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Asbestos Awareness –
OSHA Class IV
Stacy Kahatapitiya, CHMM, LEED GA
&
Peter Nketia-Akonnor
Characteristics
Naturally occurring mineral found in rock formations
Most ACM mined/produced in Canada
Comes from the Greek origin - “inextinguishable, unquenchable”
Fire resistant
Best known insulator
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Characteristics
Good friction and wear characteristics
Cannot be easily destroyed or degraded
Typically appears as a whitish, fibrous material
Usually mixed with other materials to form the product
Types of Asbestos
Chrysotile - Serpentine Group
Amosite - Amphibole Group
Crocidolite - Amphibole Group
Actinolite - Amphibole Group
Anthophylite - Amphibole Group
Tremolite - Amphibole Group
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Chrysotile - “White Asbestos”
Chrysotile - Natural State
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Amosite - “Brown Asbestos”
Crocidolite - “Blue Asbestos”
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Mining and Production of Asbestos
Asbestos Thread Making
Machine
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Interesting Advertisements
Asbestos-Containing Materials (ACM)
Any Material containing greater than one
percent asbestos.
>1%
Note: To OSHA any asbestos is a concern…
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Where ACM May Be Found
Steel beams
Boiler/tank insulation
Pipes (contained in cement matrix)
Pipe coverings
Pipe elbows
Laboratory structures such as fume hoods and benches
Floor tiles
Adhesives for floor tiles and roofing materials
Roofing felts
Roofing shingles
Asphalt
Exterior building shingles
Gaskets in heating and air-
conditioning equipment
Ceiling panels and ceiling tiles
Wallboard (Transite®)
Old fire doors
Asbestos cement
Believe It or Not
Kent micronite filter was made
with (blue, or crocidolite)
asbestos from 1952 to 1956
Was introduced as a way to
reduce the risk of cancer
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Categories of Asbestos-Containing
Materials (ACM)
Surfacing Materials
Thermal System Insulation
Miscellaneous Materials
Surfacing Materials
Sprayed on, trawled on, or otherwise applied to surfaces
For acoustical, decorative and fireproofing purposes
Includes acoustical plaster, wall or ceiling plasters, fireproofing
insulation, sprayed on or manually applied thermal material
Typically higher friability
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Spray-Applied Fireproofing
Applying Fireproofing
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Plaster
Decorative Applications
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Thermal System Insulation
Used to control heat transfer or
prevent condensation
Used on pipes, pipe fittings, boilers,
breaching, tanks, and ducts
Includes pipe lagging, pipe wrap,
duct insulation, cements and muds
TSI – Pipe & Fitting Insulation
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Tank Insulation
Damaged Thermal System
Insulation
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Miscellaneous Materials
All other ACM
Mostly non-friable products
Floor tile, ceiling tile, construction mastics for floor and
ceiling materials, glue dots, fire doors, asbestos cement pipe and board, Transite®, wallboard, acoustical wall tile
Miscellaneous Materials
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Miscellaneous Materials - Transite
How is Asbestos
Identified?
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Asbestos Sampling - Bulk
Polarized Light
Microscopy – PLM
Transmission Electron
Microscopy – TEM
Polarized Light Microscopy – PLM
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PLM - Chrysotile
PLM - Amosite
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PLM - Crocidolite
Transmission Electron Microscopy - TEM
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TEM - AMOSITE
Asbestos Sampling - Air
Phase Contract Microscopy – PCM
Transmission Electron Microscopy – TEM
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Phase Contrast Microscopy -
PCM Can be done on site by a trained person
(-) Only identifies and counts fibers that
meet the counting criteria
Does not specifically identify asbestos
Re-occupancy Standard: 0.01 fibers/cc
PCM – Fibers
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Health Effects of
Asbestos Exposure
Hazards of Asbestos Exposure
Depends on friability, amount of exposure
and duration of exposure
Sprayed-on and trawled-on materials are
highly friable
Jacketed materials are friable only if they
are deteriorated, water damaged or
disturbed by mechanical means
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Hazards of Asbestos Exposure
Miscellaneous materials are usually firmly bound in the
matrix
A certain amount of asbestos can be found in the air at
any given time
Highest exposures found in mining and manufacturing
operations
Hazards of Asbestos Exposure
Asbestos breaks in long, thin fibers
The size and shape of asbestos fibers allows them to remain airborne for long periods of time
The size and shape of the fiber allows it to penetrate deep into the lungs to the gas exchange region
Keep exposures as low as possible
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Lungs Defenses Against Asbestos
Nose hair
Mucus
Cilia
White Blood Cells –
Macrophages
Asbestos Exposure Can Cause:
Asbestosis
Mesothelioma
Lung Cancer
Other Types of Cancer
Other Health Effects
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Asbestosis
Serious, chronic, non-cancerous
respiratory disease
Lung tissue scarring
Symptoms - shortness of breath, dry crackling lung sounds
Can be fatal
Lung Cancer
Causes the largest number of deaths related to asbestos exposure.
