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Asthma
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Asthma - Characteristics
• Disease of the respiratory system
• Due to:– spasm of bronchial smooth muscles,
inflammation of bronchial wall, increase mucous secretion
– Stimuli - allergies, colds, viral infections, smoking, psych. stress, exercise
• Is not a progressive disease
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Signs & Symptoms of Asthma Attack• tight chest
• wheezing
• coughing
• rapid, shallow breathing
• anxiety
• tachycardia
• pale color
• lack of endurance
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Exercise Induced Asthma
• Onset of S/S w/in 30 min. post exercise
• Prevention of symptoms– know environmental conditions– warm-up gradually & cool down– use a bronchodilator
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Treatment for Asthma Attack
• Calm the patient
• Controlled breathing
• Drink water
• Medications– Bronchodilators– Corticosteroids– Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists
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Medications - Bronchodilators
• Stimulate Beta2 receptors - causes dilation of bronchials
• Decrease smooth muscle spasm
• For an acute asthma attack
**Long term / excessive use causes hyper responsiveness
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Bronchodilators - Examples• Administration - Inhalation• (Albuterol) Proventil• (Piributerol) MaxAir• (Salmeterol) Serevent• (Epinephrine) Primatene Mist• (Theophylline) TheoDur, SlowBid
– decrease release of prostaglandins
• Side effects - nausea, mental confusion, irritability, restlessness
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Medications - Corticosteroids
• Use prophylactically before asthma attack to decrease release of prostaglandins, decrease responsiveness of smooth muscles in airways
• Has no effect on an acute attack
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Corticosteroids - Examples
• Administration - Inhalation, Ingestion
• (Dexamethasone) Decadron
• (Cromolyn) Intal, NasalCrom
• Azmacort
• Tilade
• Vanceril
• Flonase – allergy corticosteroid
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Medications - Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists • Prevents spasm and swelling within the
bronchial smooth muscles– Leukotrienes cause constriction of airways &
promote mucous secretions
• Examples
– Singulair
– Accolate
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Proper use of an inhaler
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Diabetes
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What is diabetes?
• A disease which involves the production or function of insulin
• Normal blood sugar level = 80-90mg/100 ml blood
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Diabetes - Types
• Type II, Non-Insulin Dependent, Adult Onset• 90% of all cases• Predisposing factor – obesity, heredity• Pancreas still produces insulin• Symptoms usually controlled by diet & exercise• Oral Antidiabetic Drugs - stimulates pancreas to
produce insulin– Amaryl Glimepiride
– Glucophage
– Avandia
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Diabetes - Types
• Type I, Insulin Dependent, Juvenile Onset • Onset before age 30• Pancreas does not produce insulin
• Must take insulin - type & dosage determined by severity & Dr.
• Administration– Injection– Implant pumps
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Effects of exercise on diabetes
• Decreases need for insulin
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Associated Conditions
• Diabetic Coma – blood sugar elevated– develops over days– S/S - thirst, difficulty breathing, nausea,
vomiting, mental confusion, loss of consciousness
Ketoacidosis– Rx. - call 911, insulin
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Associated Conditions
• Insulin Shock (Hypoglycemia)– blood sugar level too low– develops rapidly– S/S - physical weakness, moist pale skin,
headache, tachycardia, fatigue, hunger, anxiety– Rx. - eat sugar, candy, fruit juice, crackers,– Prevention - eat before practice