli’s‘TwoNations’)
Health&SocialMixingWeallofusrequirenowandthen,afterconfinementtoourdesksandfactories,aplacewithineasydistance,whichwecanreachwithoutexpense,wherewemaywalkorrun,orplayatcricket,andclearourbrainsandinvigorateourbodiesbywholesomeexerciseinthefreshair…NotonlyistheMoorusefulasaplayground,italsoactsasaventilatorofthetown,andshoulditbecoveredwithbuildings,itwouldbeentirelylostforthispurpose.(LeedsMercury,18August1855,p.4.)
Ourartizans [sic],ouroperatives,andthemembersofthegreattoilinghiveofLeeds…[wouldenjoy]thepleasureofassociatingwiththoseotherclassesofsocietywithwhichtheyonlyoccasionallycomeincontact.(LeedsTimes,7June1856,p.6.)
Bythisintercommunionandinterminglingofclasses,muchmutualbenefitandadvantagetoallpartieswillbeattained;therichandtheverypoorwillbegintounderstandeachother,andagreatstrideinthepoliticalcivilisationwillbetheresult.(LeedsTimes, 14June1856,p.2.)
ImprovingthePark•ManycouncillorsandotherpublicfiguresconcernedaboutpoorqualityoftheMoor:• Persistenceof‘encroachments’(commoners,donkeys,rubbish,etc.)•Wetandmuddyground
• Proposedimprovementsincluded:• Drainingtheland• Layingoutpaths• Plantingtreesandflowers• Erectingagymnasiumforsportingactivities
Resistance:AlternativeAttachmentstoWoodhouseMoor•However,therewasresistancetotheideathattheMoorshouldbeanimprovedandimprovingspace,asconcernswereexpressedabouthowtheseaspirationswouldrestrictusesandenjoymentoftheMoor• Concernparticularlywithregulationneededto‘improve’theMoor:1. Restrictingfreedomofuseandenjoyment,perhapsespeciallyforchildren2. Restrictingcertainactivities(e.g.sportsandgames)toparticularpartsofthe
Moor3. Prohibitingcertainactivitiesaltogether
• DesiresimplytopreservetheMoor,initstraditionalcondition,andtoregulateitaslittleaspossible
ThePeople’sPlayground(1)[IftheMoorwerepartitioned]Insteadofthepresentfreedomwhichmaybeenjoyedhere,apolicemanorapark-keepermustmeetoneateveryturn,tosayYoumustnotgohere,orYoumustnotgothere;Youmustnotdothis,orYoumustnotdothat;andtoenforcesuchrulesasmaybedeemedbytheauthoritiesandcuratorsnecessarytopreservethearrangementsandtoprotectthevariousprettinesses fromthoughtlessoraccidentalinjury.PerhapsnoticeswouldappearinconspicuouslettersatthegatesoftheElysium[Greekmyth– aperfectrestingplaceforfallenheroes]warningpeopleintheirworkingattirethatthebeautyoftheplacewasnottobemarredbythepresenceofuntidycostumes;andeverysagaciouspoodle,spaniel,orterriermayrunthatreadsthesternprohibition“NoDogsAdmitted.”(LeedsIntelligencer,13June1857,p.5.)
ThePeople’sPlayground(2)Wedon’twantanyRoundhayParkonWoodhouseMoor:wewantaclearandopenspacewhereourchildrencandanceandgambol,andjumpandplaytotheirhearts’content.Ifyoumakeitintoarecreationground,weshallhavetokeepatightholdoftheirhands,ortheywillbetreadingontheborders,ortouchingaflower,orgettingintosomescrapeorother,thesameastheydowhenwetakethemtoRoundhayPark…allthatit[theMoor]wantsislettingalone.(LeedsMercury,20April1877,p.6.)
OrdnanceSurvey(countyseries)mapofLeeds,1893
TheAvenue,WoodhouseMoor,c.1916.Artemis,Artforms,www.leodis.net
ChangingUsesoftheMoor
PublicLife&CivicCeremony• Electionnominations•Militarydrill,inspectionandparade• Publicvisits(e.g.QueenVictoria’svisitin1858)• Politicalmeetings,demonstrationsandindustrialdisputes
Sport&Games• Cricketveryprominent–withtimecameseparatecricketground)• ‘Knor andspell’–Yorkshirebatandballgame– highlycontentiousby1850s– restrictedtonorthsideoftheMoorby1859,andprohibitedby1870• Variousotherrecreations:runningraces,pigeonshooting
OtherUses•Walking,promenading,picknicking,etc.
• RestrictionsonwalkingintroducedasMoorwasimproved:nowalkingoverflowerbeds,borders,shrubberies,etc.,or‘uponanypartofany RecreationGroundwhereanoticeisplacedrequestingpersonsnottowalkuponsuchpartorforbiddingitsuse.’(Leedsbye-laws,parksandrecreationgrounds,1882)
•Music– theSundayconcertsofthe1850sonwards– highlycontentiousatfirstduetoSabbatarianconcerns,yetbecomingincreasinglyconsensualovertime
• Fairs– the‘WoodhouseFeast’,stillrunninginlivingmemory
• Allotments– firstestablishedin1917,andalwaysmeanttobetemporary,butstillpresent– strongargumentsovertheyearsthattheseimpingeduponpeople’sabilitytoenjoytheMoorasagreenspace
‘Children’sCorner’atWoodhouseMoor,1906:http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/leeds/hi/people_and_places/nature/newsid_8473000/8473379.stm
WoodhouseFeast,1955.LeedsLibrary&InformationServices,www.leodis.net
Discussion
Past,PresentandFutureWhatdoyoumakeofthishistoryoftheMoor?
Anysurprises?
Howmightitinformhowyouthinkaboutittodayandintothefuture?
SuggestionsforfurtherReadingOnVictoriancitiesandsociety:• Briggs,A.1968.Victoriancities.London:Penguin.• Hunt,T.2004.BuildingJerusalem:TheRiseandFalloftheVictorianCity.London:Weidenfeld &Nicholson.• Thompson,F.M.L.1988.TheRiseofRespectableSociety:ASocialHistoryofVictorianBritain,1830-1900.London:Fontana.
Onpublicparks:• Conway,H.1991.People’sParks:TheDesignandDevelopmentofVictorianParksinBritain.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.
Anyquestions?• Furtherinformationaboutourproject:https://leedsparksproject.wordpress.com/•Me:[email protected]