INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volume 5, No 4, 2015
© Copyright by the authors - Licensee IPA- Under Creative Commons license 3.0
Research article ISSN 0976 – 4402
Received on November 2014 Published on January 2014 802
Assessment of groundwater quality in relation to agricultural purposes in
parts of Ludhiana District, Punjab, India Sharda Shakha1, Brar,K, Karanjot2, Kaur Gurmeet3, Madhuri, Rishi S4.
1- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University. Chandigarh, 160014
2-Department of Geography, Panjab University. Chandigarh, 160014
3-Department of Geology, Panjab University. Chandigarh, 160014
4-Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University. Chandigarh, 160014
doi: 10.6088/ijes.2014050100075
ABSTRACT
Ludhiana district is the metropolitan state of Punjab, located on the National Highway 1 is the
most vibrant and business centre. The present investigation is to examine the suitability of
groundwater quality for drinking purpose and factor prevailing hydrochemistry by collecting
44 groundwater samples during pre and post monsoon. The physical and chemical analyses
result shows the parameters like EC is above the permissible limit in some places as per BIS.
At some locations the concentration of EC, TDS, Ca2+, Mg2+, F- and NO32- exceeded the
desirable limits of BIS which gives us cautions. Based on the Soltan’s Classification, the
groundwater sample are categorized normal chloride, normal sulfate and normal bicarbonate
water type. Base-exchange indices and meteoric genesis indices indicates majority of samples
belongs to Na+- HCO3- and shallow water percolating types.. According to Gibb’s ratio,
majority of the water samples fall in the evaporation dominance field for both season.
Key words: Soltan’s classification, base-exchange indices, Gibb’s ratio.
1. Introduction
Water is essential to all forms of life. It is a fundamental force in ecological life-support
systems on which sustainable, social and economic development depends. Groundwater is
about 20% of the world resource of fresh water and widely used by industries, irrigation and
for domestic purposes (Usha et al., 2011). The quality of groundwater depends upon overall
proportional amount of different chemical constituents present in groundwater (Ghosh. N,
2011). The development of industry and agriculture created a number of environmental
problems including air and water pollution with their serious effects on human health
(Appelo and Postma, 1993) and (Patrik.L, 2003). The Green Revolution technology in the
field of agriculture had put a great pressure on ecological balance, resulting in the fall of
ground water table, soil resources deterioration and environmental pollution from farm
chemicals. This imbalance results in global warming and ozone depletion through agricultural
practices and also poisoned the environment. Overexploitation of water resources resulted in
a speedy decline in groundwater table. Moreover, the decline in groundwater table over the
decades results in continuous reduced annual recharge, influencing the redox chemistry of the
aquifers and soil-water interfaces, causing mobilization of several chemical constituent in the
aquifer matrices. The composition of groundwater in a region can be changed through the
operation of the processes such as evaporation and transpiration, wet and dry depositions of
atmospheric salts, selective uptake by vegetation, oxidation/reduction, cation exchange,
dissociation of minerals (soil/rock–water interactions), precipitation of secondary minerals,
Assessment of groundwater quality in relation to agricultural purposes in parts of Ludhiana District, Punjab,
India
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mixing of waters, leaching of fertilizers and manure, pollution of lake/sea, and biological
process (Appelo and Postma, 1993). The present communication is focused on the study of
temporal changes in the groundwater quality to assess the intensity of pollution activity and
to describe the hydrochemistry and suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes as well
as for the agricultural purposes.
2. Study area
The Ludhiana district is bounded between north latitude 30031’ and 30001’ and east
longitude 75028’ and 76020’. It is situated in central part of Punjab. The district s spread over
3790 sq kms. Administratively, the district has four sub-divisions and eleven developmental
blocks. The climate is tropical steppe, hot and semi-arid. The normal annual rainfall is
680mm. The map showing developmental blocks is shown in figure1.