Symptoms - coughing, change in breathing, shortness of breath, persistent chest pains, hoarseness, and anemia.
Risk can be 90 times higher if you smoke and have asbestos exposure.
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Mesothelioma
Rare form of cancer which affects the membrane lining of the
lungs, chest & abdomen
200 cases diagnosed/year in the U.S.
Almost all cases are linked to asbestos
Latency Period
Length of time from initial exposure to the onset of an asbestos
related disease
Asbestosis: 10 – 25 years
Lung Cancer: 20 – 40 Years
Mesothelioma: 30 – 40 Year (maybe longer)
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Smoking and working with asbestos can
increase your chances of a lung cancer
Up to 90 times greater risk than the normal
population
Synergistic Effect
Smoking and Asbestos
Exposure
Asbestos Exposure – Risk Factors
1. Fiber size
2. Length of exposure
3. Density of the dust
4. Smoking
5. Personal susceptibility
6. Fiber type
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No Known Safe Level
of Asbestos Exposure
Permissible Does Not Mean Safe
Friable Asbestos
ACM that may be crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder by hand pressure when dry
The more friable, the more fibers can be released into the air
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Non-Friable ACM
Can only become friable or damaged by
mechanical means
Cutting
Drilling
Pounding
Grinding
Sanding
Machining
Friable Floor Tile
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Recognizing ACM
Visual determination
Microscopic analysis
Assume ACM if not sure
Ask for a copy of the building’s asbestos
management plan
Keys for Identification
Age of building
Type of construction
Application of material
The appearance of the material
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Age of Building
Asbestos pipe and boiler insulation was
used until the 1970s
Sprayed on fireproofing was banned in
1975
Type of Construction
Low-rise residential construction Unusually limited to pipe and boiler insulation
Structural steel frame buildings Fireproofing
Reinforced concrete structures Do not normally require additional fireproofing
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Nature of the Equipment
Equipment exposed to extreme conditions
High pressure steam lines
“Hot” process piping
Refractory linings in furnaces and kilns
Appearance of Material
Pipe insulation - corrugated type of material (“air-cell
insulation”) was made with a significant amount of asbestos
Floor tiles - 9” x 9”
Fibrous
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How to Identify Surfacing Material
Look for fireproofing sprayed onto steel
beams or decking
Look for fibrous, fluffy surface material on
ceilings, pillars and walls
Assume that plaster is ACM if installed before
1981
How to Identify Thermal System
Insulation
Steam pipes, elbows, valves, boilers, hot water tanks and hot
water lines
Insulation will be wrapped with an external covering such as
paint, paper, metal, plastic or fabric
Hot water tanks
If installed before 1981, presume the covering to be ACM
HVAC and cold water systems
Thin layer of insulation
May be covered with a non-ACM material
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How to Identify Resilient Flooring
Can’t tell by looking at it
Before 1981, about half the 12” x 12” and nearly all 9” x 9” tiles
contained asbestos
Asbestos was also used in the backing material
Don’t overlook floor tile under floor tile or under carpeting
Asbestos Operations
and Maintenance
Plan O&M Plan
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Asbestos Operations and
Management Plan
Must be kept by building owner
Identifies where ACM is and the
condition of the ACM
May overlook abandoned ACM
behind walls and under floors
Asbestos Management Issues
Prevent disturbance of ACM
Minimize contact with ACM
Inform appropriate parties of disturbance/disturbed ACM
Inspection and proper removal prior to renovations
Observe all notices and signs with regard to asbestos
Follow appropriate procedures – Don’t disturb or handle
asbestos if properly trained
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Asbestos Management Issues
Project Notification Requirements – OSHA
Sign posted at entrance to all asbestos removal areas
Notify all employees on multi-employer work site of the
establishment of an asbestos removal work area
Notify all prospective contractors and tenants of quantity
and location of ACM or Presumed Asbestos Containing
Materials (PACM) in areas where they work (or will work)
Employers who will work in areas associated with asbestos
shall notify building owner and employees in adjacent
areas of location, quantity, and measure to control
asbestos.
Asbestos Management Issues
Project Notification Requirements – EPA Building shall provided a 10 working day notification on any
job subject to NESHAP
Project Notification Requirements – State Specific
Permit required prior to projects subject to EPA NESHAP regulations
30-day notification to building occupants prior to projects subject to EPA NESHAP regulations
Sign posted on building entrances and exits three-days prior to removal of all asbestos projects subject to NESHAP regulations.
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Regulations
Regulation Overview
EPA
AHERA
ASHARA
NESHAP
DOT
OSHA
State
COMAR
Virginia Code
D.C.
