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ASTROPHYSICS
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Physical properties of star
1.SIZE
spherical
depends on mass, temperature, gravity & age
Range- 0.2R to 220 R,
R- solar radius = 6.96 x 108m
[ calculated using stefan’s law]
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Physical properties of star
2. MASS:
Range- 0.1 M to 50 M
M – solar mass =1.99 x 1039
[ Keppler’s iii law]
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Physical properties of star
3. BRIGHTNESS / LUMINOSITY :
• magnitude – measure of brightness when observed from earth
• Faintest star observed in night sky – 6th
• Brightest star observed in night sky – 1st
1st magnitude star is100 times brighter than 6th
magnitude
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L2/L1= 2.512 m2 –m
Stars having negative magnitude are brighter than 0 magnitude stars
Magnitude of sun = -26.8
Absolute brightness of a star are defined by by placing all stars at a distance of 10 parsec
1 parsec = 3.260ly
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Physical properties of star
4. TEMPERATURE :
• Surface temperature varies 3,000K to 30,000 K
• Temperature is measured using spectral type
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MASS –LUMINOSITY RELATION
• L α M3.9
As mass increases luminosity increases
a graph of log M v/s log L is a straight line
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Spectral Classes
Class colour temperature
O Blue white 30,000
B Light Blue 20,000K
A White 10,000K
F Light yellow 7,000K
G Yellow 6,000K
K Orange 4,000K
M Red 3,000K
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Absolute Luminosity of star V/S temperature graph of a star is called HR diagram
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Features
• Most of the stars are concentrated in narrow band- called main sequence stars.
• As one moves from O to M type stars mass, temperature and luminosity of the stars decrease in main sequence.
• Stars spend most of their life span in regions e.g main sequence, giants, white dwarfs.
• Super giants are thinly populated occupy the top.• White dwarfs lay left of the main sequence.
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TIME OF STAY IN THE MAIN SEQUENCE
• More the mass, less is the time of stay
Ex: sun life – about 10 billion years
½ the mass--- 200 billion years
3 times the mass--- 500 Million years
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Internal Temperature and Pressure of a Star
• Pressure and the temperature are maximum at the stellar core and decrease towards the surface of the star.
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Photon diffusion Time
• Time taken by a photon to defuse from the center of the star to its surface.- In a star energy generated at the core.- Energy spread in the form of photons - While moving towards the surface it faces a large number of frequent collision
- Energy and direction of travel of the photon changes.
• In case of sun T=30,000 years
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Stellar Evolution
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1. Proto star
• Large cloud of interstellar dust and gases mostly hydrogen compressed due to gravitational force.
• High pressure and temperature are produced.
• Nuclear fusion of hydrogen starts.
• Gravitational contraction is balanced by outward pressure.
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Helium Star
• As hydrogen fuel is exhausted, energy generation decreases
• - star begins to contract.
• Temperature increases and star becomes very hot.
• Helium atoms begins to fuse to form carbon.
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Red giant
• Fusion of helium continues at the centre.
• Heat generated at the core expands the outer layer enormously ( 10 to 20 times the size of the sun )
• This cools the outer layer.
• So star appears reddish and dim.
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White dwarf
• After spending millions of years in red giant stage carbon fuses.
• Radiation oozes the outer layer of the star.
• As a result generation of energy further decreases, star collapses further.
• Star sinks and acquire high density and high temperature.
• This is the end stage of the star.l
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Chandrashekhar limit
• If mass of the star at birth < 1.4Mo star ends with white dwarf stage.
• If mass of the star at the time of its birth > 1.4 Mo the core of the star collapses further, temperature and pressure increases enormously results in explosion called supernova.
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• Debris of supernova has high temperature and pressure that electrons and protons fused into neutron called neutron star.
• If the mass of the neutron star > 5Mo it further collapses under its own gravity.
• Any radiation entering this mass can not come out. Which sucks everything like a hole- black hole.
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