Geomorphology and Soil type
The district area is occupied by Indo-Gangetic alluvium. Mostly the area is plain and major
drains are Sutlej and its tributaries and Budha nala. In the district soil characteristics are
influenced by the topography, vegetation and parent rock. The variations in soil profile
characteristics are much more pronounced because of the regional climatic differences. The
soil of this zone has developed under semi-arid condition. The soil is sandy loam to clayey
with normal reaction (pH from 7.8 to 8.5) (Wang et al., 2010).
3. Hydrogeology
In general the groundwater of the district is fresh except in and around Ludhiana city where
the ground water is polluted due to industrial effluents. The area is revealed by drilling data
carried out down to 408 m by Central Ground Water Board and State Government. The
lithological data of these boreholes indicate the presence of many sand beds forming the
principal aquifers separated by clay beds at various depths. The data indicates about 5
prominent sand horizons down to 400 m depth separated by thick clay horizons. The first
aquifer generally occurs between 10 and 30m. The second is between 50 and 120m. Third
between 150-175m. For the forth between 200-250m and the fifth between 300-400m. The
sand content in the aquifer in the district varies from 50 to 80%. Clay beds though thick at
places occur mostly as lens and pinches out laterally. The granular material becomes coarser
with depth. The aquifer at deeper levels acts as semi-confined to confined.
The depth to water level in the area is range between 9-26 m bgl. In the north eastern part
Machhiwara block area its ranges between 5-10 m bgl and 10- 20 m in north central part of
the district in Ludhiana city and Bhaini rain. In rest of the area of the district it ranges
between 20-30 meters. During the pre-monsoon period depth to water level varies between
9.24 to 25.48 m bgl and in post monsoon it ranges between 5.09-33.62 m bgl (Tiwana et al.,
2003).
Ground water development in the district has taken place through private and public agencies
for both irrigation and drinking purposes. The water supply to the district is mainly based on
ground water through tube wells. The water supply to the villagers is met out with the
installation of hand pumps as spot and convenient source of water. The canal irrigation
covers a very sound area of 90 sq. km out of 3060 sq. km area of total irrigated area. The
remaining area is irrigated by ground water. The shallow tube wells in the district ranges
Assessment of groundwater quality in relation to agricultural purposes in parts of Ludhiana District, Punjab,
India
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from 25-90 m deep (Wang et al., 2010). The locations of various ground water sampling
points in Ludhiana District is shown in figure 2.
Figure1: Map showing different developmental blocks of Ludhiana District, Punjab, India
Figure 2: Location map of various groundwater sampling points in Ludhiana District,
Punjab, India.
Assessment of groundwater quality in relation to agricultural purposes in parts of Ludhiana District, Punjab,
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3.1 Materials and methods
Groundwater samples were collected during May 2013 and October 2013 and were analyzed
in laboratory. The water sampling has been carried out following the standard procedures.
Good qualities, air tight plastic bottles with cover lock were used for sample collection and
safe transfer to the laboratory for analysis. Analysis were done for pH and EC and the major
ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-, Cl-, HCO32-, CO32- and NO32-) using standard
method (APHA, 2002). Temperature, pH, EC were determined at the time of sampling in the
site. The determinations of immediate parameters were made within 2 days after sampling.
Ca2+, Mg2+, CO32- and HCO32- were analyzed by titration. Na+ and K+ were measured by
flame photometry and NO32- and SO42- by U.V Spectrophotometer. HCO32- and Ca2+were
analyzed within 24 hour of sampling.
4. Results and discussion
44 groundwater samples were collected from the study area for physico-chemical analysis
and their results have been presented in table 1. The brief details of quality parameters are as
under:
Table1: The table showing various groundwater parameters during pre and post monsoon.