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NESHAP National Emissions Standards
for Hazardous Air Pollutants
40 CFR Part 61,
Subpart M
Pre RENO/DEMO Inspections Required
Remove RACM If Disturbed (some exceptions)
Competent Person Supervises Removal
Wet Methods/No Visible Emissions
10-Day EPA Abatement Notification
“Generator Label” on Waste Containers
Storage, Transport, Disposal Requirements
NESHAP OVERVIEW
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Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act
40 CFR 763
Schools, Public & Private (K-12)
Training/Accreditation (Model Plan)
Awareness, 16-Hour O&M Training
Inspections/Re-inspection
Management Plans
Inspection Protocol
AHERA Overview
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OSHA
29 CFR 1910.1001 - General Industry
29 CFR 1926.1101 - Construction Industry
29 CFR 1915.1001- Shipyard Employment
29 CFR 1910.134 - Respiratory (general)
29 CFR 1926.59 - HAZCOM Standard
Asbestos Regulations - OSHA
General Industry, Construction and Maritime Standards
Class I, II, III, and IV Worker
PACM and Floor Tiles
Notifications
Labels and Signs
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OSHA
Classifies work based on type of material and activities
Specific training, work practices and precautions for each
class
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit
The amount of asbestos that can be
inhaled over an eight hour workday
PEL = 0.1 fibers per cubic centimeter of air
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OSHA Excursion Limit
The amount of asbestos that
can be inhaled in a 30
minute period
Equals 1.0 fiber per cubic centimeter of air
Class I
Removal of thermal system insulation
and/or surfacing ACM
Includes sprayed-on fire proofing,
boiler/tank jacketing, pipe covering,
and acoustical plaster
Requires all OSHA precautions
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Class II
Removal of ACM containing wallboard, floor tile, sheeting, roofing
shingles and mastics
Requirements depend on exposure data
If no existing exposure data, all OSHA requirements must be initially
implemented
Class III
Repair and maintenance operations where ACM is likely to be disturbed
Requirements depend on exposure data
If no existing exposure data, all OSHA requirements must be initially implemented
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Class IV
Maintenance and custodial activities where employees may
contact ACM
Cleaning up of asbestos-contaminated debris
Training equivalent to AHERA awareness training
This is where you are classified!
Asbestos Notifications &
Permits
U.S. EPA Region III
District Department of Columbia
Maryland Department of the Environment
Virginia Department of Labor and Industry
GSA National Capital Region
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District of Columbia
Asbestos Abatement Permits & Raze Permits
> 18 SF of resilient flooring and NESHAP
10 working days
30 day tenant notification
3 days prior to abatement – post notice signs
Maryland
Asbestos Project Notification
NESHAP
Courtesy notification if less than NESHAP
10 working days
3 days prior to abatement – post notice signs
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Commonwealth of Virginia
Permit Application & Notification
> 10 LF or >10 SF and all demolition projects
20 calendar days (removal); 10 working days (demo)
Not required for non-friable roofing, flooring, or siding
Are New Buildings Free of
Asbestos?
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EPA Asbestos Ban
Many incorrectly believe that all asbestos-containing products are banned for sale or use in the U.S.
The 1989 EPA ban Most sprayed-applied surfacing ACM
Wet applied and pre-formed pipe insulation
Pre-formed ACM for boilers and hot water heaters
EPA Asbestos Ban
Asbestos products not banned Roofing felt
Vinyl floor tile
Asbestos corrugated sheeting
Shingles
Cement pipe
Gaskets
Mastics
Ceiling Tile
Drywall
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EPA Asbestos Ban
How do you know? Can’t rely on MSDS/SDS
Can’t rely on Spec Sheets
Can’t rely on word of mouth
Have to test
Components of Asbestos
Abatement Projects
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Decon Chamber
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Negative Air Pressure Isolation
Types of Containment
Glovebags
Full containment
Negative Pressure
Mini-enclosures
Negative Pressure
“Magic tape”
Approved variances
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Exposure Monitoring
Air Sampling After Final
Cleanup
Area air sampling is conducted at the conclusion of an
asbestos abatement project to estimate the airborne
concentration of residual fibers
The area must pass a thorough visual inspection before final
clearance sampling
The visual will be done in two phases typically. First an
inspector/project monitor determines completeness of the
removal and if needed re-clean, once deemed clean, it is
re-inspected and final sampling can begin
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Final Clearance Samples
Final clearance samples are typically
collected with high volume pumps to draw a
predetermined volume of air
The number of samples depends on the
amount of ACM affected by the response action, where it is taking place, and the
analytical method being used (PCM)/(TEM
0.01 f/cc (PCM)
70 S/mm2 (TEM)
Asbestos in the Recent News
World Trade Center
Libby Montana (vermiculite mine)
Texas Abatement Contractor – Latino workforce. No training, respiratory protection or decon procedures.
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Active Canadian Asbestos
Mine
Questions?