S.No. Parameters
Maximum
Permissible
limit for
Drinking
Water
Desirable
Limit for
Drinking
Water
No. of
Ground
water
samples
analyzed
No. of
samples
above
Permissible
Limit
No. of
samples
above
Desirable
limit
1 EC 0-
2000µS/cm 750µS/cm 44 4 40
2 TDS 2000mg/l 500mg/l 44 Nil 44
3 pH No
Relaxation 6.5 -8.5 44 Nil Nil
4 Ca 200mg/l 75mg/l 44 Nil 21
5 Mg 100 mg/l 30 mg/l 44 Nil 12
6 Na
No Guidelines
44 Nil Nil
7 K 44 Nil Nil
8 Cl 1000mg/l 250mg/l 44 Nil Nil
Assessment of groundwater quality in relation to agricultural purposes in parts of Ludhiana District, Punjab,
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806
9 F 1.5 1 44 Nil 07
10 SO4 400 200 44 Nil Nil
11 NO3
No
relaxation 45mg/l 44 Nil 22
Figure: 3 Pie Chart showing parameters above BIS Desirable Limit
4.1 Classification of groundwater samples
The ionic dominance pattern is in the order of Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ > Na+ among cations and
NO3- > HCO3--> F- > PO43-- among anions in both pre monsoon and post monsoon. Based
on Cl-, SO32- and HCO3- concentration (Soltan, 1998), water samples are classified as normal
chloride (<15 meq/l), normal sulphate (<6 meq/l) and normal bicarbonate (2-7 meq/l). Based on
the Soltan’s classification, all the groundwater samples both pre and post monsoon are of
normal chloride type followed by normal sulfate and normal bicarbonate type which are given
in table 2.
4.2 Base–exchange indices (r1)
Matthess (1982) classified the properties of groundwater based on the predominant of chemical
constituent of Na+- SO42- and Na+- HCO3- type. The base-exchange indices were estimated
using the following equation:
r1 = (Na+ - Cl-) / SO42-
Where r1 is the Base-exchange index and Na+, Cl- and SO42- concentrations are expressed in
meq/l. If r1 < 1, the groundwater sources are of Na+- SO42- type, while r1 > 1 indicates the
sources are of Na+- HCO3- type. According to the Base-exchange indices (r1) all the
groundwater samples are classified as Na+- HCO3- type during pre and post monsoon.
Assessment of groundwater quality in relation to agricultural purposes in parts of Ludhiana District, Punjab,
India
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4.3 Meteoric genesis indices (r2)
The groundwater sources can also be classified based on meteoric genesis index into two types
and can be evaluated using following equation (Soltan, 1998):
r2= [(Na++ K+) - Cl-/ SO42-]
Where r2 is the Meteoric genesis index and the concentrations of Na+, K+, Cl- and SO42- are
expressed in meq/l. If r2 < 1 the groundwater source is of deep meteoric water percolation type
while r2 > 2 characterized by surface or shallow meteoric water percolation type. Based on r2
values, all the groundwater sources in the study area are of shallow meteoric water percolating
type .Moreover all Na+- HCO3- are surface or shallow meteoric genesis water in nature.
According to the meteoric genesis indices, the groundwater sources belong to shallow meteoric
water percolating type during pre-monsoon and post monsoon as shown in table 2(a) and (b).
4.4 Mechanism controlling groundwater chemistry
Gibbs (1970) proposed a diagram to understand the relationship of chemical component of
water from their respective aquifer dispositions. Ramesam and Barua (1973) have carried out
similar research work in the northwestern regions of India. Based on Gibbs diagram, there are
three major mechanisms that regulate the chemistry of the groundwater: 1) Evaporation
Dominance, 2) Precipitation Dominance and 3) Rock Dominance. Gibbs ratio is calculated by
following formulae given below.
Gibbs Ratio I Cation = [(Na+ + K+) / (Na+ + K+ + Ca2+)]
Gibbs Ratio II Anion = [Cl- / (Cl- + HCO3-)]
Where all the ion concentrations are expressed in meq/l. In the present study, Gibbs ratios of
the water samples are plotted against their respective total dissolved solids to assess the
functional sources of dissolved chemical constituent whether the mechanism of controlling
groundwater chemistry is due to rock dominance or evaporation dominance or precipitation
dominance. It is observed that the density of distribution of majority of samples are confined to
rock dominance category indicating that the chemical weathering of the rock forming minerals
are the main processes which contribute the ions in the water.
Table 2(a): Classification of groundwater according to different criteria during pre-monsoon
Sample
no.
Cl
meq/l Class
HCO
Meq/l Class SO Class
Base
Excahnge
(r1)
Meteriotic
genesis
(r2)
1 0.56 Normal 1.80 Normal 0.28 Normal Na+-
HCO3-
Shallow
Meteoric
2 0.39 Normal 1.69 Normal 0.21 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
3 0.36 Normal 1.77 Normal 0.27 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
4 0.42 Normal 1.78 Normal 0.27 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
5 0.42 Normal 1.77 Normal 0.19 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
6 0.37 Normal 1.69 Normal 0.21 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
Assessment of groundwater quality in relation to agricultural purposes in parts of Ludhiana District, Punjab,
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7 0.39 Normal 1.72 Normal 0.25 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
8 0.39 Normal 1.79 Normal 0.21 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
9 0.39 Normal 1.69 Normal 0.20 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
10 0.40 Normal 1.72 Normal 0.19 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
11 0.39 Normal 1.69 Normal 0.19 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
12 0.39 Normal 1.72 Normal 0.18 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
13 0.39 Normal 1.69 Normal 0.19 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
14 0.36 Normal 1.67 Normal 0.18 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
15 0.36 Normal 1.68 Normal 0.17 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
16 0.29 Normal 1.72 Normal 0.28 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
17 0.32 Normal 1.75 Normal 0.21 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
18 0.28 Normal 1.69 Normal 0.23 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
19 0.31 Normal 1.72 Normal 0.26 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
20 0.27 Normal 1.69 Normal 0.17 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
21 0.23 Normal 1.69 Normal 0.16 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
22 0.28 Normal 1.72 Normal 0.15 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
23 0.26 Normal 1.70 Normal 0.13 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
24 0.20 Normal 1.68 Normal 0.17 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
25 0.19 Normal 1.67 Normal 0.17 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
26 0.20 Normal 1.68 Normal 0.10 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
27 0.23 Normal 1.72 Normal 0.13 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
28 0.25 Normal 1.68 Normal 0.15 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
29 0.20 Normal 1.75 Normal 0.12 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
30 0.19 Normal 1.68 Normal 0.11 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
31 0.20 Normal 1.72 Normal 0.12 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
32 0.22 Normal 1.67 Normal 0.19 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
33 0.25 Normal 1.68 Normal 0.17 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
34 0.23 Normal 1.70 Normal 0.12 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
35 0.22 Normal 1.72 Normal 0.12 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
Assessment of groundwater quality in relation to agricultural purposes in parts of Ludhiana District, Punjab,
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36 0.17 Normal 1.68 Normal 0.10 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
37 0.26 Normal 1.73 Normal 0.11 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
38 0.20 Normal 1.68 Normal 0.11 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
39 0.20 Normal 1.75 Normal 0.10 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
40 0.17 Normal 1.68 Normal 0.12 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
41 0.22 Normal 1.72 Normal 0.10 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
42 0.23 Normal 1.68 Normal 0.14 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
43 0.17 Normal 1.75 Normal 0.12 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
44 0.17 Normal 1.68 Normal 0.10 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
Table 2(b): Classification of groundwater according to different Criteria during post
monsoon.
Sample
no.
Cl
meq/l Class
HCO
Meq/l Class SO Class
Base
Excahnge
(r1)
Meteriotic
genesis
(r2)
1 0.51 Normal 1.78 Normal 0.28 Normal Na+-
HCO3-
Shallow
Meteoric
2 0.38 Normal 1.68 Normal 0.21 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
3 0.35 Normal 1.72 Normal 0.27 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
4 0.36 Normal 1.75 Normal 0.21 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
5 0.37 Normal 1.68 Normal 0.18 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
6 0.36 Normal 1.68 Normal 0.23 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
7 0.37 Normal 1.72 Normal 0.25 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
8 0.34 Normal 1.68 Normal 0.19 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
9 0.38 Normal 1.68 Normal 0.18 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
10 0.35 Normal 1.72 Normal 0.17 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
11 0.30 Normal 1.68 Normal 0.14 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
12 0.26 Normal 1.72 Normal 0.16 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
13 0.29 Normal 1.68 Normal 0.15 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
14 0.25 Normal 1.67 Normal 0.13 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
15 0.30 Normal 1.68 Normal 0.16 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
16 0.27 Normal 1.72 Normal 0.16 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
Assessment of groundwater quality in relation to agricultural purposes in parts of Ludhiana District, Punjab,
India
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17 0.26 Normal 1.75 Normal 0.16 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
18 0.25 Normal 1.68 Normal 0.15 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
19 0.22 Normal 1.72 Normal 0.14 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
20 0.22 Normal 1.68 Normal 0.11 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
21 0.20 Normal 1.68 Normal 0.12 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
22 0.26 Normal 1.72 Normal 0.14 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
23 0.23 Normal 1.70 Normal 0.12 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
24 0.18 Normal 1.68 Normal 0.16 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
25 0.18 Normal 1.67 Normal 0.16 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
26 0.19 Normal 1.68 Normal 0.10 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
27 0.20 Normal 1.72 Normal 0.11 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
28 0.22 Normal 1.68 Normal 0.14 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
29 0.20 Normal 1.75 Normal 0.12 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
30 0.17 Normal 1.68 Normal 0.10 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
31 0.20 Normal 1.72 Normal 0.12 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
32 0.16 Normal 1.67 Normal 0.15 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
33 0.20 Normal 1.68 Normal 0.10 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
34 0.17 Normal 1.67 Normal 0.12 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
35 0.20 Normal 1.68 Normal 0.12 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
36 0.17 Normal 1.67 Normal 0.10 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
37 0.17 Normal 1.68 Normal 0.11 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
38 0.18 Normal 1.67 Normal 0.11 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
39 0.20 Normal 1.68 Normal 0.10 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
40 0.16 Normal 1.68 Normal 0.11 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
41 0.17 Normal 1.72 Normal 0.11 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
42 0.17 Normal 1.68 Normal 0.11 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
43 0.17 Normal 1.72 Normal 0.10 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
44 0.17 Normal 1.68 Normal 0.11 Normal Na+-
HCO3
Shallow
Meteoric
Assessment of groundwater quality in relation to agricultural purposes in parts of Ludhiana District, Punjab,
India
Sharda Shakha et al., International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 5 No.4, 2015
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5. Conclusion
The groundwater samples collected from the parts of Ludhiana District were appraised for their
chemical composition and suitability for drinking purpose. The results showed the parameters
like EC is above the permissible limit in some places as per (BIS, 1991). At some locations the
concentration of EC, TDS, Ca2+, Mg2+, F- and NO32- exceeded the desirable limits of BIS
which gives us caution for the water quality deterioration in near future and ultimately will be
not suitable for the human consumption.. Based on the Soltan’s Classification, the groundwater
sample are categorized normal chloride, normal sulfate and normal bicarbonate water type.
Base-exchange indices and meteoric genesis indices indicates majority of samples belongs to
Na+- HCO3- and shallow water percolating types.. According to Gibb’s ratio, the majority of
ground water is effectively controlled by rock dominance field for both the season. Hence, it
can be concluded that the overall quality of groundwater is affected by the industrial,
agricultural and domestic wastes besides other forms of local environment activities. There is
increasing awareness among the people of the Ludhiana District to maintain the good
groundwater quality and the present study may prove to be useful step in achieving the same
for the sustainable development of agriculture of the study area.
Figure 4: Gibb’s anion of ground water samples during pre-monsoon
Figure 5: Gibb’s anion of ground water samples during post monsoon.
Assessment of groundwater quality in relation to agricultural purposes in parts of Ludhiana District, Punjab,
India
Sharda Shakha et al., International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 5 No.4, 2015
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Figure 6: Gibb’s cation ground water samples during pre-monsoon.
Figure 7: Gibb’s cation ground water samples during post monsoon.
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